In 1655 and again in 1686-1689, the Waldensians of Piedmont were massacred by the Duke of Savoy after he issued edicts forbidding the practice of their religion. The Waldensians were later followers of the medieval religious movement of the Poor of Lyons, declared heretical in 1215. The Waldensians associated with the Reformation in 1532, and thus formed a link with diverse groups of Protestants across Europe. In the periods immediately surrounding both massacres, an outpouring of publications dedicated to their plight, their history, and their religious identity appeared, a large number of which emerged in London. On both occasions, the propaganda gave rise to international sympathy and encouraged international intervention, eventually provoking the Duke to rescind the edicts that had instigated the massacres. While most contemporary scholars consider the Waldensians to have been fully absorbed into Protestantism after 1532, it is clear from the writings of both the Waldensians and their sympathizers that they considered themselves a separate entity: the inheritors of a long tradition of dissent from the Catholic Church based on their own belief in the purity of the Gospel. The Waldensian identity was based on a history of exclusion and persecution, and also on a belief that they had transmitted the true embodiment of Christianity through the centuries. The documents that were published surrounding the massacres address the legitimacy of the Waldensian identity based on centuries of practice. English and continental Protestants identified with the Waldensians, who provided ancient ties and legitimacy to their ‘new’ religion, and the Waldensians adopted that identity proudly, all the while claiming continuity. Protestants also used the Waldensians in propagandist documents, most often to justify political or religious actions and ideologies. The continuity of Waldensianism through the Reformation became crucially important for the wider umbrella of Protestantism as a legitimizing factor for the movement. This thesis investigates the claims of continuity and finds that while the Waldensians underwent a dramatic change in religious doctrine to conform to the Reformation, their belief in the continuity of their religious identity can be validated by examining religion from a socio-cultural perspective that takes aspects other than theology into consideration.

La storia della Chiesa valdese nel secondo dopoguerra si inserisce nel filone di ricerca che ha come oggetto lo studio delle minoranze religiose in Italia. La vicenda delle minoranze evangeliche nel secondo dopoguerra si colloca nella storia più vasta della creazione dello Stato repubblicano, verso cui è aumentato l'interesse degli storici soprattutto a partire dagli anni novanta. il processo di reinserimento della Chiesa valdese nel dopoguerra fu complesso e problematico. Il tramonto definitivo dello Stato liberale, l'esperienza del fascismo scardinarono il quadro di riferimento politico e culturale entro cui si era sviluppata la presenza delle chiese evangeliche. Fu presto evidente che l'avvento dello Stato repubblicano, caratterizzato da una forte polarizzazione tra cattolici e comunisti, non avrebbe permesso un ritorno allo status quo anteriore al fascismo. In questo contesto, vanno inquadrati gli sforzi della Chiesa valdese di elaborare delle strategie volte ad ottenere un riconoscimento giuridico, culturale e religioso. / The history of the Waldesian Church after World War two is the object of a study on religious minorities in Italy. The Evangelical minorities and their vicissitudes after World War two belong to the wider history of the creation of the Republican State, which historians have been increasingly interested in especially from the nineties onwards. The process of reintegration of the Waldesian Church after the war was complex and troublesome. The final collapse of the Liberal State and the experience of fascism tore down the political and cultural framework where Evangelical Churches had developed. It was soon clear that the rising of the Republican State, characterised by a powerful polarisation between Catholics and communists, would not allow to return to the status quo before fascism. The efforts of the Waldesian Church to elaborate strategies aiming at a juridical, cultural and religious recognition, need to be placed in such a context.

In 1655 and again in 1686-1689, the Waldensians of Piedmont were massacred by the Duke of Savoy after he issued edicts forbidding the practice of their religion. The Waldensians were later followers of the medieval religious movement of the Poor of Lyons, declared heretical in 1215. The Waldensians associated with the Reformation in 1532, and thus formed a link with diverse groups of Protestants across Europe. In the periods immediately surrounding both massacres, an outpouring of publications dedicated to their plight, their history, and their religious identity appeared, a large number of which emerged in London. On both occasions, the propaganda gave rise to international sympathy and encouraged international intervention, eventually provoking the Duke to rescind the edicts that had instigated the massacres. While most contemporary scholars consider the Waldensians to have been fully absorbed into Protestantism after 1532, it is clear from the writings of both the Waldensians and their sympathizers that they considered themselves a separate entity: the inheritors of a long tradition of dissent from the Catholic Church based on their own belief in the purity of the Gospel. The Waldensian identity was based on a history of exclusion and persecution, and also on a belief that they had transmitted the true embodiment of Christianity through the centuries. The documents that were published surrounding the massacres address the legitimacy of the Waldensian identity based on centuries of practice. English and continental Protestants identified with the Waldensians, who provided ancient ties and legitimacy to their ‘new’ religion, and the Waldensians adopted that identity proudly, all the while claiming continuity. Protestants also used the Waldensians in propagandist documents, most often to justify political or religious actions and ideologies. The continuity of Waldensianism through the Reformation became crucially important for the wider umbrella of Protestantism as a legitimizing factor for the movement. This thesis investigates the claims of continuity and finds that while the Waldensians underwent a dramatic change in religious doctrine to conform to the Reformation, their belief in the continuity of their religious identity can be validated by examining religion from a socio-cultural perspective that takes aspects other than theology into consideration.

In 1655 and again in 1686-1689, the Waldensians of Piedmont were massacred by the Duke of Savoy after he issued edicts forbidding the practice of their religion. The Waldensians were later followers of the medieval religious movement of the Poor of Lyons, declared heretical in 1215. The Waldensians associated with the Reformation in 1532, and thus formed a link with diverse groups of Protestants across Europe. In the periods immediately surrounding both massacres, an outpouring of publications dedicated to their plight, their history, and their religious identity appeared, a large number of which emerged in London. On both occasions, the propaganda gave rise to international sympathy and encouraged international intervention, eventually provoking the Duke to rescind the edicts that had instigated the massacres. While most contemporary scholars consider the Waldensians to have been fully absorbed into Protestantism after 1532, it is clear from the writings of both the Waldensians and their sympathizers that they considered themselves a separate entity: the inheritors of a long tradition of dissent from the Catholic Church based on their own belief in the purity of the Gospel. The Waldensian identity was based on a history of exclusion and persecution, and also on a belief that they had transmitted the true embodiment of Christianity through the centuries. The documents that were published surrounding the massacres address the legitimacy of the Waldensian identity based on centuries of practice. English and continental Protestants identified with the Waldensians, who provided ancient ties and legitimacy to their ‘new’ religion, and the Waldensians adopted that identity proudly, all the while claiming continuity. Protestants also used the Waldensians in propagandist documents, most often to justify political or religious actions and ideologies. The continuity of Waldensianism through the Reformation became crucially important for the wider umbrella of Protestantism as a legitimizing factor for the movement. This thesis investigates the claims of continuity and finds that while the Waldensians underwent a dramatic change in religious doctrine to conform to the Reformation, their belief in the continuity of their religious identity can be validated by examining religion from a socio-cultural perspective that takes aspects other than theology into consideration.

Même si composée par un nombre réduit de membres, à peu près 20.000 personnes, pendent le XIXe siècle l’Eglise vaudoise italienne a réussi à se doter d’une grande quantité d’œuvres sociales, grâce à un réseau de relations dense et vaste avec l’Internationale protestante, en Europe et dans l’Amérique du Nord. Hôpitaux, maisons de retraites, orphelinats, écoles professionnelles, colonies de vacances et diaconats ont été les principales réalisations de cet effort social. Suivant trois axes de recherche (les liens entre église et œuvres, les rapports entre l’action sociale ecclésiastique et celui de l’Etat, le problème du financement), le travail traverse environ un siècle d’histoire religieuse et de la sécurité sociale en Italie - entre la Restauration et la législation de Crispi -, en essayant d’expliquer les étapes qui ont permis à cette petite église réformé de se transformer, d’objet de l’assistance étrangère, à un des principaux sujets italiens de services sociaux. / Despite being composed of a limited number of members (about 20000), during the XIXth century the Italian Waldensian Church succeeded in developing a great amount of social works, thanks to a network of relations with the “Protestant International” in Europe and Northern America. This social effort resulted in the development of hospitals, retirement houses, orphanages, professional schools, summer schools and monetary assistance to the poor. This thesis explores a century of Italian social and religious history – from the Restauration to the birth of national legislation on welfare in the Crispinian period – a long three axes of research (the link between church and social works, the relationship between the ecclesiastic and national social intervention, the issue of funding). Its main aim is to identify the steps that allowed this little reformed church to undergo such a significant transformation: from being the recipient of foreign assistance to being one of the key agents in Italian social assistance. / Anche se composta da un numero esiguo di membri, circa 20.000 persone, durante l’Ottocento la Chiesa valdese italiana è riuscita a dotarsi di una grande quantità di opere sociali, grazie a una fitta e ampia rete di relazioni con l’Internazionale protestante, in Europa e Nord America. Ospedali, ospizi, orfanotrofi, scuole professionali, colonie estive e borse dei poveri furono i principali risultati di questo sforzo sociale. Attraverso tre assi di ricerca (il legame tra chiesa e opere, i rapporti tra l’azione sociale ecclesiastica e quella statale, il problema del suo finanziamento), il lavoro percorre circa un secolo di storia religiosa e assistenziale in Italia - dalla Restaurazione alla nascita di una legislazione statale in materia assistenziale in epoca crispina –, cercando di mostrare le tappe che hanno permesso a questa piccola chiesa riformata di trasformarsi, da oggetto dell’assistenza straniera, a una delle principali soggetti italiani di servizi sociali.