Objetivo. Estudar experiências de gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos domésticos envolvendo parcerias, identificando pontos positivos e negativos nas relações inter-institucionais, e verificando a relação entre os dados da bibliografia e o constatado nos programas estudados. Métodos. Foram realizados estudos de caso de programas de coleta seletiva em Goiânia (GO), Campinas (SP), Embu (SP), Santos (SP) e Botucatu (SP). Foram feitas entrevistas e visitas técnicas em entidades envolvidas, incluindo órgãos do governo, empresas e ONGs. Os programas foram analisados nos aspectos sócio-ambiental, operacional, econômica e político-institucional. Resultados. As taxas de desvio observadas variaram entre 0,1 e 2,39 por cento e as taxas de recuperação entre 1,67 e 7,82 por cento . Os custos totais dos programas estiveram entre US$ 150 e US$ 650 por tonelada recuperada. Os custos de coleta representam entre 19 e 82 por cento e os custos de triagem entre 14 e 52 por cento . As dificuldades mais freqüentes relatadas pelos entrevistados são relacionadas aos aspectos humanos: comportamentais, políticos e educacionais. Conclusões. As parcerias podem disponibilizar recursos financeiros, equipamentos, materiais diversos e mão-de-obra para a implementação de programas de coleta seletiva. As parcerias são uma forma eficiente de redução de custos dos programas. Diversos programas municipais têm desenvolvido parcerias para a operação de triagem. As iniciativas espontâneas desempenham um papel importante e devem ser incentivadas. Os investimentos em recursos humanos e os incentivos às indústrias locais de reciclagem são fatores-chave do sucesso dos programas. A reciclagem de lixo constitui-se uma alternativa importante de atividade econômica, com geração de emprego e renda. A pesquisa foi apoiada pela FAPESP / Objective. To study domestic solid waste management experiences through partnerships, identifying strengths and weaknesses in inter-institutional relationships and verifying the concordance between bibliography recommendations and the studied programs characteristics. Methods. Segregative collection and recycling programs cases were studied in the following cities: Goiânia (GO), Campinas (SP), Embu (SP), Santos (SP) e Botucatu (SP). Technical visits and interviews were accomplished in institutions involved, including government offices, companies and NGOs. Programs were analysed in social-environmental, operations, economics and political-institutional features. Results. Decipe rates varied between 0,1 e 2,39 per cent and recovery rates between 1,67 and 7,82 per cent . Programs´ total costs ranged from US$ 150 to R$ 650 per recovered metric ton . Collection costs were between 19 and 82 per cent and sorting costs between 14 to 52 per cent . The most frequent difficulties described in interviews were those related human features: behavior, policy and education. Conclusions. Os investimentos em recursos humanos e os incentivos às indústrias locais de reciclagem são fatores-chave do sucesso dos programas. A reciclagem de lixo constitui-se uma alternativa importante de atividade econômica, com geração de emprego e renda. Partnerships can contribute to obtain financial and human resources, equipment and several materials to the implementation of segregative collection programs. They are an efficient way to reduce costs of programs. Several municipal programs develop partnerships in the operation of sorting. Equipment and buildings continue being financed by municipality. The spontaneous initiatives play an important role and should be encouraged. Investiments in human resources and incentives to local industries are key factors to the success of programs. Garbage recycling is an important alternative economic activity to bring employment and income. Research supported by FAPESP

Objetivo. Estudar experiências de gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos domésticos envolvendo parcerias, identificando pontos positivos e negativos nas relações inter-institucionais, e verificando a relação entre os dados da bibliografia e o constatado nos programas estudados. Métodos. Foram realizados estudos de caso de programas de coleta seletiva em Goiânia (GO), Campinas (SP), Embu (SP), Santos (SP) e Botucatu (SP). Foram feitas entrevistas e visitas técnicas em entidades envolvidas, incluindo órgãos do governo, empresas e ONGs. Os programas foram analisados nos aspectos sócio-ambiental, operacional, econômica e político-institucional. Resultados. As taxas de desvio observadas variaram entre 0,1 e 2,39 por cento e as taxas de recuperação entre 1,67 e 7,82 por cento . Os custos totais dos programas estiveram entre US$ 150 e US$ 650 por tonelada recuperada. Os custos de coleta representam entre 19 e 82 por cento e os custos de triagem entre 14 e 52 por cento . As dificuldades mais freqüentes relatadas pelos entrevistados são relacionadas aos aspectos humanos: comportamentais, políticos e educacionais. Conclusões. As parcerias podem disponibilizar recursos financeiros, equipamentos, materiais diversos e mão-de-obra para a implementação de programas de coleta seletiva. As parcerias são uma forma eficiente de redução de custos dos programas. Diversos programas municipais têm desenvolvido parcerias para a operação de triagem. As iniciativas espontâneas desempenham um papel importante e devem ser incentivadas. Os investimentos em recursos humanos e os incentivos às indústrias locais de reciclagem são fatores-chave do sucesso dos programas. A reciclagem de lixo constitui-se uma alternativa importante de atividade econômica, com geração de emprego e renda. A pesquisa foi apoiada pela FAPESP / Objective. To study domestic solid waste management experiences through partnerships, identifying strengths and weaknesses in inter-institutional relationships and verifying the concordance between bibliography recommendations and the studied programs characteristics. Methods. Segregative collection and recycling programs cases were studied in the following cities: Goiânia (GO), Campinas (SP), Embu (SP), Santos (SP) e Botucatu (SP). Technical visits and interviews were accomplished in institutions involved, including government offices, companies and NGOs. Programs were analysed in social-environmental, operations, economics and political-institutional features. Results. Decipe rates varied between 0,1 e 2,39 per cent and recovery rates between 1,67 and 7,82 per cent . Programs´ total costs ranged from US$ 150 to R$ 650 per recovered metric ton . Collection costs were between 19 and 82 per cent and sorting costs between 14 to 52 per cent . The most frequent difficulties described in interviews were those related human features: behavior, policy and education. Conclusions. Os investimentos em recursos humanos e os incentivos às indústrias locais de reciclagem são fatores-chave do sucesso dos programas. A reciclagem de lixo constitui-se uma alternativa importante de atividade econômica, com geração de emprego e renda. Partnerships can contribute to obtain financial and human resources, equipment and several materials to the implementation of segregative collection programs. They are an efficient way to reduce costs of programs. Several municipal programs develop partnerships in the operation of sorting. Equipment and buildings continue being financed by municipality. The spontaneous initiatives play an important role and should be encouraged. Investiments in human resources and incentives to local industries are key factors to the success of programs. Garbage recycling is an important alternative economic activity to bring employment and income. Research supported by FAPESP

O descarte de medicamentos envolve dois fluxos: o fluxo institucional, dos resíduos de fármacos, classificados como resíduos de serviços de saúde, utilizados na indústria e nas instituições de saúde; e o fluxo domiciliar, dos medicamentos vencidos/em desuso em poder da população. O descarte dos resíduos de medicamentos de origem domiciliar pode ser promovido pela logística reversa, onde este tipo de resíduo é devolvido ao setor empresarial para destinação final ambientalmente segura. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar as estratégias mais viáveis para operacionalização da logística reversa de medicamentos. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória, descritiva, com abordagem quantitativa. As estratégias foram avaliadas junto a atores da cadeia de valor farmacêutica: representantes do poder público, da indústria e distribuição farmacêutica, e consumidores/potenciais consumidores de medicamentos. Foram elaborados três questionários de avaliação de estratégias segundo seis critérios: mediação (articulação entre atores da cadeia produtiva farmacêutica por meio de políticas públicas); fiscalização (das ações); complexidade (de implantação e operacionalização); custos (de implantação e manutenção); adesão (potencialidade de ser inserida no cotidiano da população) e abrangência (potencialidade de alcançar a população). As estratégias foram hierarquizadas em ordem decrescente de viabilidade: rientações à população por profissionais de saúde, farmácias e internet, sinalização de informações nas embalagens e bulas de medicamentos, campanhas publicitárias e de educação ambiental e a disponibilização de postos de entrega voluntária. Os resultados poderão contribuir para a operacionalização de um sistema de logística reversa de medicamentos, considerando todos os atores envolvidos e buscando conciliar suas necessidades, possibilidades, limitações e interesses / The medication disposal involves two settings: the institutional setting, waste of drugs, classified as medical waste, used in industry and healthcare facilities; and the household setting of expired/unused medicines at home. Disposal of medicine waste can be promoted by reverse logistics, where the waste is returned to the business sector to environmentally safe disposal. This study aimed to identify feasible reverse logistics strategies for medicine waste. It is an exploratory, descriptive research with a quantitative approach. The strategies were assessed by representatives of government, industry and pharmaceutical distribution, and consumers/potential consumers of medicines. We constructed three questionnaires to strategies assessment according to six criteria: mediation (articulation among actors of the pharmaceutical supply chain by means of public policies); inspection (of initiatives); complexity (set up and operation); costs (implementation and maintenance); adherence (potential to be inserted into the daily life of the population) and scope (potential to reach the population). The strategies were hierarchize in decrescent order of feasibility: information to people provided by health professionals, pharmacies and internet; signaling information on the packages and leaflet of medicines; advertising and environmental education campaigns; and the provision of waste stations for people to deliver medicine waste. The results can contribute to implement a reverse logistics system for medicine waste, considering all stakeholders in an attempt to reconcile their needs, possibilities, limitations and interests

O descarte de medicamentos envolve dois fluxos: o fluxo institucional, dos resíduos de fármacos, classificados como resíduos de serviços de saúde, utilizados na indústria e nas instituições de saúde; e o fluxo domiciliar, dos medicamentos vencidos/em desuso em poder da população. O descarte dos resíduos de medicamentos de origem domiciliar pode ser promovido pela logística reversa, onde este tipo de resíduo é devolvido ao setor empresarial para destinação final ambientalmente segura. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar as estratégias mais viáveis para operacionalização da logística reversa de medicamentos. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória, descritiva, com abordagem quantitativa. As estratégias foram avaliadas junto a atores da cadeia de valor farmacêutica: representantes do poder público, da indústria e distribuição farmacêutica, e consumidores/potenciais consumidores de medicamentos. Foram elaborados três questionários de avaliação de estratégias segundo seis critérios: mediação (articulação entre atores da cadeia produtiva farmacêutica por meio de políticas públicas); fiscalização (das ações); complexidade (de implantação e operacionalização); custos (de implantação e manutenção); adesão (potencialidade de ser inserida no cotidiano da população) e abrangência (potencialidade de alcançar a população). As estratégias foram hierarquizadas em ordem decrescente de viabilidade: rientações à população por profissionais de saúde, farmácias e internet, sinalização de informações nas embalagens e bulas de medicamentos, campanhas publicitárias e de educação ambiental e a disponibilização de postos de entrega voluntária. Os resultados poderão contribuir para a operacionalização de um sistema de logística reversa de medicamentos, considerando todos os atores envolvidos e buscando conciliar suas necessidades, possibilidades, limitações e interesses / The medication disposal involves two settings: the institutional setting, waste of drugs, classified as medical waste, used in industry and healthcare facilities; and the household setting of expired/unused medicines at home. Disposal of medicine waste can be promoted by reverse logistics, where the waste is returned to the business sector to environmentally safe disposal. This study aimed to identify feasible reverse logistics strategies for medicine waste. It is an exploratory, descriptive research with a quantitative approach. The strategies were assessed by representatives of government, industry and pharmaceutical distribution, and consumers/potential consumers of medicines. We constructed three questionnaires to strategies assessment according to six criteria: mediation (articulation among actors of the pharmaceutical supply chain by means of public policies); inspection (of initiatives); complexity (set up and operation); costs (implementation and maintenance); adherence (potential to be inserted into the daily life of the population) and scope (potential to reach the population). The strategies were hierarchize in decrescent order of feasibility: information to people provided by health professionals, pharmacies and internet; signaling information on the packages and leaflet of medicines; advertising and environmental education campaigns; and the provision of waste stations for people to deliver medicine waste. The results can contribute to implement a reverse logistics system for medicine waste, considering all stakeholders in an attempt to reconcile their needs, possibilities, limitations and interests

Thesis (MPA.) --University of Limpopo, 2006 / Refer to the document

<p>It was hypothesized that South African FA and brine could sequester CO2 through mineral carbonation. A statistical approach was undertaken to optimize the % CaCO3 formed from FA/brine/CO2 interaction with input parameters of temperature, pressure, particle size and solid/liquid ratio (S/L) being varied. The ranges adopted for the input parameters were: temperature of 30 &ordm / C or 90 &ordm / C / pressure of 1 Mpa or 4 Mpa / four particle sizes namely bulk ash, &gt / 150 &mu / m, &lt / 20 &mu / m and 20 &mu / m- 150 &mu / m particle size range / S/L ratios of 0.1, 0.5 or 1. The FA/ brine dispersions were carbonated in a high pressure reactor varying the above mentioned input parameters. The fresh Secunda FA of various size fractions was characterized morphologically using scanning electron microscopy, chemically using X-ray fluorescence and mineralogically using qualitative X-ray diffraction. The carbonated solid residues on the other hand were characterized using quantitative X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermal gravimetic analysis and Chittick tests. The raw brine from Tutuka together with the carbonation leachates were characterized using inductively coupled mass spectrometry and ion chromatography. Total acid digestion was carried out to evaluate the differences in the total elemental content in both the fresh ash and the carbonated solid residues. The results suggested that South African FA from Secunda belongs to class F based on the CaO content as well as the total alumina, silica and ferric oxide content, while the RO brine from Tutuka were classified as NaSO4 waters...</p>

The Wider Caribbean Region does not have a regional waste management strategy. An integrated approach to waste management throughout the region would benefit many economic sectors, safeguard people’s health and improve environmental quality. Numerous studies, above all a project conducted in 1994 by the World Bank, pointed out that one of the main reasons why such strategy has not been developed yet lies in the scarce availability of data in the waste management sector. Through on field researches and the analysis of institutional reports, the objective of the present study is defining the reasons that led and still underpin such scarcity. Furthermore, the study proposes a new methodology of data collection and improvements to one of the mathematical model that is used to estimate waste quantities in ports. The purpose of the paper is to find an integrated solution to a double challenge: waste abundance and energy scarcity, with focus on ship generated waste management.

Waste generation is an unavoidable product of man’s activities, however, sustainable management of such waste is a challenge faced in many countries today. Nigeria, a developing country in Africa, has been in a quandary of how to efficiently manage the municipal solid waste its population generates. Many states in the country lack adequate plans and infrastructure required for efficient and sustainable management of municipal solid waste. For Lagos, the most populous and popular state in Nigeria, the problem is further compounded by its rather large and still increasing population. In this research, Lagos is taken as a case study; the extant trend for solid waste handling in households, trends in the formal and informal sector as regards solid waste management from household collection to final disposal are focused upon. Many countries, particularly the developed ones, have employed options in the waste management hierarchy for sustainable management of their municipal solid waste and the blend of options employed is usually highly dependent on local factors. Following the waste management hierarchy, possible options for sustainable municipal solid waste management in Lagos are discussed. It is concluded that waste reduction, reuse, recycling and composting are potential management options for the state. Landfilling will remain an important option for final disposal but reliance on this method could be significantly reduced if management options are exploited to the maximum in a sustainable solid waste management structure.

Developing countries are facing a great challenge to collect, treat and dispose their waste in a more sustainable way. Today, most of the produced waste ends up on landfills, where they pose a great threat to the environment and human health. Kumasi, the second largest city in Ghana, faces the same issues as other cities in developing countries; waste management is run poorly and most waste ends up on the cities largest landfill, Dompoase, which will be full in a few years time. Issues such as low financial resources, bad urban planning and a growing population aggravate the implementation of a more sustainable development. Since most solid waste in developing countries is organic, composting is a good option towards a more sustainable waste management. There are numerous amounts of articles stating that decentralized composting is the best option for developed countries. Decentralized compost facilities are less costly to install and maintain, they require less technology and decrease the cost of waste transportation. Transportation poses a large expense when it comes  to waste management in developing countries. There is an advantage in integrating a more sustainable waste management in to the existing waste infrastructure since cities often are densely built up and there is a shortage of land. Therefore this thesis has investigated the possibilities of having waste sorting stations and decentralized compost facilities at public dumping sites in the Bantama area, one of ten sub--‐metros in Kumasi. Based on literature and observations during field visits in the Bantama area, a classification scheme was developed. The classification scheme was designed to simplify identification and differentiation of the sites. It contains thirteen criteria to consider when planning for organic waste sorting stations and decentralized compost facilities. Suitable sites for sorting stations and decentralized compost facilities were selected by a SQL analyzes in a Geographic Information System (GIS). The analyzes was based on the classification scheme. The result shows that of twenty--‐one public dumpingsites, seven were suitable as sorting stations and two sites were suitable for a decentralized compost facility. The expectation is that in due time and with infrastructure improvements, more than only seven communal sites can become sorting stations. When it comes to sites for composting the result reveals an issue in many cities  there is just not enough land to build as many decentralized facilities as would be necessary to recycle all organic waste. However, due to the advantages of having decentralized facilities, the recommendation is that Kumasi should start with a decentralized approach and as finance and technological skills exists the organic waste management can extend to also include larger facilities. Further this thesis shows the advantage of having decentralized composting when it comes totransportation costs. A transport analyzes was done in a GIS,  which showed the difference intransportation distances between having decentralized and centralized composting. The result showed that waste recycled close to its source, i.e. having decentralized waste management, is transported shorter distance compared to having centralized composting and  thus saving on cost for transportation.

The quick social economic development of Vietnam stimulates great demand of quality as well as quantity on transport service by the increasingly growing needs of customer for transportation. The railway passenger transport is currently still an important branch of a country’s transport system because it is safer, more eco-friendly and much more efficient in comparison to another means. However, the increasing of the number of passengers is the main causes of fast increasing waste amount from the rail service. The aim of this paper is to study how the organic waste from rail service is managed and treated today by the Vietnam railways. The paper ends with some proposal solutions for treating and disposing of organic waste by applying renewable energy technologies for climate change mitigation to protect human health and the environment. / Sự phát triển nhanh chóng của nền kinh tế Việt nam dẫn đến nhu cầu vận chuyển hành khách ngày càng tăng mạnh về số lượng cũng như chất lượng dịch vụ. Vận chuyển hành khách bằng đường sắt hiện tại ở Việt nam vẫn đóng vai trò quan trọng trong hệ thống vận tải quốc gia do lợi thế an toàn cao, thân thiện với môi trường và lợi ích cao của nó so với các phương tiện khác. Tuy nhiên sự biến động lớn của lượng hành khách đi tàu là nguyên nhân làm cho lượng rác thải từ các dịch vụ đường sắt cũng tăng mạnh. Bài báo tập trung vào nghiên cứu và làm rõ hiện trạng quản lý chất thải hữu cơ trên đường sắt Việt nam hiện nay cũng như các chiến lược nhằm xử lý chất thải hữu cơ, sử dụng công nghệ năng lượng tái tạo nhằm bảo vệ môi trường, giảm thiểu biến đổi khí hậu.