Abstract Using data from the 2017 Major League Soccer Season, this thesis investigates the relationship between salaries, individual player performance, nationality and previous career trajectory for player in the MLS. Through analysis of 6 model specifications, it is found that previous career trajectory, performance and nationality are all significant factors in salary determination. Further, it is concluded that the results of the model show that MLS franchises are in general allocating salaries efficiently relative to performance.

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No abstract available / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / Private Law / unrestricted

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / The study examines female-male differentials in earnings and factors associated with them within the labour market of South Africa. Dating back from the end of apartheid in 1994, a few labour policies have been implemented to reduce poverty especially in the area of gender equity and wage discrimination. However, little evidence has been produced to inform on the magnitude of changes in reducing differences and progress achieved so far. Therefore the study attempts to assess and explain the structural changes in female-male differentials in earnings within the labour market. Sparsely conducted studies during the early years of post-apartheid South Africa showed strong racial divide in terms of wage gaps. This proposed study extends this analysis to socio-demographic attributes and also considers a more encompassing notion of earnings. Thus controlling for individual attributes, the overarching issue in this study stems from the following questions: do male workers earn more than their female counterparts within the Labour market? And if it is the case, what are some of the underlying social and demographic variables contributing to this difference? To assess the structural changes in earnings, data utilized for this study are derived from the Labour Force Survey of 2007 and 2011 carried out respectively under Statistics South Africa. Other public records are used to supplement these two sources. In the first step bivariate analysis are carried out to establish patterns and statistical relationships amongst variables selected. Drawing from that, the study makes use of a predictive model to analyse the combined effect of these variables taken together onto the dependent variable. It is expected to observe varying differences in the magnitude of earnings across the selected variables. Differences could be specific to occupation or industrial sector. Temporal variation provides insights about the dynamics of female-male differentials in earnings. From this the study draws some recommendations to guide policy interventions in the labour market.

This dissertation assesses the causes and consequences of gender wage discrimination in Ethiopia. In the first chapter, we estimate the distribution of Gender Wage Discrimination in the Ethiopian urban labor market using quantile counterfactual decompositions. The literature generally finds a u-shaped distribution suggesting the presence of both a sticky floor effect and a glass ceiling effect. Using repeated cross-section data for the years 2006, 2010 and 2014, we find a strong evidence of a sticky floor effect but not a glass ceiling effect in the Ethiopian urban labor market. Our paper also provides evidence that there is substantial difference in the extent of discrimination between working in private and public jobs. Public jobs are less discriminatory for women relative to the private jobs. In the second chapter, we investigate the determinants of the gender wage gap in the Ethiopian manufacturing sector between the years 1996 and 2010 with a particular focus on the impact of the export orientation. This is done both at the intensive and extensive margin. Accordingly, we find that more export orientation helps reduce the firm level gender wage gap regardless of whether it is at the intensive or extensive margin. Our results also provide evidence on the presence of sectoral variation on the association between export orientation and gender wage gap. Export orientation doesn’t have a significant impact on the gender wage gap in the construction and housing goods sector. Segmenting the data in to two we also find that the impact of export orientation in reducing gender wage gap is much stronger for the period 2003-2010 relative to the 1996-2002 period. Finally, we estimate the impact of gender earnings differentials on the technical efficiency of the firm in the Ethiopian manufacturing sector for the period 1996 through 2010. We adopt a two-step time-variant panel stochastic frontier model using a translog production function. Our results provide fresh evidence on the existence of a significant negative association between gender wage gap and predicted technical efficiencies of firms. Further subdividing the manufacturing sector into four different industries, we find that the negative association is consistent in most industries. Our results are also robust to the inclusion of other firm level explanatory variables at the sectoral level.

Universidade Federal do Cearà / Este artigo analisa a discriminaÃÃo salarial por raÃa e gÃnero nas distribuiÃÃes de salÃrio segundo os setores de atividade, comparando as regiÃes Nordeste e Sudeste do Brasil. Para este objetivo, utilizou-se os dados da Pnad 2002 e aplicou-se uma metodologia semi paramÃtrica - estimador kernel e outra paramÃtrica â regressÃo quantÃlica. Na primeira, realizaram-se simulaÃÃes contrafactuais, para verificar como seria a distribuiÃÃo de salÃrios dos trabalhadores negros (mulheres) caso eles tivessem a mesma escolaridade dos trabalhadores brancos (homens). Essas simulaÃÃes mostram que existe discriminaÃÃo contra mulheres e negros no mercado de trabalho em ambas as regiÃes. O mÃtodo kernel mostrou em uma representaÃÃo visualmente clara que a discriminaÃÃo contra a raÃa negra à maior no Sudeste para todos os setores de atividade, enquanto que nÃo se conseguiu identificar em qual regiÃo a discriminaÃÃo contra mulheres à maior, visto que ela depende do setor considerado. Em relaÃÃo à regressÃo quantÃlica, os resultados mostraram que a discriminaÃÃo salarial cresce para salÃrios maiores. / This paper analyses the discrimination of wages by race and gender in the wage distributions according to sectors of occupation, comparing the Northeast and Southeast regions of the Brazil. For this aim, we use data from Pnad 2002 and apply a semi-parametric method - kernel estimator and another parametric â quantile regression. In the first, we make counterfactual exercises, to examine how going to be the wage distribution of the black(women) workers if they had the same schooling than the white (men) workers. The results verify that exist discrimination against women and black workers in labor market of both regions. The kernel method provided a visually clear representation that discrimination against black workers is greater in the Southeast for all sectors, while it can not identify where discrimination against women is greater because it depend on the sector. The quantile regression showed that discrimination increases for higher wages.

<p>The Convention of the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women, CEDAW, was approved by the UN general assembly in 1979 and Sweden was the first country to ratify it in 1980. This thesis investigates, firstly, the importance of CEDAW on Swedish legislation and on sentences passed by Swedish courts, and secondly the significance of the fact that the influence from CEDAW has been based on an assertation of existing norms and not on a transformation or incorporation. Finally this thesis examines if CEDAW is followed. It is only the workplace that is analysed and the focus is on recruitment and wages. CEDAW has little or no importance for Swedish courts of law or their sentences. Since the incorporation of CEDAW is in agreement with earlier established norms it cannot be in force in Swedish courts or within public authorities but is only indirectly in force as a complement to national law. To be in force CEDAW must be implemented by incorporation or transformation. The Swedish court system does not violate CEDAW, but it does not follow the convention either and, even if the result may be the same, this should be considered a discrepancy.</p>

The Convention of the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women, CEDAW, was approved by the UN general assembly in 1979 and Sweden was the first country to ratify it in 1980. This thesis investigates, firstly, the importance of CEDAW on Swedish legislation and on sentences passed by Swedish courts, and secondly the significance of the fact that the influence from CEDAW has been based on an assertation of existing norms and not on a transformation or incorporation. Finally this thesis examines if CEDAW is followed. It is only the workplace that is analysed and the focus is on recruitment and wages. CEDAW has little or no importance for Swedish courts of law or their sentences. Since the incorporation of CEDAW is in agreement with earlier established norms it cannot be in force in Swedish courts or within public authorities but is only indirectly in force as a complement to national law. To be in force CEDAW must be implemented by incorporation or transformation. The Swedish court system does not violate CEDAW, but it does not follow the convention either and, even if the result may be the same, this should be considered a discrepancy.

Using income and other individual data from EU-SILC for Germany and Austria, we analyze wage discrimination for three break-ups: gender, sector of employment, and country of origin. Using the method of Machado and Mata [2005] the discrimination over the whole range of the wage distribution is estimated. Significance of results is checked via confidence interval estimates along the lines of Melly [2006]. To narrow down the extent of discrimination both basic decomposition possibilities are compared. The economies of Germany and Austria appear structurally very similar. Especially the institutional setting of the labor markets seem to be closely comparable. One would, therefore, expect to find similar levels and structures of wage discrimination. Our findings deviate from this conjecture significantly. (author's abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series