Landslides have occurred throughout the Holocene geologic epoch and they continue to occur in the Peace River Lowlands of Alberta and British Columbia. This study was conducted to provide an understanding of the processes and extents of one such landslide situated on a major slope at the Town of Peace River, Alberta by means of geophysical techniques with the aim of reducing the geohazard risk to lives and infrastructures. The geophysical characterization involved the acquisition, processing, and joint interpretation of seismic reflection, seismic refraction tomography, vertical seismic profile, and electrical resistivity tomography datasets, thereby providing important information about the subsurface geometry of the landslide, insights into the material properties of the unstable mass in contrast to that of the stable rock, and possible causes of the landslide. This contribution shows that putting considerable efforts into the acquisition and processing of geophysical datasets can yield valuable functional details. / Geophysics

ABSTRACT Background: Two-dimensional surgical planning does not adequately show the 3D aspect, which is important to assess in the planning of orthognathic surgery (OGS). In the last decade, 3D virtual surgical planning (VSP) has become an advantageous method and may replace conventional planning. Aim: To determine if the experience and implementation of VSP in OGS among professionals in oral and maxillofacial surgery in northern Sweden differs from the literature on the subject. Methods: A questionnaire was created for evaluation of the experience and implementation of VSP and a literature search was conducted through PubMed. Results: Fourteen of 17 respondents answered. Only fifty percent used VSP, even though all respondents were familiar with it. A bigger proportion of respondents would use VSP, but availability and lack of training prevented use. A sample of 33 articles were collected and described 1107 patients undergoing OGS, of which 1083 patients had undergone OGS with incorporation of VSP. Sixty-eight percent underwent bimaxillary surgery, 17 % maxillary surgery and 15 % mandibular surgery. Additionally, 169 patients were treated with genioplasty as well. Conclusion: The experience and implementation of VSP in northern Sweden are both in accordance and discordance with the literature. VSP has the advantage of accurate hard tissue prediction, but the literature describes the need of improvement concerning soft tissue imaging and postoperative assessment in VSP. More studies evaluating the accuracy and reliability of VSP software are needed. Disadvantages of VSP need to be resolved before VSP can replace conventional planning.

Ce travail s’inscrit dans le cadre de la prévision des oscillations de pression interne des moteurs à propergol solide. Il consiste à étudier la transition laminaire-turbulent de l’écoulement interne,modélisé par celui dans un conduit cylindrique à paroi débitante, et son lien avec l’instabilité naturelle de cet écoulement, le Vortex Shedding Pariétal (VSP). La démarche s’est organisée en trois temps. Des mesures antérieures sur un montage gaz froid, reproduisant l’écoulement modèle,sont analysées afin de mettre en évidence la transition laminaire-turbulent. Cette transition est ensuite imposée dans des simulations URANS afin de permettre l’étude de son influence sur les modes VSP. Enfin, une approche LES est mise en place pour simuler le développement de la transition dans les conditions de l’expérience ; dans ce but, une stratégie de perturbation spatiale de l’écoulement est utilisée. Cette étude met en avant quatre résultats principaux. La transition laminaire-turbulent découle de l’amplification spatiale des modes VSP. La simulation de ce processus met en évidence une forte influence de la perturbation numérique ajoutée à l’écoulement. D’autre part, les simulations URANS montrent que la transition réduit l’amplification des modes VSP et les oscillations de pression interne résultantes. Le rôle de la transition dans l’absence d’oscillations de pression lorsque le domaine a un grand rapport d’aspect, jusqu’alors supposé dans la littérature,est ainsi confirmé. Une particularité importante de cette transition est qu’elle dépend de la position radiale, l’écoulement étant turbulent près de la paroi débitante et laminaire au cœur. / The present work is related to the prediction of oscillations in solid rocket motors inner flow. It consists in a study of the laminar-turbulent transition of the motor’s inner flow, which is represented by a cylindrical injection-driven flow, and the relation between this phenomenon and the natural instability named Parietal Vortex Shedding (PVS). Three aspects have been analyzed.First of all, previous cold-gas experiments – reproducing the injection driven flow – are analyzed in order to highlight the transition laminar-turbulent transition. This transition is then imposedin URANS simulations to enable a study of its influence on the PVS modes. Finally, Large Eddy Simulations are performed to simulate the laminar-turbulent process. A strategy based on spatial steady disturbances is used to ease this process. The mains conclusions of this work are the following ones. The laminar-turbulent transition is a consequence of the spatial amplification of PVS modes. Simulations of this process highlight a strong influence of the injected numerical disturbances. The URANS simulations show that this transition reduces the amplification of PVSmodes, and the resulting pressure oscillations levels. These results confirm the role of the transitionin the absence of pressure oscillations when the motor cavity is long. A distinctive feature ofthis transition is its dependence on the radial position, which leads to the coexistence of a laminar region in the channel core and a turbulent region near the injecting wall at a given axial position.

Acquisition and interpretation of 3-D seismic data led DeAngelo and Hardage (2001) to describe the channel system in the south central Cut Bank area in Glacier County, Montana. The presence of a low velocity layer called Bentonite was also discovered in the area with the help of well-logs. Bentonite is a volcanic ash, which lies on both sides of the channel system and is absent within the channel. DeAngelo and Hardage (2001) shot a vertical seismic profiling (VSP) survey at well # 54-8 to analyze the formation structure in depth, since seismic signals around the reservoir area were unclear in the 3-D survey. This research attempts to estimate the attenuation properties of the Bentonite layer in the Cut Bank oil field. VSP data is processed for velocity information and estimation of seismic Q using the spectral ratios method (SRM). The SRM theoretically assumes that the propagating signal is a plane seismic wave traveling vertically from one point to another in a homogeneous model. The amplitudes at the start and end points are known and relate to each other with the attenuation coefficient in a frequency range. The relation between the seismic amplitudes at z distance from each other can be expressed as a linear function of frequency after a few modifications. SRM uses the linearity of the logarithmic ratio of the seismic amplitudes over a frequency range. In theory, ratios plotted against a frequency range must produce a flat line. However, in practice, the logarithmic ratios are expected to draw an approximate line (curve), where some of the data points deviate from the origin of the line. Thus fitting a line to the ratios curve and calculating the slope of this curve are necessary. Slope of the curve relates to the seismic attenuation coefficient and further to the seismic Q. The SRM results suggest that Bentonite may have a Q value as low as 5. This highly attenuative and thin (20 to 40 feet throughout the south central Cut Bank Unit) layer alters seismic signals propagating through it. A thorough analysis of the amplitude spectra suggests that seismic signals dramatically lose their energy when they pass through Bentonite. Low energy content of the signals below the Bentonite layer highlights that the recovery of the seismic energy is less likely despite the presence of multiples, which are known to affect the seismic signals constructively. Therefore, separation of reflected events is a greater challenge for the thin reservoir sand units lying underneath the Bentonite layer. Thus the Bentonite layer in the Cut Bank oil field has to be taken seriously and data processing should be done accordingly for better accuracy.

A VSP test experiment at the high temperature geothermal field Krafla in NE-Iceland has been carried out. In two boreholes a zero-, far-, and multi-offset VSP were applied to assess the applicability of VSP as a method for delineating subsurface structures like magmatic bodies, zones of supercritical fluids, superheated steam, and high permeability in volcanic geothermal fields. Because of high well temperatures (>150°C) and high attenuating surface layers, challenging field preparations were necessary. Three-component seismic data were recorded with a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio and dominant signal frequencies around 20 Hz and 40 Hz, down to 2200 m depth, for air gun and explosive sources, respectively. As a result, the data provide a good basis for several processing and imaging techniques. As part of this Master\'s thesis, standard and novel processing techniques of a subset of the data (zero and far-offset VSP in a single well) have been tested and show promising results in accordance with the lithology from well data. Besides velocity profiles and a corridor stack for both P- and S-waves were determined, a 3D Kirchhoff depth migration and Fresnel volume migration have been applied and tested. Already for a single source location, results show structures in the vicinity and below the well, and it can be assumed that further interpretation and data integration will provide a great potential in addition to hitherto applied teleseismic and potential methods. Especially, for geothermal sites it has been shown, that VSP can be applied and provide information of geometries where dipping faults and fracture zones are expected. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community\'s Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement No. 608553 (Project IMAGE).

On-road vehicles are a major source of transportation carbon dioxide (CO2) greenhouse gas emissions in all the developed countries, and in many of the developing countries in the world. Similarly, several criteria air pollutants are associated with transportation, e.g., carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter (PM). The need to accurately quantify transportation-related emissions from vehicles is essential. Transportation agencies and researchers in the past have estimated emissions using one average speed and volume on a long stretch of roadway. With MOVES, there is an opportunity for higher precision and accuracy. Integrating a microscopic traffic simulation model (such as VISSIM) with MOVES allows one to obtain precise and accurate emissions estimates. The new United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) mobile source emissions model, MOVES2010a (MOVES) can estimate vehicle emissions on a second-by-second basis creating the opportunity to develop new software ―VIMIS 1.0‖ (VISSIM/MOVES Integration Software) to facilitate the integration process. This research presents a microscopic examination of five key transportation parameters (traffic volume, speed, truck percentage, road grade and temperature) on a 10-mile stretch of Interstate 4 (I- 4) test bed prototype; an urban limited access highway corridor in Orlando, Florida. iv The analysis was conducted utilizing VIMIS 1.0 and using an advanced custom design technique; D-Optimality and I-Optimality criteria, to identify active factors and to ensure precision in estimating the regression coefficients as well as the response variable. The analysis of the experiment identified the optimal settings of the key factors and resulted in the development of Micro-TEM (Microscopic Transportation Emissions MetaModel). The main purpose of Micro-TEM is to serve as a substitute model for predicting transportation emissions on limited access highways in lieu of running simulations using a traffic model and integrating the results in an emissions model to an acceptable degree of accuracy. Furthermore, significant emission rate reductions were observed from the experiment on the modeled corridor especially for speeds between 55 and 60 mph while maintaining up to 80% and 90% of the freeway‘s capacity. However, vehicle activity characterization in terms of speed was shown to have a significant impact on the emission estimation approach. Four different approaches were further examined to capture the environmental impacts of vehicular operations on the modeled test bed prototype. First, (at the most basic level), emissions were estimated for the entire 10-mile section ―by hand‖ using one average traffic volume and average speed. Then, three advanced levels of detail were studied using VISSIM/MOVES to analyze smaller links: average speeds and volumes (AVG), second-bysecond link driving schedules (LDS), and second-by-second operating mode distributions (OPMODE). This research analyzed how the various approaches affect predicted emissions of CO, NOx, PM and CO2. v The results demonstrated that obtaining accurate and comprehensive operating mode distributions on a second-by-second basis improves emission estimates. Specifically, emission rates were found to be highly sensitive to stop-and-go traffic and the associated driving cycles of acceleration, deceleration, frequent braking/coasting and idling. Using the AVG or LDS approach may overestimate or underestimate emissions, respectively, compared to an operating mode distribution approach. Additionally, model applications and mitigation scenarios were examined on the modeled corridor to evaluate the environmental impacts in terms of vehicular emissions and at the same time validate the developed model ―Micro-TEM‖. Mitigation scenarios included the future implementation of managed lanes (ML) along with the general use lanes (GUL) on the I-4 corridor, the currently implemented variable speed limits (VSL) scenario as well as a hypothetical restricted truck lane (RTL) scenario. Results of the mitigation scenarios showed an overall speed improvement on the corridor which resulted in overall reduction in emissions and emission rates when compared to the existing condition (EX) scenario and specifically on link by link basis for the RTL scenario. The proposed emission rate estimation process also can be extended to gridded emissions for ozone modeling, or to localized air quality dispersion modeling, where temporal and spatial resolution of emissions is essential to predict the concentration of pollutants near roadways