As rochas magmáticas vêm ganhando destaque na geologia do petróleo, isto por que um crescente número de descobertas mundiais de hidrocarbonetos tem sido observados onde estas rochas se constituem em reservatórios de hidrocarbonetos, tendo em vista as perspectivas de terem atuado como efetivos selantes e, em conseqüência, possibilitando a acumulação de hidrocarbonetos gerados nos sedimentos subjacentes. Normalmente, as rochas ígneo-básicas constituem um reservatório em que predomina um intenso sistema de fraturas interligadas, abrindo espaços vazios (porosidade) o que permite também boa permeabilidade ao reservatório. Secundariamente, outras fontes de porosidade podem ser identificadas, como as vesiculares e a porosidade da matriz alterada. Um dos maiores problemas para o conhecimento e explotação dos reservatórios em rochas ígneo básicas é a ausência de modelos. Assim, há necessidade de entendimento das rochas vulcânicas sob o ponto de vista de reservatório e o desenvolvimento de modelos que permitam uma melhor explotação destas reservas. Neste sentido, a Formação Serra Geral (Cretáceo, com aproximadamente 133 Ma) aflorante na Bacia do Paraná, torna-se um excelente análogo para os reservatórios sob ponto de vista tectono-estratigráfico, pois é contemporânea a este vulcanismo Neocomiano das bacias marginais brasileiras e suas feições texturais e estruturais estão expostas em excelentes afloramentos o que não ocorre com o magmatismo das bacias marginais. Com isto, as microestruturas como poros (vesículas), fraturas e descontinuidades, típicas de eventos vulcânicos, consideradas como responsáveis pela permo-porosidade deste tipo de rocha podem ser analisadas em detalhe. As rochas vulcânicas da Bacia do Paraná estão expostas tanto verticalmente quanto lateralmente em áreas de extensão considerável e, por isto, apresentam potencial para uma amostragem seqüencial objetivando diversos tipos de estudos e análises (química, microscopia ótica, difração de raios X, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, entre outras). / Magmatic rocks are having evidence in petroleum geology because a growing number of hydrocarbon discoveries in which these rocks constitute reservoirs are being recognized. Magmatic rocks in hydrocarbon producing basins can be effective seals or give thermal increase to the oil generation. Nowadays, emphasis is given to the magmatic rocks as non conventional reservoirs. Typically basic igneous-rocks form fractured reservoirs dominated by interconneted fractures (fracture porosity). Secondarily, other sources of porosity can be identified, such as vesicular and microporosity. A major problem for knowledge and exploitation of these reservoirs is the lack of models. For that reason, there is a necessity of understanding volcanic rocks from the point of view of the reservoir and the development of models that will allow a better exploitation of these reserves. In this sense, the Serra Geral Formation (Cretaceous, around 133 Ma) which crops out in the Paraná Basin, becomes an excellent analogous for igneous reservoirs. Serra Geral Formation is a contemporary volcanism to the Neocomian igneous reservoirs, economic basement of the brazilian marginal basins. Their structural, stratigraphy and textural features are exposed in excellent outcrops which doesn’t occur with the magmatism of marginal basins. With this, the microstructures such as pores vesicles, fractures and discontinuities, typical of volcanic events, considered responsible for the permo-porosity system of this rock type can be analyzed in detail. Volcanics rocks of the Paraná Basin are exposed both vertically and laterally in areas of considerable extent and, therefore, have potential for a sequential sampling aiming various types of studies and analyzes (chemical, optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy scanning, among others).

Crustal deformation can be the result of volcanic and tectonic activity such as fault dislocation and magma intrusion. The crustal deformation may precede and/or succeed the earthquake occurrence and eruption. Mitigating the associated hazard, continuous monitoring of the crustal deformation accordingly has become an important task for geo-observatories and fast response systems. Due to highly non-linear behavior of the crustal deformation fields in time and space, which are not always measurable using conventional geodetic methods (e.g., Leveling), innovative techniques of monitoring and analysis are required. In this thesis I describe novel methods to improve the ability for precise and accurate mapping the spatiotemporal surface deformation field using multi acquisitions of satellite radar data. Furthermore, to better understand the source of such spatiotemporal deformation fields, I present novel static and time dependent model inversion approaches. Almost any interferograms include areas where the signal decorrelates and is distorted by atmospheric delay. In this thesis I detail new analysis methods to reduce the limitations of conventional InSAR, by combining the benefits of advanced InSAR methods such as the permanent scatterer InSAR (PSI) and the small baseline subsets (SBAS) with a wavelet based data filtering scheme. This novel InSAR time series methodology is applied, for instance, to monitor the non-linear deformation processes at Hawaii Island. The radar phase change at Hawaii is found to be due to intrusions, eruptions, earthquakes and flank movement processes and superimposed by significant environmental artifacts (e.g., atmospheric). The deformation field, I obtained using the new InSAR analysis method, is in good agreement with continuous GPS data. This provides an accurate spatiotemporal deformation field at Hawaii, which allows time dependent source modeling. Conventional source modeling methods usually deal with static deformation field, while retrieving the dynamics of the source requires more sophisticated time dependent optimization approaches. This problem I address by combining Monte Carlo based optimization approaches with a Kalman Filter, which provides the model parameters of the deformation source consistent in time. I found there are numerous deformation sources at Hawaii Island which are spatiotemporally interacting, such as volcano inflation is associated to changes in the rifting behavior, and temporally linked to silent earthquakes. I applied these new methods to other tectonic and volcanic terrains, most of which revealing the importance of associated or coupled deformation sources. The findings are 1) the relation between deep and shallow hydrothermal and magmatic sources underneath the Campi Flegrei volcano, 2) gravity-driven deformation at Damavand volcano, 3) fault interaction associated with the 2010 Haiti earthquake, 4) independent block wise flank motion at the Hilina Fault system, Kilauea, and 5) interaction between salt diapir and the 2005 Qeshm earthquake in southern Iran. This thesis, written in cumulative form including 9 manuscripts published or under review in peer reviewed journals, improves the techniques for InSAR time series analysis and source modeling and shows the mutual dependence between adjacent deformation sources. These findings allow more realistic estimation of the hazard associated with complex volcanic and tectonic systems. / Oberflächendeformationen können eine Folge von vulkanischen und tektonischen Aktivitäten sein, wie etwa Plattenverschiebungen oder Magmaintrusion. Die Deformation der Erdkruste kann einem Erdbeben oder einem Vulkanausbruch vorausgehen und/oder folgen. Um damit drohende Gefahren für den Menschen zu verringern, ist die kontinuierliche Beobachtung von Krustendeformationen eine wichtige Aufgabe für Erdobservatorien und Fast-Responce-Systems geworden. Auf Grund des starken nicht-linearen Verhaltens von Oberflächendeformationsgebiet in Zeit und Raum, die mit konventionellen Methoden nicht immer erfasst werden (z.B., Nivellements), sind innovative Beobachtungs- und Analysetechniken erforderlich. In dieser Dissertation beschreibe ich Methoden, welche durch Mehrfachbeobachtungen der Erdoberfläche nit satellitengestützem Radar eine präzise und akkurate Abbildung der raumzeitlichen Oberflächendeformationen ermöglichen. Um die Bildung und Entwicklung von solchen raumzeitlichen Deformationsgebieten besser zu verstehen, zeige ich weiterhin neuartige Ansätze zur statischen und zeitabhängigen Modellinversion. Radar-Interferogramme weisen häufig Gebiete auf, in denen das Phasensignal dekorreliert und durch atmosphärische Laufzeitverzögerung verzerrt ist. In dieser Arbeit beschreibe ich wie Probleme des konventionellen InSAR überwunden werden können, indem fortgeschrittene InSAR-Methoden, wie das Permanent Scatterer InSAR (PSI) und Small Baseline Subsets (SBAS), mit einer Wavelet-basierten Datenfilterung verknüpft werden. Diese neuartige Analyse von InSAR Zeitreihen wird angewendet, um zum Beispiel nicht-lineare Deformationsprozesse auf Hawaii zu überwachen. Radar-Phasenänderungen, gemessen auf der Pazifikinsel, beruhen auf Magmaintrusion, Vulkaneruption, Erdbeben und Flankenbewegungsprozessen, welche durch signifikante Artefakte (z.B. atmosphärische) überlagert werden. Mit Hilfe der neuen InSAR-Analyse wurde ein Deformationsgebiet ermittelt, welches eine gute Übereinstimmung mit kontinuierlich gemessenen GPS-Daten aufweist. Auf der Grundlage eines solchen, mit hoher Genauigkeit gemessenen, raumzeitlichen Deformationsgebiets wird für Hawaii eine zeitabhängige Modellierung der Deformationsquelle ermöglicht. Konventionelle Methoden zur Modellierung von Deformationsquellen arbeiten normalerweise mit statischen Daten der Deformationsgebiete. Doch um die Dynamik einer Deformationsquelle zu untersuchen, sind hoch entwickelte zeitabhängige Optimierungsansätze notwendig. Dieses Problem bin ich durch eine Kombination von Monte-Carlo-basierten Optimierungsansätzen mit Kalman-Filtern angegangen, womit zeitlich konsistente Modellparameter der Deformationquelle gefunden werden. Ich fand auf der Insel Hawaii mehrere, raumzeitlich interagierende Deformationsquellen, etwa Vulkaninflation verknüpft mit Kluftbildungen und Veränderungen in bestehenden Klüften sowie zeitliche Korrelationen mit stillen Erdbeben. Ich wendete die neuen Methoden auf weitere tektonisch und vulkanisch aktive Gebiete an, wo häufig die eine Interaktion der Deformationsquellen nachgewiesen werden konnte und ihrer bedeutung untersucht wurde. Die untersuchten Gebiete und Deformationsquellen sind 1) tiefe und oberflächliche hydrothermale und magmatische Quellen unterhalb des Campi Flegrei Vulkans, 2) gravitationsbedingte Deformationen am Damawand Vulkan, 3) Störungsdynamik in Verbindung mit dem Haiti Beben im Jahr 2010, 4) unabhängige blockweise Flankenbewegung an der Hilina Störungszone, und 5) der Einfluss eines Salzdiapirs auf das Qeshm Erdbeben im Süd-Iran im Jahr 2005. Diese Dissertation, geschrieben als kumulative Arbeit von neun Manuskripten, welche entweder veröffentlicht oder derzeit in Begutachtung bei ‘peer-review’ Zeitschriften sind, technische Verbesserungen zur Analyse von InSAR Zeitreihen vor sowie zur Modellierung von Deformationsquellen. Sie zeigt die gegenseitige Beeinflussung von benachbarten Deformationsquellen, und sie ermöglicht, realistischere Einschätzungen von Naturgefahren, die von komplexen vulkanischen und tektonischen Systemen ausgehen.

Risk assessments in volcanic contexts are complicated by the multi-hazard nature of both unrest and eruption phases, which frequently occur over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. As an attempt to capture the multi-dimensional and dynamic nature of volcanic risk, we developed an integrAteD VolcanIc risk asSEssment (ADVISE) model that focuses on two temporal dimensions that authorities have to address in a volcanic context: short-term emergency management and long-term risk management. The output of risk assessment in the ADVISE model is expressed in terms of potential physical, functional, and systemic damage, determined by combining the available information on hazard, exposed systems and vulnerability. The ADVISE model permits qualitative, semi-quantitative and quantitative risk assessment depending on the final objective and on the available information. The proposed approach has evolved over a decade of study on the volcanic island of Vulcano (Italy), where recent signs of unrest combined with uncontrolled urban development and significant seasonal variations of exposed population result in highly dynamic volcanic risk. For the sake of illustration of all the steps of the ADVISE model, we focus here on the risk assessment of the transport system in relation to the tephra fallout associated with a long-lasting Vulcanian cycle.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-01-13T12:34:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RafaelLeiteFreire_DISSERT.pdf: 5587232 bytes, checksum: af7254b0e2cbb0b57a16d93d8d90d36e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-01-23T16:06:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 RafaelLeiteFreire_DISSERT.pdf: 5587232 bytes, checksum: af7254b0e2cbb0b57a16d93d8d90d36e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-23T16:06:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RafaelLeiteFreire_DISSERT.pdf: 5587232 bytes, checksum: af7254b0e2cbb0b57a16d93d8d90d36e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-28 / Este trabalho tem como objetivo geral compreender as continuidades e descontinuidades hist?ricas na representa??o dos corpos monstruosos/alien?genas no di?logo entre a linguagem televisiva, teatral e cinematogr?fica. Procuro, assim, o entre-lugar que o corpo transversaliza nos espa?os acerca dessas linguagens com base no seriado Jornada nas Estrelas dos anos 1960, no projeto de teatro de rua ?Trek in The Park? (2009-2013), e no filme hom?nimo ao seriado (2009). Nesses tr?s objetos art?sticos-midi?ticos se verificou uma mudan?a na percep??o ao corpo monstruoso. No decorrer da hist?ria, esse corpo foi visto em produ??es art?sticas variadas, como a representa??o do feio, e produtor dos sentidos de medo, constrangimento e riso. No corpus de an?lise pressuponho uma mudan?a ao olhar esses corpos na contemporaneidade, por se tratar de um per?odo no qual se assiste a um maior protagonismo de minorias, a exemplo de gays, negros e mulheres, e ainda maior visibilidade do corpo monstruoso - agora gerador de identifica??o positiva - nos ?mbitos da performance e da cena em geral. Portanto, os objetivos espec?ficos s?o: percorrer historicamente as concep??es de corpo monstruoso, relacionar as concep??es de corpo na contemporaneidade, analisar a produ??o de sentidos e o investimento pol?tico nos corpos alien?genas. Para tanto, o trajeto te?rico-metodol?gico se constitui por meio do movimento interic?nico proposto por Courtine (2013), o qual se refere a imagens que est?o ligadas ? mem?ria interna (lembran?as) e externa (diversas imagens visualizadas). Tal como ao conceito de Dispositivo, de Foucault (1979), entendido como a rede que interliga discursos, institui??es, proposi??es filos?ficas ou morais, enunciados cient?ficos, etc. Assim como o conceito ampliado e atualizado por Agamben (2009). Analiso, pois, dois epis?dios de Jornada nas Estrelas encenados tamb?m pela companhia Teatral ?Trek in the Park: Tempo de Loucura? e ?A Caminho para Babel?, procurando de forma aprofundada debater a respeito do corpo dos Vulcanos e seu gestual. Por fim, concluo o personagem Spock como controverso e com ares de anti-her?i. / This study aims to understand the continuities and discontinuities in the historical representation of the monstrous / alien bodies in the dialogue among the television, theatrical and cinematic language, seeking thus the betweenplace distance that goes along the body in a transversal direction in the spaces between these languages based on the Star Trek television series of the 1960s, the street theater project "Trek In The Park" (2009-2013), and the eponymous to the show, the film of (2009). These three artistic-media objects have been a change in the perception of the monstrous body. Down through history, this body was seen in various artistic productions as representing the ugly and producer of fear of felt, embarrassment and laughter. The analysis corpus presupposes a change to look at these bodies in contemporary times, because it is a period in which we are witnessing a major role of minorities, such as gays, blacks and women, and greater visibility of the monstrous body - now a generator of positive identification - in the areas of performance and the overall scene. Therefore, the specific objectives are: to go historically through the monstrous body of conceptions, to relate the concepts of body in contemporary times, and to analyze the production of senses and political investment in alien bodies. Thus, the theoretical and methodological path is constituted through intericonic movement proposed by Courtine (2013), which refers to images that are linked to the internal memory (memories) and external (various images viewed). As the concept of device, of Foucault (1979), understood as the network that interconnects speeches, institutions, philosophical or moral propositions, scientific statements, etc. As well as the expanded and updated concept by Agamben (2009). Thus, I analyze, two episodes of Star Trek also staged by the Theatre Company "Trek in the Park: Amok Time" and "Journey to Babel", looking in depth to debate about the body of Vulcan and his gestual. Finally, I conclude the character Spock as controversial and with anti-hero characteristics.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Centre Universitaire de Perpignan, 1977. / Errata sheet inserted, v. 1. Includes bibliographical references (Vol. 1, p. [i]-xxxix).

Les éléments volatils, principalement l'eau, sont enrichis dans les magmas d'arcs. Ils jouent un rôle prépondérant dans le magmatisme de zone de subduction, que ce soit en permettant la fusion du manteau ou en influençant l'explosivité des éruptions en surface. L'objectif de cette étude est la caractérisation (en éléments majeurs, traces, volatils et isotopes du bore) des liquides primaires des magmas d'arcs et de leurs sources, afin de discuter de l'influence des phases mobiles issues du slab dans leur genèse. L'approche adoptée est l'analyse des inclusions magmatiques piégées dans les olivines magnésiennes de quatre volcans répartis dans trois zones de subduction : Vulcano, dans l'arc Eolien (Italie), le Mont Shasta, dans l'arc des Cascades (Californie, Etats-Unis), le Pichincha et le Pan de Azucar, dans l'arc Equatorien. Les inclusions primaires étudiées contiennent des liquides basaltiques sous-saturés en silice, plus ou moins riches en CaO, dérivant d'une source mantellique veinée de zones riches en amphiboles (±clinopyroxène, ±phlogopite) et ayant subi un degré variable de métasomatisme. Leurs compositions en éléments traces illustrent l'enrichissement de leurs sources mantelliques par des composés mobiles issus du slab et de compositions contrastées. Il existe d'importantes variations des compositions en éléments volatils entre les inclusions provenant de plusieurs échantillons d'un même volcan (le Mont Shasta), celles provenant de plusieurs volcans d'une même zone de subduction (le Pichincha et le Pan de Azucar) ainsi qu'entre les inclusions des trois zones de subduction étudiées (arc Eolien, arc Equatorien et arc des Cascades). L'étude de l'évolution des teneurs en éléments volatils en fonction des pressions de saturation indique que seules les teneurs en Cl et F des inclusions magmatiques sont représentatives des teneurs du magma primitif. Le dégazage précoce et la formation de globules de sulfure affectent les teneurs en H2O, CO2 et S, qui peuvent être utilisées en tant qu'estimations minimales des teneurs des magmas primitifs. Les compositions en Cl des sources mantelliques des inclusions étudiées varient de 3±1 ppm à 450±125 ppm et celles en F varient de 16±6 ppm à 147±32 ppm (Cl/F de 0,2±0,1 à 3,6±1,2). L'association des rapports Cl/F des sources avec l'enrichissement en Nb (par rapport aux MORB) des inclusions et leurs valeurs isotopiques en bore suggère la participation de deux principaux composés mobiles dans la source de ces inclusions : (1) un liquide silicaté issu de la fusion des sédiments déshydratés (principal agent métasomatique de la source des inclusions du Pan de Azucar, qui possèdent des faibles δ11B ainsi qu'un fort enrichissement en Nb par rapport aux MORB) ; (2) un fluide aqueux formé lors de la déshydratation de la croûte océanique (principal agent métasomatique de la source des inclusions du Pichincha). Selon les propriétés physico-chimiques des différentes zones de subduction, ce fluide peut avoir les caractéristiques d'un fluide supercritique et être plus ou moins riche en éléments traces. Les compositions des inclusions de la Sommata (Italie) et de l'échantillon 95-15 du Mont Shasta montrent des enrichissements intermédiaires de leurs sources comparé à celles des inclusions du Pichincha et du Pan de Azucar. Leurs sources semblent avoir été métasomatisées par un mélange entre les deux composés métasomatiques décrits ci-dessus.