<p>Nowadays, reducing energy usage as well as reducing environmental impacts due to energy efficiency measurements is very common in the industrial sector. The objective of these measurements is to achieve better sustainable energy systems.</p><p>Sandvik Materials Technology (SMT) AB, one of the business areas of the enterprise Sandvik AB, is not an exception in that field.</p><p>The aim of this thesis project is to analyze how to use waste energy from the cooling of a steel plant for an internal district heating (DH) system within the industrial area of SMT AB located in Sandviken, Sweden. In order to reduce the energy use, the economic cost and the environmental impacts within the industrial area.</p><p>In order to achieve the aim has been studied the heat pump devices as the system to transfer the waste heat from the cooling of the steel plant to the DH system. Therefore, after the introduction to the project (part 1: Introduction) and the explanation of the aim</p><p>(part 2: Aim, methodology and delimitations), the basics of the heat pumps are studied and explained (part 3: Heat pumps theoretical study). After that, the knowledge acquired in part 3 is applied to define and calculate the heat pump system which fulfill the required</p><p>objectives achieving the greatest energy, economical and environmental impacts reductions (part 4: Heat pump practical study).</p><p>The achieved results show that there is a great opportunity to reduce the energy use within the industrial area (until 45300 MWh per year), the economical cost (until 2 millions euros per year) and the 2 CO emissions (until 2.3 millions of 2 CO kg per year1).</p><p>Therefore, the conclusion is that it must be taken into account to build the heat pump system and also that the effort of finding possible energy efficiency measurements within the industrial sector must be one priority for all the industrial companies, not only because the possible potential economical reductions, but also because of the potential environmental impacts reductions.</p>

Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Auburn University, 2009. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographic references.

Nowadays, reducing energy usage as well as reducing environmental impacts due to energy efficiency measurements is very common in the industrial sector. The objective of these measurements is to achieve better sustainable energy systems. Sandvik Materials Technology (SMT) AB, one of the business areas of the enterprise Sandvik AB, is not an exception in that field. The aim of this thesis project is to analyze how to use waste energy from the cooling of a steel plant for an internal district heating (DH) system within the industrial area of SMT AB located in Sandviken, Sweden. In order to reduce the energy use, the economic cost and the environmental impacts within the industrial area. In order to achieve the aim has been studied the heat pump devices as the system to transfer the waste heat from the cooling of the steel plant to the DH system. Therefore, after the introduction to the project (part 1: Introduction) and the explanation of the aim (part 2: Aim, methodology and delimitations), the basics of the heat pumps are studied and explained (part 3: Heat pumps theoretical study). After that, the knowledge acquired in part 3 is applied to define and calculate the heat pump system which fulfill the required objectives achieving the greatest energy, economical and environmental impacts reductions (part 4: Heat pump practical study). The achieved results show that there is a great opportunity to reduce the energy use within the industrial area (until 45300 MWh per year), the economical cost (until 2 millions euros per year) and the 2 CO emissions (until 2.3 millions of 2 CO kg per year1). Therefore, the conclusion is that it must be taken into account to build the heat pump system and also that the effort of finding possible energy efficiency measurements within the industrial sector must be one priority for all the industrial companies, not only because the possible potential economical reductions, but also because of the potential environmental impacts reductions.

abstract: The presence of huge amounts of waste heat and the constant demand for electric energy makes this an appreciable research topic, yet at present there is no commercially viable technology to harness the inherent energy resource provided by the temperature differential between the inside and outside of buildings. In a newly developed technology, electricity is generated from the temperature gradient between building walls through a Seebeck effect. A 3D-printed triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structure is sandwiched in copper electrodes with copper (I) sulphate (Cu2SO4) electrolyte to mimic a thermogalvanic cell. Previous studies mainly concentrated on mechanical properties and the electric power generation ability of these structures; however, the goal of this study is to estimate the thermal resistance of the 3D-printed TPMS experimentally. This investigation elucidates their thermal resistances which in turn helps to appreciate the power output associated in the thermogalvanic structure. Schwarz P, Gyroid, IWP, and Split P geometries were considered for the experiment with electrolyte in the thermogalvanic brick. Among these TPMS structures, Split P was found more thermally resistive than the others with a thermal resistance of 0.012 m2 K W-1. The thermal resistances of Schwarz D and Gyroid structures were also assessed experimentally without electrolyte and the results are compared to numerical predictions in a previous Mater's thesis. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Mechanical Engineering 2020

RESUMO CARDOSO, Marco Tsuyama. Regulação em Aproveitamento Energético de Resíduos: proposições para o Brasil com base no estudo de caso Sueco, 2019, 219p. Tese de Doutorado, Programa de Pós-Graduação de Energia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil. A Suécia alcançou níveis de excelência tanto na reciclagem quanto na recuperação energética de resíduos. De cada 100% de resíduos sólidos gerados no país, apenas 1% não são aproveitados, tendo como destino final o aterramento. Os demais 99% são utilizados tanto na reciclagem quanto na geração de energia. Esse desempenho reflete-se também na descarbonização bem-sucedida da sua economia que, de 1990 a 2016, cresceu 75%, enquanto suas emissões caíram 26% no mesmo período. Essas foram as razões pelas quais a Suécia foi tomada como paradigma de excelência para a presente tese, cujo objetivo consistiu em identificar fatores de sucesso que pudessem inspirar a evolução da regulação e das políticas públicas voltadas ao aproveitamento dos resíduos sólidos urbanos no Brasil. As visitas técnicas a nove plantas de recuperação energética por incineração e seis plantas de digestão anaeróbica suecas e as entrevistas com especialistas do país forneceram clara dimensão do estágio dessas tecnologias e das diferenças culturais, econômicas e regulatórias com relação ao Brasil. A partir das informações empíricas obtidas in situ e do respaldo da análise da literatura pertinente ao tema, foram identificados 15 fatores de sucesso destacados neste trabalho. Tais fatores foram usados para verificar sua potencial replicabilidade no Brasil. Dentre eles, os que mais se destacaram foram: (i) a abordagem integrada das políticas voltadas ao aproveitamento dos resíduos; (ii) o potencial de associação entre a atividade de reciclagem e de recuperação energética, muitas vezes vistas como atividades não-integráveis; e (iii) a utilização de instrumentos econômicos, como impostos e taxas, para desincentivar ações que causem prejuízo à sociedade. As lições aqui identificadas a partir do exemplo sueco representam uma inovação para o Brasil. Ademais, elas podem ser úteis a tomadores de decisão na formulação de uma estratégia de abordagem no sentido de melhorar o desempenho brasileiro, tanto na destinação adequada dos resíduos sólidos urbanos, como na sua utilização para gerar energia num contexto de descarbonização da economia. Palavras-chave: Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos. Planejamento Energético. Regulação. Energia Renovável. Biomassa. Brasil. Suécia. / Sweden has reached prominent figures both in recycling and energy recovering from residues. Less than 1 percent of its municipal solid waste is landfilled, and the other 99 percent is harnessed by either recycling or producing energy. This performance has been also reflected in its economy decarbonization rate: as noticed, the countrys GDP raised 75% while its emission decreased 26% during the period 1990-2016. This is why the Sweden was chosen as benchmark in this thesis, which main objective was to identify key success factors that could inspire better practices in regulation and public policies regarding the energy and material recovering from municipal solid waste in Brazil. To achieve this objective, 9 incineration plants and 6 anaerobic digestion facilities were visited. Additionally, several Sweden experts were interviewed. Those visits and interviews delivered a clear outlook of the stage of excellence of Sweden regarding not only the technologies applied to energy recovery from waste, but also outlined the cultural, economic and regulatory differences between Sweden and Brazil. Nonetheless, supported by the pertinent literature along with the in situ empirical observations, 15 success factors were outlined. Additionally, those success factors were analyzed to check their potential applicability to Brazil. Among them, three were highlighted: (i) the integrated policy approach; (ii) the recycling and energy recovery from waste integration; and (iii) the use of economic instruments (such as taxes and tariffs) in order to discourage practices that negatively impact the whole society. The lessons learned from the Swedish example are novelty to Brazil. These lessons can also be useful to decision and opinion makers to advocate actions and formulate strategies that can contribute to improve the Brazilian performance regarding proper waste destination in the economy decarbonization.

This thesis mainly deals with the thermal treatment of waste - hazardous waste incineration and energy recovery municipal waste incinerators - their descriptions and analysis of legislative conditions. The flue gas cleaning system energy production in different operating modes is assessed by energy and mass balances. Computational models are developed for this purpose. On this basis, productions of energy from thermal treatment of hazardous and communal waste were compared.

A CO2 emission analysis and system investigation of a direct fuel cell waste energy recovery and power generation system (DFC-ERG) for pressure letdown stations was undertaken. The hybrid system developed by FuelCell Energy Inc. is an integrated turboexpander and a direct internal reforming molten carbonate fuel cell system in a combined circle. At pressure letdown stations, popularly called city gates, the pressure of natural gas transported on long pipelines is reduced by traditional pressure regulating systems. Energy is lost as a result of pressure reduction. Pressure reduction also results in severe cooling of the gas due to the Joule Thompson effect, thus, requiring preheating of the natural gas using traditional gas fired-burners. The thermal energy generated results in the emission of green house gases. The DFC-ERG system is a novel waste energy recovery and green house gas mitigation system that can replace traditional pressure regulating systems on city gates. A DFC-ERG system has been simulated using UniSim Design process simulation software. A case study using data from Utilities Kingston’s city gate at Glenburnie was analysed. The waste energy recovery system was modelled using the design specifications of the FuelCell Energy Inc’s DFC 300 system and turboexpander design characteristics of Cryostar TG120. The Fuel Cell system sizing was based on the required thermal output, electrical power output, available configuration and cost. The predicted performance of the fuel cell system was simulated at a current density of 140mA/cm2, steam to carbon ratio of 3, fuel utilization of 75% and oxygen utilization of 30%. The power output of the turboexpander was found to strongly depend on the high pressure natural gas flowrate, temperature and pressure. The simulated DFC-ERG system was found to reduce CO2 emissions when the electrical power generated by the DFC-ERG system replaced electrical power generated by a coal fired plant. / Thesis (Master, Chemical Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2010-08-31 02:02:11.392

The diploma thesis is focused on the evaluation of small-scale waste to energy plants in the Czech Republic. In the first part, there is a survey of the corresponding literature and general evaluation of the specificities of these plants. The next section analyzes the technical and economic indicators of a specific technology by Microsoft Excel model. Finally, recommendations for small-scale waste to energy plants arising from the model are summarized.

No description available.

Dans le but de réduire la consommation en carburant et les émissions de CO2 des moteurs à combustion interne, un des leviers, qui a intéressé diffèrent acteurs dans le secteur automobile, est la récupération de l’énergie thermique disponible dans les gaz d’échappement. Malgré différents technologie ont été investigués dans le passé; les transferts de chaleur qui apparient dans les gaz d’échappement n’ont pas encore étés suffisamment étudiés. Le fait que les échanges de la chaleur apparent dans des conditions pulsatives, notamment due aux conditions de fonctionnement moteur, rende les connaissances acquis jusqu’à présent limités et ne pas exploitables. A l’état actuel on n’est pas capable de pouvoir prédire le transfert thermique convectif des écoulements pulsé. Les travaux de cette thèse s’instaurent dans la continuité de ce besoin, l’objectif principal est donc l’étude expérimentale du transfert thermique convectif des écoulements turbulent pulsés dans un conduit cylindrique. La première partie de ce travail a été consacrée à le dimensionnement d’un moyen d’essais permettant la création d’un écoulement pulsé type moteur; en suite différents méthodes de mesures ont étés développes afin de connaitre les variations instantanés de vitesse et température de l’écoulement. Plusieurs essais ont été reproduits afin de caractériser l’impact de la pulsation sur le transfert de la chaleur. Les résultats expérimentaux ont été analysés avec deux approches différentes: dans un premier temps une approche analytique 1D a permis de mettre en évidence le mécanisme principal responsable de l’amélioration du transfert thermique convectif,ainsi, il a fourni des éléments supplémentaires pour le futur développement de modèles mathématiques plus adaptés à la prédiction des transferts d’énergie. En suite une approche 2D, supporté d’une phase de modélisation numérique, a permis de caractériser le mécanisme de transport radial d’énergie thermique. / Waste Energy Recovery represents a promising way to go further in fuel saving and greenhouse emissions control for Internal Combustion Engine applications. Although several technologies have been investigated in the past few years, the convective heat transfers, playing an important role in the energy exchanges at the engine exhaust, has not receive enough attention. Heat transfers, in such applications, occur in pulsating conditions because of the engine operating conditions, making thus the actual knowledge of the heat transfer phenomena limited and not exploitable. Nowadays there is not any model capable to predict convective heat transfers for pulsating flows. In this context, the present thesis addresses the purpose to study the convective heat transfer phenomena, by an experimental approach, occurring for turbulent pulsating flows in pipes. In the first part of this work, an experimental apparatus has been designed to reproduce an exhaust type pulsating flow in fully managed conditions, as well as, several measurement techniques have been developed to know the instantaneous profiles of air temperature and velocity. Many experiments have been performed in order to characterize the impact of the flow pulsation on the convective heat transfers. In the second part of this work, the experimental results have been analyzed with two different approaches: firstly, with a 1D assumption the time-average convective heat transfers has been computed, and the major mechanism responsible of the heat transfer enhancement has been pointed out. Furthermore, it has been possible to highlight the mathematical term representative of such mechanism, which should be accounted in future to define a more adapted numerical model for the heat transfer prediction. In a second phase with a 2D assumption, and, with an energy and a fluid-mechanic computational phase, the radial transport of thermal energy has been characterized for a pulsating flow.