O órgão vomeronasal de 10 machos e 10 fêmeas de ratos Wistar adultos, com 120 dias de idade, com pesos entre 210 e 318 gramas, foram utilizados para o presente estudo com objetivo de determinar a estrutura histológica e as dimensões deste órgão para verificar a existência de dimorfismo sexual. Após perfusão, os órgãos foram imersos em solução de glutaraldeído 2,5% em tampão fosfato para fixação, isolado juntamente com o septo nasal, imerso em solução de Perenyi para descalcificação e, em seguida cortados segundo técnicas clássicas de estudos morfométricos e estereológicos. As secções foram colocadas sobre lâminas, coradas com azul de toluidina e analisadas em microscopia de luz. Também foi feita diafanização do órgão com posterior coloração com hematoxilina ácida. Foram descritas e quantificadas a constituição e distribuição dos tecidos que compõem o órgão vomeronasal de ratos machos e fêmeas, maduros sexualmente, e estabelecidas a área total de vasos, o volume do órgão, a proporção de volume ocupada pelos vasos no volume total do órgão, área total do lúmen, do epitélio sensorial e não sensorial em ratos que já atingiram a maturidade. Apesar de não existir diferenças significativas no volume do órgão vomeronasal entre machos e fêmeas de ratos Wistar adultos, os componentes deste complexo órgão, apresentam notáveis diferenças. / The vomeronasal organ of 10 male and 10 female Wistar rats, adults, 120 days weighting between 210 and 318g, were used for this study to determine the histological structure and to verify the existence of sexual dimorphism. After perfusion, the organs were fixed by immersion in 2,5 glutaraldehyde in phosphate-buffered solution; isolated with the nasal septum, immersed in Perenyi solution for decalcification and then sectioned using classic morphometric and stereologic techniques. The sections qere placed on slides and stained with toluidina blue and analysed in light microscope. Diafanization of the organ was done and this sample was stained with acid hematoxilin. The constitution and distribution of the VNO tissue of male and female rats, sexually mature were described and quantified. We also established the vessel total area, total volume organ, the volume ratio occupied by the vessels in the total volume organ, total lumen area and total sensorial and no sensorial area. However there are no significative differences in the organ volume between male and female Wistar rats, the structures of this complex organ show remarkable differences.

O órgão vomeronasal de 10 machos e 10 fêmeas de ratos Wistar adultos, com 120 dias de idade, com pesos entre 210 e 318 gramas, foram utilizados para o presente estudo com objetivo de determinar a estrutura histológica e as dimensões deste órgão para verificar a existência de dimorfismo sexual. Após perfusão, os órgãos foram imersos em solução de glutaraldeído 2,5% em tampão fosfato para fixação, isolado juntamente com o septo nasal, imerso em solução de Perenyi para descalcificação e, em seguida cortados segundo técnicas clássicas de estudos morfométricos e estereológicos. As secções foram colocadas sobre lâminas, coradas com azul de toluidina e analisadas em microscopia de luz. Também foi feita diafanização do órgão com posterior coloração com hematoxilina ácida. Foram descritas e quantificadas a constituição e distribuição dos tecidos que compõem o órgão vomeronasal de ratos machos e fêmeas, maduros sexualmente, e estabelecidas a área total de vasos, o volume do órgão, a proporção de volume ocupada pelos vasos no volume total do órgão, área total do lúmen, do epitélio sensorial e não sensorial em ratos que já atingiram a maturidade. Apesar de não existir diferenças significativas no volume do órgão vomeronasal entre machos e fêmeas de ratos Wistar adultos, os componentes deste complexo órgão, apresentam notáveis diferenças. / The vomeronasal organ of 10 male and 10 female Wistar rats, adults, 120 days weighting between 210 and 318g, were used for this study to determine the histological structure and to verify the existence of sexual dimorphism. After perfusion, the organs were fixed by immersion in 2,5 glutaraldehyde in phosphate-buffered solution; isolated with the nasal septum, immersed in Perenyi solution for decalcification and then sectioned using classic morphometric and stereologic techniques. The sections qere placed on slides and stained with toluidina blue and analysed in light microscope. Diafanization of the organ was done and this sample was stained with acid hematoxilin. The constitution and distribution of the VNO tissue of male and female rats, sexually mature were described and quantified. We also established the vessel total area, total volume organ, the volume ratio occupied by the vessels in the total volume organ, total lumen area and total sensorial and no sensorial area. However there are no significative differences in the organ volume between male and female Wistar rats, the structures of this complex organ show remarkable differences.

<p>Pheromones are chemicals from conspecifics that affect innate behavior or hormonal changes. In mammals, the vomeronasal organ (VNO) is thought to play a prominent role in detecting pheromones; the vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs) express three families of seven-transmembrane G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs): the V1Rs, V2Rs, and FPRs, in two molecularly and spatially-distinct regions. In mice, VSNs that express the V2Rs are thought to detect peptide cues, including MHC-presenting peptides, major urinary proteins (MUPs), and exocrine gland-secreting peptides (ESPs). They are thought to be involved in various pheromone-mediated behaviors and physiological changes, such as mating, aggression, and selective pregnancy block. In order to understand how pheromones are detected by the vomeronasal receptors, it is essential to know which receptors are activated by a given chemical. However, identifying cognate ligands for the V2Rs has been challenging, partly because they are poorly localized to the surface of heterologous cells. Here, we show that the calreticulin chaperone family members play a crucial role in trafficking V2Rs. A calreticulin homologue, calreticulin4 is specifically expressed in the VNO, while calreticulin expression level is low. Depleting calreticulin expression in HEK293T cells allows V2Rs to be trafficked to the cell surface, whereas expression of calreticulin4 does not block the trafficking of the V2Rs. Using this knowledge, we have established a heterologous cell system to functionally identify the V2Rs and demonstrate that the ESP family members can differentially activate the V2Rs. We also show the large extracellular domain of the V2Rs plays a crucial role in ligand selectivity. Our results provide a platform to characterize ligand selectivity of the V2Rs and suggest that a unique mechanism involving calreticulins regulates the functional expression of the V2Rs.</p> / Dissertation

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2003. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 103-111).

No genoma de camundongo existem por volta de 1000 genes que codificam para receptores olfatórios (ORs) e 150 genes que codificam para receptores de feromônios do tipo 1 (V1Rs) distribuídos em vários cromossomos. Cada neurônio olfatório e vomeronasal seleciona um único alelo de um único gene de receptor OR ou de V1R, respectivamente, para expressar enquanto que o restante do repertório é mantido silenciado. Os mecanismos que regulam esse padrão de expressão não são conhecidos. As similaridades no padrão de expressão dos genes de ORs e de V1Rs sugerem que o mecanismo de regulação possa ser comum. Até então poucas regiões promotoras de genes de ORs e de genes de V1Rs haviam sido experimentalmente determinadas e pesquisadas. Realizamos uma análise na qual regiões a montante de um grande número de diferentes genes de ORs e de genes de V1Rs foram comparadas. Primeiro, utilizando a técnica de RLMRACE, combinada com o uso de oligonucleotídeos capazes de reconhecer regiões conservadas entre diversos membros das famílias de genes de ORs e de V1Rs, geramos centenas de cDNAs contendo a região 5UTR completa para um total de 198 genes de ORs e 39 genes de V1Rs diferentes. Então, alinhamos as sequências desses cDNAs contra o genoma de camundongo e localizamos a posição exata dos sítios de início da transcrição (TSSs) de cada gene. Extraímos seqüências a 5 dos TSSs dos 198 genes de ORs e dos 39 genes de V1Rs e buscamos por motivos de DNA comuns, presentes em várias dessas regiões promotoras, que pudessem ser 6 candidatos a elementos cis-atuantes envolvidos na regulação geral desses genes de receptores sensoriais. Identificamos, na grande maioria das regiões promotoras dos genes de ORs e dos genes de V1Rs analisadas, a presença de motivos semelhantes a sítios de ligação para os fatores de transcrição O/E que são fatores de transcrição já caracterizados e envolvidos com a expressão de genes específicos do sistema olfatório. Ensaios de EMSA mostraram que os motivos semelhantes aos sítios de ligação de O/E identificados interagem com proteínas nucleares de epitélio olfatório, mas não interagem com proteínas nucleares de cérebro e fígado. Identificamos também nas regiões promotoras de genes de V1Rs a presença de um sítio de ligação que não se assemelha a nenhum sítio de ligação de fatores de transcrição conhecido. Esse motivo de DNA, além de estar presente na maioria dos promotores de genes de V1Rs analisados (77% do total de 39 genes pesquisados), também aparece, com alta frequência, em promotores de genes de ORs (52% do total de 198 genes analisados), preferencialmente próximo aos TSSs. Ensaios de interação in vitro indicam que este novo motivo de DNA interage com proteínas nucleares extraídas de órgão vomeronasal e também de epitélio olfatório, mas não interage com proteínas nucleares de cérebro, fígado e pulmão. Nosso trabalho mostra que genes de ORs e de V1Rs compartilham elementos comuns em suas regiões promotoras os quais podem ser sítios de ligação de fatores de transcrição específicos do sistema olfatório envolvidos no mecanismo de regulação da expressão desses genes. / In the mouse genome there are approximately 1000 genes that encode olfactory receptors (ORs) and 150 genes that encode type 1 vomeronasal receptors (V1Rs) dispersed in various chromosomes. Each olfactory or vomeronasal neuron selects one single allele from one single receptor gene (OR or V1R) for expression while the rest of the repertoire remains silenced. The mechanisms underlying OR and V1R gene expression are still unknown. The similarities of the pattern of expression in both types of olfactory sensory neurons suggest that the regulation of OR and V1R gene expression may be under the control of a common mechanism. Until now, promoter regions of different OR and V1R genes had not been extensively analyzed. We carried out a comprehensive analysis in which the upstream regions of a large number of different OR and V1R genes were compared. First, using the RLM-RACE strategy, combined with degenerate PCR we generated hundreds of complete 5UTR cDNAs for a total of 198 OR genes and 39 V1R genes. Then, these cDNAs were aligned against the mouse genome sequence and the transcription start sites (TSSs) were precisely determined. Sequences upstream of the TSSs were retrieved and searched for common DNA motifs that may play a role as cis-acting elements involved in the general regulation of OR and V1R gene expression. The analysis revealed the presence of motifs that resemble O/E-like sites overrepresented in the OR and V1R promoter regions. These O/E-like motifs specifically interact with nuclear protein prepared from olfactory epithelium, but not from brain and liver. 8 We also identified a new motif that does not resemble any known transcription factor binding site. Besides, this new motif is present in 77% of the 39 V1R promoter regions and in 52% of the 198 OR promoter regions analyzed, preferentially concentrated near the TSSs. Interestingly, binding assays indicate that this new motif interacts with nuclear proteins prepared from the vomeronasal and the olfactory epithelia, but not from brain, liver and lung. Our results indicate that OR and V1R genes share common promoter elements that may be binding sites for specific olfactory transcription factors and may play a role in a common mechanism of olfactory and vomeronasal gene regulation

No genoma de camundongo existem por volta de 1000 genes que codificam para receptores olfatórios (ORs) e 150 genes que codificam para receptores de feromônios do tipo 1 (V1Rs) distribuídos em vários cromossomos. Cada neurônio olfatório e vomeronasal seleciona um único alelo de um único gene de receptor OR ou de V1R, respectivamente, para expressar enquanto que o restante do repertório é mantido silenciado. Os mecanismos que regulam esse padrão de expressão não são conhecidos. As similaridades no padrão de expressão dos genes de ORs e de V1Rs sugerem que o mecanismo de regulação possa ser comum. Até então poucas regiões promotoras de genes de ORs e de genes de V1Rs haviam sido experimentalmente determinadas e pesquisadas. Realizamos uma análise na qual regiões a montante de um grande número de diferentes genes de ORs e de genes de V1Rs foram comparadas. Primeiro, utilizando a técnica de RLMRACE, combinada com o uso de oligonucleotídeos capazes de reconhecer regiões conservadas entre diversos membros das famílias de genes de ORs e de V1Rs, geramos centenas de cDNAs contendo a região 5UTR completa para um total de 198 genes de ORs e 39 genes de V1Rs diferentes. Então, alinhamos as sequências desses cDNAs contra o genoma de camundongo e localizamos a posição exata dos sítios de início da transcrição (TSSs) de cada gene. Extraímos seqüências a 5 dos TSSs dos 198 genes de ORs e dos 39 genes de V1Rs e buscamos por motivos de DNA comuns, presentes em várias dessas regiões promotoras, que pudessem ser 6 candidatos a elementos cis-atuantes envolvidos na regulação geral desses genes de receptores sensoriais. Identificamos, na grande maioria das regiões promotoras dos genes de ORs e dos genes de V1Rs analisadas, a presença de motivos semelhantes a sítios de ligação para os fatores de transcrição O/E que são fatores de transcrição já caracterizados e envolvidos com a expressão de genes específicos do sistema olfatório. Ensaios de EMSA mostraram que os motivos semelhantes aos sítios de ligação de O/E identificados interagem com proteínas nucleares de epitélio olfatório, mas não interagem com proteínas nucleares de cérebro e fígado. Identificamos também nas regiões promotoras de genes de V1Rs a presença de um sítio de ligação que não se assemelha a nenhum sítio de ligação de fatores de transcrição conhecido. Esse motivo de DNA, além de estar presente na maioria dos promotores de genes de V1Rs analisados (77% do total de 39 genes pesquisados), também aparece, com alta frequência, em promotores de genes de ORs (52% do total de 198 genes analisados), preferencialmente próximo aos TSSs. Ensaios de interação in vitro indicam que este novo motivo de DNA interage com proteínas nucleares extraídas de órgão vomeronasal e também de epitélio olfatório, mas não interage com proteínas nucleares de cérebro, fígado e pulmão. Nosso trabalho mostra que genes de ORs e de V1Rs compartilham elementos comuns em suas regiões promotoras os quais podem ser sítios de ligação de fatores de transcrição específicos do sistema olfatório envolvidos no mecanismo de regulação da expressão desses genes. / In the mouse genome there are approximately 1000 genes that encode olfactory receptors (ORs) and 150 genes that encode type 1 vomeronasal receptors (V1Rs) dispersed in various chromosomes. Each olfactory or vomeronasal neuron selects one single allele from one single receptor gene (OR or V1R) for expression while the rest of the repertoire remains silenced. The mechanisms underlying OR and V1R gene expression are still unknown. The similarities of the pattern of expression in both types of olfactory sensory neurons suggest that the regulation of OR and V1R gene expression may be under the control of a common mechanism. Until now, promoter regions of different OR and V1R genes had not been extensively analyzed. We carried out a comprehensive analysis in which the upstream regions of a large number of different OR and V1R genes were compared. First, using the RLM-RACE strategy, combined with degenerate PCR we generated hundreds of complete 5UTR cDNAs for a total of 198 OR genes and 39 V1R genes. Then, these cDNAs were aligned against the mouse genome sequence and the transcription start sites (TSSs) were precisely determined. Sequences upstream of the TSSs were retrieved and searched for common DNA motifs that may play a role as cis-acting elements involved in the general regulation of OR and V1R gene expression. The analysis revealed the presence of motifs that resemble O/E-like sites overrepresented in the OR and V1R promoter regions. These O/E-like motifs specifically interact with nuclear protein prepared from olfactory epithelium, but not from brain and liver. 8 We also identified a new motif that does not resemble any known transcription factor binding site. Besides, this new motif is present in 77% of the 39 V1R promoter regions and in 52% of the 198 OR promoter regions analyzed, preferentially concentrated near the TSSs. Interestingly, binding assays indicate that this new motif interacts with nuclear proteins prepared from the vomeronasal and the olfactory epithelia, but not from brain, liver and lung. Our results indicate that OR and V1R genes share common promoter elements that may be binding sites for specific olfactory transcription factors and may play a role in a common mechanism of olfactory and vomeronasal gene regulation

No description available.

ABSTRACT In humans, advanced malignancies are often targeted with broad-spectrum cytotoxic drugs that engender several detrimental side effects, in addition to their primary usage for eradicating cancerous cells. One of the lesser-researched of these effects, histological distortion of the olfactory system impedes a patient's ability to smell, perceive flavor, and ultimately may interfere with their nutritional intake and recovery from chemotherapy. Recent studies have indicated that cytotoxic drugs can damage gustatory epithelia immediately following administration (Mukherjee & Delay, 2011, 2013). We sought to observe the histological effects that cyclophosphamide (CYP), one of the oldest and most popular alkylating antineoplastic agents, may have on the murine main olfactory epithelium (MOE) and vomeronasal organ (VNO). We utilized two immunohistochemical antibodies to label cells in the olfactory epithelia: anti-Ki67, a marker strictly associated with cell proliferation; and, anti-Keratin 5, a marker for the cytoskeleton of horizontal basal cells. Twenty-eight C57BL/6 mice were administered a single intraperitoneal injection of CYP (75 mg/kg), while 20 control mice were administered saline, all at approximately seven weeks of age. Mice were euthanized at days one, two, six, 14, 30, and 45 post injection; subsequently, they were perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde, decalcified, cryoprotected, cryosectioned, and incubated with anti-Ki67 and anti-Keratin 5 antibodies, sequentially. Quantification results by fluorescent imaging of labeled sections revealed a significant decrease in the number of proliferative cells in the MOE and VNO of CYP-injected mice within the first 10 days post injection, followed by a compensatory period of increased cell proliferation through day 45 post injection, compared to saline-injected mice. Co-localization of horizontal basal cells and proliferative cells in the MOE and VNO of CYP-injected mice was significantly amplified at approximately 14 and 45 days post injection, respectively, compared to saline-injected mice. Our results suggest that administration of CYP can rapidly depress the populations of proliferative cells in the murine MOE and VNO; consequently, horizontal basal cells may afford restoration of the proliferative cell populations in the murine MOE and VNO, 14 to 45 days post injection, respectively.

Animals survey their environment for relevant odorous chemical compounds by means of the olfactory system. This system is in most vertebrates divided into a main and accessory olfactory system with two specialized neuroepithelia, the olfactory and the vomeronasal epithelium, respectively. The sensory neurons reside in these epithelia and together the neurons have an extraordinary sensitivity and are capable of detecting a vast number of different chemical molecules. After processing the chemical information, behavior may be altered. The information about a chemicals structure is deconstructed into a format that the brain may process. This is facilitated by organizing sensory neurons into a map and that the individual neuron responds only to one chemical feature. The sensory maps appear to have zones with different neuronal subpopulations. This thesis is addressing the fact that establishment, maintenance and function of these zones are unknown. We identify a gene (NQO1) to be selectively expressed in defined zone of the olfactory and the vomeronasal epithelia, respectively. NQO1-positive and negative axons segregate within the olfactory nerve and maintain a zonal organization when reaching olfactory bulb target neurons. These results indicate that one zone of both the accessory and the main olfactory projection maps is composed of sensory neurons specialized in reducing environmental and/or endogenously produced quinones via an NQO1-dependent mechanism. In addition, we have identified genes expressed in a graded manner that correlates with the dorsomedial-ventrolateral zonal organization of the olfactory epithelia. Considering the known functions of identified genes in establishment of cell specificity and precise axonal targeting, we suggest that zonal division of the primary olfactory systems is maintained, during continuous neurogenesis, as a consequence of topographic counter gradients of positional information. The vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSN) are organized into an apical and a basal zone. The zones differ in expression of e.g. chemosensory receptor families and Gα protein subunits (Gαi2 and Gαo). We have analyzed transgenic mice (OMP-dnRAR) in which the VSNs are unresponsive to the function of one of the genes identified herein (RALDH2). The phenotype observed suggests that endogenous produced retinoic acid is selectively required for postnatal survival of neurons in the Gαo-positive zone. Analyses of another mouse line target deleted in the Gαi2 gene (Gαi2 mutant) reveal a cellular phenotype that is opposite to that of OMP-dnRAR mice. Consequently in these mice, the apical Gαi2-positive zone is reduced whereas VSNs in the basal zone are not affected. Several social and reproductive behaviors are under the influence of the vomeronasal organ. We have analyzed some behavioral consequences of having deficient neurons that corresponds to either of the two zones. We propose that cues important for aggressive behavior are detected by apical vomeronasal zone, while cues detected by both apical and basal VSNs influence gender preference behavior.

<p>The chemical cues that provide an olfactory portrait of mammalian individuals are in part detected by chemosensory receptors in the vomeronasal organ (VNO). By and large, the pertinent receptor-cue combinations used for olfactory communication are unidentified. Here we identify members of the formyl peptide receptor (FPR) family of G protein coupled receptors as candidate chemosensory receptors in the VNO of mice. We demonstrate that N-formylated mitochondrially encoded peptides presented by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule H2-M3 stimulate a subset of the VNO sensory neurons (VSNs). We show that one VNO localized FPR, Fpr-rs1, is differentially activated by strain specific variants of N-formylated peptides. We show that N-formylated peptides can function as chemosignals in a strain selective pregnancy block. We propose that this link between self-recognition peptides of the immune system and chemosensory pathways provides a possible molecular means to communicate the nature of an individual's maternal lineage or strain.</p> / Dissertation