A dinâmica dos sistemas naturais se constrói na integração de todos os elementos pertencentes ao ambiente. Caso o conhecimento do meio físico e da influência das atividades antrópicas nesta dinâmica não sejam considerados em conjunto com o uso e ocupação, problemas ambientais de difícil recuperação, como as voçorocas, podem ser gerados, prejudicando a própria manutenção e expansão das atividades humanas. Neste sentido, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar de forma integrada os condicionantes geológicos e geotécnicos e as propriedades que interferem na drenagem da água superficial e subsuperficial em uma voçoroca do município de Nazareno, no estado de Minas Gerais (voçoroca do Córrego do Cravo). Diante disso, foram elaborados mapas com a utilização de SIG para levantamento e análise das características da bacia do Córrego do Cravo e da bacia de contribuição da voçoroca. Ensaios em laboratório (permeabilidade, erodibilidade, parâmetros físico-químicos, matéria orgânica, MCT e MEV/EDS) foram realizados para caracterização geológica e geotécnica, assim como o tratamento de dados pluviométricos e o programa ABC 6, para estudo do comportamento e da vazão das chuvas. Por fim, para avaliação das propostas de macrodrenagem na bacia de contribuição da voçoroca do Córrego do Cravo, utilizou-se o programa Canal. Os resultados apontaram que, nesta região, as elevadas declividades e susceptibilidade do solo saprolítico (Cambissolo) são os principais condicionantes do ambiente, sendo a intensidade das chuvas, as direções do fluxo superficial, sua concentração (originada pela retirada da cobertura vegetal e manejo inadequado do solo tanto pelas atividades agropecuárias como pela implantação de obras de infraestrutura, como estradas, por exemplo), e a exposição do nível d\'água subterrâneo no interior da voçoroca, os principais fatores que proporcionam o desenvolvimento e retorno dos processos erosivos. Dessa forma, a redução do volume e da energia do escoamento superficial em direção ao solo saprolítico, concomitante ao recolhimento e disciplinamento da água subsuperficial no interior da voçoroca, são consideradas imprescindíveis à estabilização dos processos erosivos. As propostas de macrodrenagem, de maneira geral, poderão ser aplicadas, não somente na voçoroca do Córrego do Cravo, mas também em outras voçorocas de Nazareno com propriedades geológicas-geotécnicas similares. / The dynamics of natural systems are based on the integration of all environmental elements. If the knowledge of physical conditions and of the influence of anthropogenic activities are not considered jointly with land use difficult environmental problems, as gullies, are generated and may cause damages both on maintenance and on expansion of human activities. Thus, this research aims to evaluate the geological and geotechnical constraints and properties which interfere in the superficial and subsuperficial drainage systems of a gully in the Nazareno municipality, at Minas Gerais state, Brazil (Córrego do Cravo gully). Therefore, maps to survey data from the Córrego do Cravo basin and the gully contribution area were made, using GIS tools. In addition, laboratory tests (permeability, erodibility, physical-chemical parameters, organic matter, MCT and SEM/EDS) were conducted for a geological and geotechnical characterization, as well as a study of the precipitation data was done and the software ABC 6 was used to evaluate rainfall and flow. Finally, for the macro drainage system assessment the software Canal was used. The results showed that the steep slopes and the saprolite soil susceptibility (Cambisol) are the main environmental constraints, and the rainfall intensity, the flow directions and its concentration (that is generated by the removal of vegetation and inadequate land use, both urban and agricultural), and the exposure of the water table level in the gully are the main factors that developed and brought the erosive processes back. Hence, both flow volume and energy towards the saprolite soil, in addition with subsuperficial water collection and its discipline inside the gully, are considered indispensable to stabilize of the erosive processes. The macro drainage system proposition can be applied in other gullie areas with similar geological and geotechnical properties.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:23:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1488355 bytes, checksum: c26d0884f275294bed1c861487788e20 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-23 / The erosion in unpaved roads associated with the runoff has negative implication in social, economic and environmental development of a region. Therefore the incorporation of techniques for prevention and control of erosion on these roads is important. The techniques developed for this purpose require knowledge of the indices of soil resistance to erosion, principally the soil erodibility and critical shear stress. In this context, the aim of this study was to determine the erodibility and critical shear stress in the channel of an unpaved road implanted in an Oxisol horizons B and C. Study was conducted on an unpaved road in Viçosa-MG, Brazil, where the indices were obtained using a runoff simulator installed on the channel road, which allows to estimate soil loss associated with different shear stress. The results obtained in each test was adjusted using simple linear regression models and, the models identity test proceeded to obtain a representative value of the indices for the study site, and to obtain the confidence interval associated with the erodibility, considering 95% of probability. The erodibility value determined for the horizon B was 0.0044 g cm-2 min-1 Pa-1, and its associated confidence interval with 95% probability was 0.0035 to 0.0053 g cm-2 min-1 Pa-1. The critical shear stress determined for this horizon was 7.61 Pa. The horizon C erodibility value determined was 0.0347 g cm-2 min-1 Pa-1, and its xv associated confidence interval with 95% probability was 0.0288 to 0.0406 g cm-2 min-1 Pa-1. The critical shear stress value for this horizon was 8.16 Pa. / A erosão em estradas não pavimentadas associada ao escoamento superficial interfere negativamente no desenvolvimento social, econômico e ambiental de uma região. Por isso é importante a incorporação de técnicas que visem a prevenção e o controle da erosão nestas estradas. As diferentes técnicas desenvolvidas para este fim requerem o conhecimento dos índices de resistência do solo ao processo erosivo, sendo a erodibilidade e a tensão crítica de cisalhamento os índices de maior importância. Neste sentido, objetivou-se com a realização deste trabalho, determinar a erodibilidade e a tensão crítica de cisalhamento no canal de uma estrada não pavimentada implantada nos horizontes B e C de um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo. O estudo foi realizado em uma estrada não pavimentada do município de Viçosa- MG, onde os índices foram obtidos utilizando um método de determinação direta com o uso de um simulador de escoamento instalado no canal da estrada, que permitiu estimar as perdas de solo associadas a diferentes tensões cisalhantes. Aos resultados obtidos em cada teste foi ajustado um modelo de regressão linear simples e, posteriormente, se aplicou a técnica de teste de identidade de modelos, a fim de obter um valor representativo destes índices para o local de estudo, além de obter o intervalo de confiança associado à erodibilidade com um nível de confiança de 95%. O valor de erodibilidade determinado para o horizonte B, foi de 0,0044 g cm-2 min-1 Pa-1, sendo a ele associado um intervalo de confiança com 95% de probabilidade de 0,0035 a 0,0053 g cm-2 min-1 Pa-1. A tensão crítica de cisalhamento determinada para este horizonte foi de 7,61 Pa. Para o horizonte C o valor de erodibilidade determinado foi de 0,0347 g cm-2 min-1 Pa-1, sendo a ele associado um intervalo de confiança com 95% de probabilidade de 0,0288 a 0,0406 g cm-2 min-1 Pa-1. A tensão crítica de cisalhamento determinada para este horizonte foi de 8,16 Pa.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T15:50:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGMS14DA019.pdf: 1880244 bytes, checksum: 752a05f9ba75eca1fc9334e3c2f99360 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-16 / Rainfall soil erosion is influenced by rainfall and soil characteristics, relief forms, soil cover and management including cropping systems, and by conservation practices. The conservation planning demands the knowledge of the influence of erosive capacity of rainfall, soil resistance to erosion, soil management and cultivation on the water erosion. In a long term study, the quantification of these factors is also used to estimate the parameters of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), whose model is used worldwide to predict soil losses and support the conservation planning at a local scale. The present study determined the rainfall erosivity (R factor) and soil erodibility (K factor) of the USLE num Cambissolo Húmico, for Lages, State of Santa Catarina, and soil and water losses in the different soil management systems, in an long term experiment conducted at the Center of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences of Lages. With the aid of daily rainfall charts, we generated 107 erosivity indices, which were correlated to the soil losses collected in the standard USLE plot, resulting from respective rainfall. Soil losses in the systems of no-tillage, reduced tillage, and conventional tillage were collected in the same experiment during the period 1993-2012. The field experiment was developed under natural rainfall, in 3.5 x 22.1 plots with runoff collection systems. The measurements were performed after each erosion event. We evaluated the following treatments: conventional tillage (CT) with one plowing + two diskings; reduced tillage (RT) with one chiseling + one disking; and no-tillage (NT) without soil preparation; and one treatment with one plowing + two diskings but without crops, bare soil (BS), which represented the standard USLE plot. The erosion index (R factor) recommended for Lages is the EI30, whose annual average is 5,033 MJ mm ha-1 h-1 and of this value, 66 % take place between September and February. This erosivity value has an estimated return period of two years, that is, 50 % probability of occurrence. The annual erodibility estimated by the quotient and by simple linear regression between soil loss and erosivity was 0.0175 and 0.0172 Mg ha h ha-1 MJ-1 mm-1, respectively. The erodibility in the spring-summer and fall-winter periods showed small variations relative to the annual average. The monthly erodibility ranged from 0.0083 Mg ha h ha-1 MJ-1 mm-1 in December to 0.0241 Mg ha h ha- 1 MJ-1 mm-1 in April. Soil losses in the treatments with crops were strongly affected by the management system, while water losses were only moderately affected. Average soil losses were 85.29; 6.41; 2; and 0.82 Mg ha-1 year-1, in the treatments BS, CT, RT and NT, respectively, whereas water losses in these treatments were 38, 24, 15 and 9 % of the of the annual rainfall, respectively. Soil losses of the treatments BS and CT were highly influenced by erosivity, while those of RT and NT were more influenced by the rainfall and runoff volume. Water losses were strongly influenced by the rainfall volume and by the time of the year, in all treatments / A erosão hídrica pluvial do solo é influenciada pelas características da chuva e do solo, pela forma do relevo, pela cobertura e manejo do solo incluindo os sistemas de cultivo, e pelas práticas conservacionistas. O planejamento conservacionista requer o conhecimento da influência da capacidade erosiva das chuvas, da resistência do solo à erosão e do manejo e cultivo do solo sobre a erosão hídrica. Em pesquisas de longo prazo sobre erosão do solo, a quantificação destes fatores é utilizada também para gerar parâmetros da Equação Universal de Perda de Solo (USLE), cujo modelo é utilizado para predizer as perdas de solo e subsidiar o planejamento conservacionista localmente. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de determinar os fatores erosividade das chuvas (fator R) e erodibilidade do solo (fator K) da USLE num Cambissolo Húmico, para Lages, SC, bem como as perdas de solo e água em diferentes sistemas de manejo do solo, em experimento de longa duração conduzido no Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias de Lages, SC. Utilizando pluviogramas diários, foram gerados 107 índices de erosividade, os quais foram correlacionados com as perdas de solo coletadas na parcela padrão da USLE resultantes das respectivas chuvas. As perdas de solo nos sistemas de manejo semeadura direta, cultivo mínimo e preparo convencional foram coletadas no mesmo experimento durante os anos de 1993 a 2012. O experimento foi conduzido em campo, sob chuva natural, em parcelas de 3,5 x 22,1 m dotadas de sistemas coletores de enxurrada, sendo as determinações realizadas após cada evento erosivo. Estudaram-se os tratamentos com cultivo do solo sob rotação de culturas: preparo convencional (PC) com uma aração + duas gradagens; preparo redizido (PR) com uma escarificação + uma gradagem; e semeadura direta (SD) sem preparo do solo; e um tratamento com uma aração + duas gradagens sem cultivo (SC) que se constituiu na parcela padrão da USLE. O índice erosivo (fator R) recomendado para Lages (SC) é o EI30, cuja média anual é 5.033 MJ mm ha-1 h-1 e, deste valor, 66 % ocorre entre setembro e fevereiro. Este valor de erosividade tem período de retorno estimado em dois anos, ou seja, 50 % de probabilidade de ocorrência. O valor de erodibilidade anual estimado pelo quociente e por regressão linear simples entre as perdas de solo e as erosividades, foi respectivamente de 0,0175 e 0,0172 Mg ha h ha-1 MJ-1 mm-1. A erodibilidade nos períodos de primaveraverão e outono-inverno apresentou pequenas variações em relação à média anual. A erodibilidade mensal variou de 0,0083 Mg ha h ha-1 MJ-1 mm-1 no mês de dezembro a 0,0241 Mg ha h ha-1 MJ-1 mm-1 no mês de abril. As perdas de solo nos tratamentos com cultivo foram fortemente influenciadas pelo sistema de manejo, enquanto as perdas de água sofreram apenas efeito moderado. As perdas médias de solo foram de 85,29; 6,41; 2; e 0,82 Mg ha-1 ano-1, nos tratamentos SC, PC, PR e SD, respectivamente, enquanto, as perdas de água nestes tratamentos representaram respectivamente 38, 24, 15 e 9 % da precipitação pluviométrica anual. As perdas de solo dos tratamentos SC e PC sofreram maior influência da erosividade, enquanto as do PR e SD foram mais influenciados pelo volume de chuva e de enxurrada. As perdas de água foram fortemente influenciadas pelo volume de chuva e pela época do ano, em todos os sistemas de manejo do solo

The aim of my graduation thesis deals with problems of erosion and that is above all the water erosion which impends the pieces of arable lands almost on the half of the the Czech republic territory. That is why we should suggest convenient remedies that prevent the washing off the soil within the frame of comprehensive land adjustment. It will be assured one of the main objectives of the land adjustments by these remedies and it is the protection and fertilization of the soil fund. The work shows the summary of possible erosion protection remedies which are the part of the common plan that is integral element of the land adjustment project. The plan forms coming framework of the farming landscape structure and it is the form of scenic plan inside of the land adjustment. Therefore the land adjustments are the most significant instruments for the interest enforcement in the land formation and protection. There will be described the methods for an evaluation of erosion processes in my work where the selection depends on the purpose of the research. For the evaluation could be used empirical and simulation models. There will be used the most widespread empirical model in the world as well as in the Czech republic in this work and it is Wischmeier?s and Smith?s universal soil loss equation formulated in 1978 in the USA. For the application of this model was chosen cadastral land Slabčice in the South Bohemian region. There had been chosen the lands for the determination of the possible water erosion jeopardy after the research of the accessible information wher was made the calculation of the average long term soil loss of all explored lands. There will be propose erosion control remedies in the case of overrun of allowed soil loss by the water erosion which can have organizational, agricultural and technical type. The results obtained will be compared with comprehensive land adjustment Slabčice.

L'érosion hydrique constitue un phénomène complexe très répandu en contexte méditerranéen du fait d'une combinaison de facteurs souvent défavorables. Elle constitue une menace pour les potentialités en eau et en sol de ces régions. Si les facteurs déterminants de l'érosion hydrique sont aujourd'hui bien identifiés, la hiérarchie des processus en jeu en fonction des échelles d'espace et de temps est encore très mal connue. Les sols vertiques, qui occupent des surfaces importantes dans la région Méditerranéenne, apportent un degré supplémentaire de complexité du fait de la forte dynamique structurale de ces sols. Dans ce contexte, cette étude cherche à mieux appréhender la variabilité spatio-temporelle des processus et facteurs affectant les transferts latéraux d’eau et de sédiments dans un bassin versant agricole dominés par les vertisols. Pour cela, 7 années de mesures (2005-2012) des ruissellements et transferts de matières en suspension au sein du bassin versant de Kamech (ORE OMERE, 263 ha, Cap Bon, Tunis) ont été analysées au niveau de 4 stations hydrologiques: 1/ l'exutoire d'une parcelle (1,32 ha) ; 2/ l'exutoire d'une ravine (0,17 ha) alimentée par une parcelle de 1,20 ha ; 3/ l'exutoire du versant (15,2 ha) intégrant les deux stations précédentes, et 4/ la station de l’oued (175 ha) située dans le drain principal alimentant la retenue de Kamech. L’analyse des données a permis de mettre en évidence le rôle majeur des fentes de retrait sur la dynamique saisonnière des flux hydro-sédimentaires avec comme résultat un décalage entre le pic de flux de sédiments observé entre octobre et décembre et le pic de flux de ruissellement observé entre décembre et mars, et ce quel que soit l’échelle spatiale considérée. Les données expérimentales ont également permis de mettre en évidence une légère augmentation du ruissellement moyen annuel avec l’accroissement de l’échelle spatiale avec 95 mm/an pour la parcelle, 105 mm/an pour la ravine et 120 mm/an pour le versant. Cette augmentation peut s'expliquer par l'apparition de petites surfaces moins infiltrantes lorsque l'on passe de la parcelle aux autres stations. Les différences de taux d'érosion moyens annuels observées entre les échelles spatiales ont pu être été expliquées par un simple modèle linéaire combinant un taux unique d'érosion des surfaces cultivées (17 t ha-1 an-1) et un taux unique d'érosion ravinaire (80 t ha-1 an-1), pondérés par les surfaces respectives de ces deux éléments. La technique de traçage des sources de sédiments mise en place sur des sédiments prélevés au cours de quelques crues au niveau des différentes stations a permis de montrer que la contribution des processus responsables du transfert de sédiments était relativement stable au cours de l'année. L’application de la fonction de production de Morel-Seytoux a permis de reproduire les hydrogrammes mesurés à la parcelle pour la plupart des crues, indépendamment de la présence ou non des fentes de retrait. Par contre l’évolution des deux paramètres de ce modèle (conductivité hydraulique à saturation et facteur de stockage et de succion) en fonction de la présence des fentes de retrait, de l’état de surface du sol et du degré d’humidité reste à modéliser. Ce travail permet de conclure que le bassin versant de Kamech est caractérisé par une très forte connectivité hydro-sédimentaire, que les processus d’érosion diffuse y prédominent et que les actions de lutte anti-érosive doivent être ciblées avant tout au niveau des parcelles agricoles avec une attention particulière pour la période d’octobre à décembre. Ce travail a également permis de mettre en évidence le rôle déterminant des fentes de retrait sur la dynamique hydro-sédimentaire des bassins sur sol vertique et la nécessité de poursuivre l’étude de leur impact pour des fins de modélisation et d’aide à la gestion de ces milieux. / As one of the major types of land degradation, soil erosion by water induced large-scale environmental deterioration and declines in land productivity, especially in the Mediterranean area. If water erosion factors are now well known, the complex hierarchy of erosion processes over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales still needs to be studied. Shrink–swell soils that are widespread under Mediterranean climate, imply additional changes in terms of hydrological and erosive responses in relation to the changing soil water conditions. In this context, this study aims to better understand the processes and factors affecting the lateral transfers of water and sediments in an agricultural catchment dominated by vertisols under a range of spatial and temporal scales. A detailed monitoring investigation was conducted in the Kamech catchment (ORE OMERE, Tunisia) that includes continuous runoff and suspended sediment load measurement between 2005 and 2012 at the outlet of a four hydrological gauging stations: 1/ a plot (1.32 ha), 2/ a gully (0.17 ha) in which drains a 1.20 ha plot; 3/ a micro-catchment (15.2 ha) integrating the two previous stations and 4/ the oued station (175 ha) located in the main drain just upstream the Kamech reservoir. Data analysis showed that topsoil cracks appeared to seriously affect the seasonal dynamics of water and sediment delivery whatever the considered spatial scale. A similar time lag in the seasonality between water and sediments delivery was observed: although the runoff rates were globally low during the presence of topsoil cracks in autumn, most sediment transport occurred during this period because of very high sediment concentrations. Mean annual runoff proved to slightly increase with the scale area with 95 mm/year for the plot, 105 mm/ year for the gully and 120mm/year for the micro-catchment station. Increase of area with low infiltration capacity when moving from plot to micro-catchment has been identified as a major explanation of this increase. A simple linear model combining a single rate of topsoil erosion (17 t ha-1 yr-1) and a single rate of gully erosion (80 t ha-1 yr-1) -weighted by their respective surface area- has successfully reproduced the differences observed in the mean annual erosion rates between the spatial scales. The sediment fingerprinting method applied on sediments collected during four flood events at the different stations showed that the apportionment of the processes responsible for the transfer of sediments was relatively stable during the year. The application of the Morel-Seytoux infiltration model has allowed reproducing runoff measured at the parcel outlet for most of the events, whatever the presence of cracks or not. However, the evolution of the two parameters in this model (the saturated hydraulic conductivity and the storage-suction factor) as a function of the presence of the cracks, of the soil surface conditions and of the degree of humidity still need to be modelled. This work allows concluding that the Kamech catchment is characterized by a very high hydro-sedimentary connectivity and a predominance of topsoil erosion processes and that the implementation of erosion control measures should incentivize farming conservation practices focusing especially on the autumn period. This work also highlights the crucial role of the cracks on the catchment runoff and sediment dynamics in Mediterranean vertisol context and the need to better understand and model both the runoff and soil erosion processes associated with cracking soils environment.

This diploma thesis deals with design of soil erosion control measures and flood control measures in the cadastral area of Palkovice. The request for construction came from the village Palkovice. It sits at the foothills of Beskydy with a very sloping terrain. In addition, there are larger soil complexes without any erosion control measures, which leads to degradation and reduction of soil yields. The introduction summarizes desired objectives. Then thesis deals with the description and analysis of the current state of the village and its solution. The solution of technical measures is depicted in the situation and elaborated in more detail. The drawings are enclosed in attachment. The conclusion summarizes the content of the work, achieved goals and benefits.

The aim of the dissertation thesis is the assessment of the degradation of selected soil properties due to water erosion, including the temporal dynamics of these properties and the assessment of how this change affects the cumulative infiltration of the soil in watershed. Between 2012 and 2015, undisturbed and disturbed soil samples were collected on three experimental areas and the cumulative infiltration of the soil was measured. Experimental areas were selected on sloping, erosion-endangered blocks of arable land, in three cadastral territories of the Czech Republic, and this in the cadastral areas of Větřkovice, Čejkovice and Hustopeče. The cumulative infiltration was measured in three landscapes positions of the slope and soil samples were collected in three landscapes positions of the slope, at soil crust, topsoil and subsoil. In the Pedological Laboratory at the Institute of Landscape Water Management, Brno University of Technology, the particle density, bulk density, porosity, soil texture and water stable aggregates were determined from the samples taken. The cumulative infiltration of the soil was measured using the Double Ring Infiltrometer, the Mini Disc Infiltrometer and the mobile rainfall simulator. Using one-way analysis of variance to analyze the differences among soil samples and infiltration test. In addition, the dependence of soil crust formation, its physical properties and its influence on the cumulative infiltration of the soil were monitored on the areas.

The diploma thesis focuses on the analysis of rainfall-runoff processes and erosion characteristics of selected catchment in different landscape management. This analysis was solved at the Lukavecký brook catchment, which is located in the Pelhřimov district in Vysočina region. The theoretical part of the thesis describes the rainfall-runoff process and then focuses more on individual processes. It also characterizes water erosion, its consequences, forms and erosion control. At the end of the theoretical part are described methods of calculation of water runoff and water erosion. The practical part describes the catchment of the Lukavecký brook, its characteristics of natural conditions and the threat of water erosion. Then there is a procedure for processing of bases and data in the program ArcGIS. Subsequently, it includes an assessment of the different measures and changes in the type of land to drain water from the catchment and erosion threat.

A geração de resíduos orgânicos juntamente com a erosão, são dois grandes problemas ambientais mundiais. São responsáveis pela redução da produtividade agrícola e pelos altos impactos ambientais. O presente projeto teve como objetivo a utilização de resíduos orgânicos gerados na agropecuária, na forma de composto orgânico, para a recuperação de áreas degradadas pela erosão hídrica. Foram avaliados os efeitos de quatro doses de composto (0, 20, 40 e 100 Mg.ha-1) na recuperação dos solos degradados por erosão. Somado a isto foi também avaliado o efeito da dose de composto sobre o processo de encrostamento superficial do solo. O projeto foi composto por dois experimentos, um com a ausência da erosão e o outro com presença de erosão (remoção de uma camada de 50 cm de solo), sendo realizados concomitantemente na mesma área. O delineamento experimental usado para cada experimento foi o inteiramente casualizado com 4 tratamentos (0, 20, 40 e 100 Mg.ha-1) e 4 repetições. Para o monitoramento da recuperação do solo e do processo de encrostamento em função das diferentes doses de composto, amostras deformadas e indeformadas de solo foram coletadas para análises físicas e químicas de rotina, para medidas da densidade do solo, para confecção de curvas características de retenção de água, e para análises micromorfológicas e de imagens. No campo foram realizados o monitoramento da chuva, da condutividade hidráulica e da infiltração de água no solo. Ficou claro que com o aumento da dose de composto orgânico aplicado no solo, melhor era a condição química do mesmo. Os valores dos elementos aumentavam conforme a dose de composto era também aumentada. A ação da matéria orgânica no solo colaborou com um aumento na retenção de água no solo a partir das doses de 40 e 100 Mg.ha-1. Esta melhor retenção de água favoreceu juntamente com a química, o crescimento das culturas no período seco garantindo assim uma maior produção de matéria seca das culturas implantadas, principalmente na dose de 100 Mg.ha-1. Com o aumento da porosidade do solo ao longo do tempo estudado em todas as doses de composto aplicado, a densidade do solo diminuiu onde o composto estava presente, se tornando mais constante em altas doses seus valores. A condutividade hidráulica do solo foi reduzida ao longo dos dois experimentos para todas as doses de composto aplicado. Essa redução pode ser explicada pelo aumento do encrostamento superficial do solo ao longo do tempo principalmente nas doses de 0 e 20 Mg.ha-1, dificultando a infiltração de água no solo. Portanto, a aplicação de altas doses de composto orgânico aceleram a recuperação dos atributos químicos e físicos do solo, assim como colaboram na redução da formação de vesículas nas crostas superficiais e diminuem os efeitos do impacto das gotas de chuvas na formação do encrostamento. / The generation of organic waste along with soil erosion are two major environmental problems worldwide. They are responsible for the reduction of agricultural productivity and high environmental impacts. The objective of this dissertation is the use of organic waste generated in agriculture, in the form of organic compost, for the recovery of degraded areas by water erosion. The effects of four doses of compost (0, 20, 40 and 100 Mg.ha-1) in the recovery of degraded soils by erosion, was tested. Added to this, the effect of the dose of compost on the process of soil surface crusting surface was also tested. The project was composed of two experiments, one with no erosion and the other with erosion (removal of a layer of 50 cm of soil), conducted concurrently in the same area. The experimental design for each experiment was completely randomized with 4 treatments (0, 20, 40 and 100 Mg.ha-1) and 4 replications. For the monitoring of the recovery of soil and the process of crusting according to the different doses of compost, deformed and undeformed soil samples were collected for routine physical and chemical analyses soil density evaluation, determination of the characteristic water retention curve, and for micromorphological and image analysis. In the field, rain, hydraulic conductivity and soil water infiltration were monitored. It was clear that with the increasing doses of organic compost used in the soil, the chemical condition meliorated. The content of the nutrients increased as the dose of compost was also increased. The action of organic matter in the soil collaborated with an increase in its water retention mainly for doses of 40 and 100 Mg.ha-1. This better water retention helped, together with the chemical recuperation, in the growth of the crops in the dry season thereby ensuring a higher dry matter yield, mainly in the dose of 100 Mg.ha-1. The increasing soil porosity over time observed in all doses of compost applied, led to a decrease in the soil density. The hydraulic conductivity of the soil was reduced in both experiments for all the applied compost doses. This reduction can be explained by the increase of the soil crusting process over time, especially in the doses of 0 and 20 Mg.ha-1, hampering the water infiltration in the soil. Therefore, the application of high doses of organic compost accelerates the recuperation of the chemical and physical attributes of the soil. It also collaborates in reducing the formation of vesicles in the superficial crust and decreases the effects of the impact of the raindrops on the crust formation.

Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-03-25T12:56:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 analise_processos.pdf: 7156305 bytes, checksum: 71abe44755bc8859c52aee8d57799e33 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-25T12:56:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 analise_processos.pdf: 7156305 bytes, checksum: 71abe44755bc8859c52aee8d57799e33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Nenhuma / O planejamento do uso e ocupação do solo em uma bacia hidrográfica pode servir como um instrumento preventivo à erosão. É objeto deste estudo, detalhar o fenômeno da erosão hídrica e a produção de sedimentos na microbacia do arroio Morungava, Gravataí, RS. Esse estudo avaliou os indicadores de erosão aqui descritos como matéria orgânica e argila dos solos Argissolos e Hidromórficos, caracterizados neste estudo como perfis-tipo para a realização da caracterização pedológica. A análise quantitativa foi obtida através da coleta do horizonte superficial dos solos, que foi realizada com a aplicação do método do anel volumétrico e a análise espacializada é resultante do uso da Equação Universal de Perda de Solo (EUPS) e do emprego de técnicas dos Sistemas de Informações Geográficas (SIG?s). A avaliação da produção de sedimentos, bem como a distância e a fração deste que chega a atingir a rede de drenagem superficial foi obtida com a aplicação de equações empíricas da Taxa de Produção de Sedimentos (TPS). Os resultados mostram que os indicadores de erosão apresentam correlação, sugerindo que a fração argila exerça um efeito de proteção, reduzindo a oxidação e a perda de matéria orgânica. A erosão da microbacia é de aproximadamente 52.000 t.ano-1, sendo que destes 15.452 t.ano-1 resulta na Produção de Sedimentos (PS). A distância indicativa estimada da área de captação anual desses sedimentos pela rede hídrica é de 42 m. / Use planning and land use in basins can serve as a preventive tool to erosion. It is the object of this study, detailing the phenomenon of erosion and sediment yield in the micro basin of Morungava, Gravataí, RS. This study evaluated the erosion indicators described herein as organic matter and Clay soils and Hydromorphic soils, characterized in this study as profile types to perform the pedological characterization. The quantitative analysis was obtained by collecting the soil surface horizon, which was accomplished with the application of the volumetric ring method is spatially and analysis resulting from the use of Equation Universal Soil Loss (USLE) and the use of techniques of Geographical Information System (GIS). The assessment of sediment yield, and the distance and the fraction of that reaches the surface drainage network was obtained by applying empirical equations of Sediment Production Rate (SPR). The results show that the erosion indicators correlate, suggesting that the clay exerts a protective effect, reducing oxidation and loss of organic matter. The erosion of the watershed is approximately 52,000 t.year-1, out of which 15,452 t.year-1 results in the Production of Sediment (PS). The estimated distance indicative of the catchment area of these sediments by the annual water supply is 42 m.