Com a urbanização crescente no Brasil, o mapeamento de eventos perigosos mostra-se cada vez mais necessário para que se reduzam transtornos socioeconômicos nos municípios brasileiros. O objetivo principal da pesquisa foi elaborar mapas de suscetibilidade a eventos perigosos de natureza geológica e hidrológica, para a área urbana e de expansão urbana (148,97 km²) do município de São Carlos – SP. A análise foi feita em ambiente de SIG (Sistemas de Informação Geográfica), e combinou abordagens qualitativas e quantitativas de mapeamento de eventos perigosos, propostas pelo Working Group Committee on Risk Assessment (1997). Como método, analisou-se a freqüência dos eventos históricos em função da área (km²) dos condicionantes cartografados nos mapas temáticos (probabilidades iniciais). Os condicionantes foram analisados isoladamente e combinados, na forma de classes de terreno. O inventário dos registros históricos (482 registros) dos eventos foi feito com os dados de jornais, defesa civil e imagens de satélite entre os anos de 1965 a 2016. Foram elaborados os mapas de suscetibilidade para: movimentos de encosta, erosão pluvial, solos colapsíveis e enchentes/inundações. O método utilizado mostrou-se eficiente, visto que os objetivos da pesquisa foram alcançados. Foi possível validar os mapas de suscetibilidade, com as características do meio físico observadas em trabalhos de campo e dados de ensaios geotécnicos. Os eventos mais críticos para o município são as enchentes/inundações e alagamentos, erosões pluviais e movimentos de encostas causam pequenos transtornos, principalmente em consequência do relevo suave da região. Apesar da base cartográfica estar na escala 1:10.000, os mapas são apresentados na escala 1:20.000, com o objetivo destes serem impressos em papéis no formato A1. / With the increasing urbanization in Brazil, hazardous events mapping has become increasingly necessary to reduce socioeconomic disorders in Brazilian citys. The main goal of the research was to elaborate susceptibility maps to dangerous events of geological and hydrological nature, for the urban area and urban expansion (148,97 km²) to the city of São Carlos - SP. The analysis was done in a GIS environment (Geographic Information Systems), and combined qualitative and quantitative approaches of hazardous events mapping, proposed by the Working Group Committee on Risk Assessment (1997). The frequency of historical events was analyzed according to the area of the conditioners mapped on the thematic maps (prior probabilitys). The conditioners were analyzed separately and then combined, in the form of land classes. The inventory of historical records (482 records) of events was done with acquired data from newspapers, civil defense and satellite images between the years 1965 to 2016. Susceptibility maps were developed for slope movements, water erosion, collapsible soils and floods. This method proved to be efficient, since the research objectives were achieved. It was possible to validate the susceptibility maps, with the characteristics of the physical environment observed in field work and geotechnical data. The most critical events in São Carlos are floods, rainfall erosions and slope movements cause minor damage, as a result of the region\'s soft relief. Although the cartographic base is in the 1:10.000 scale, the maps are presented in the 1:20.000 scale, with the purpose of being printed on A1 format paper.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The observed high sediment load in the rivers of southern Brazil is strongly related to the degradation of agricultural soils due to water erosion. Currently there is great interest in describing the erosive processes and hydrosedimentological at the catchment scale to quantify the impact of land degradation on water resources because erosion is the driving process in the nutrients and contaminants transfer into the water resources. In this context, particle size information is essential to define the processes of detachment, transport and deposition of the particles as well as the transport capacity of P and C. Considering this background, the objective of this study was to characterize the particle size distribution and the concentration of P and C in suspended sediment samples during rainfall-runoff events in the three catchments of the Rio Grande do Sul (119 ha, 800 to 1980 km2). The events were characterized by their hydrological variables and material was sampled for granulometric distribution and chemical characterization (total carbon and phosphorus fractions). The results show the particle size and the inter- and intra-event chemical characteristics. The different catchments showed sediments with important differences for understanding the impacts of agriculture on water resources as well as to its hydrosedimentological behavior. / A alta carga de sedimentos observadas nos corpos hídricos do sul do Brasil está fortemente relacionada com a degradação dos solos agrícolas devido à erosão hídrica. Atualmente há um grande interesse em descrever os processos erosivos e hidrossedimentológicos na escala da bacia para quantificar o impacto da degradação dos solos nos recursos hídricos, pois a erosão é o processo governante na transferência de nutrientes e contaminantes para os mananciais hídricos. A granulometria é característica fundamental para definir os processos de desagregação, transporte e deposição, bem como a capacidade de transporte de fósforo e carbono, sendo assim o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a distribuição granulométrica e a concentração de fósforo e carbono em amostras de sedimentos em suspensão durante eventos em três bacias hidrográficas no Rio Grande do Sul (Arroio Lajeado Ferreira = 119 ha; Rio Conceição = 800 km2; e Rio Guaporé = 1980 km2). Nos eventos foram caracterizadas as variáveis hidrológicas e coletadas amostras para a caracterização granulométrica e varáveis químicas (carbono total e frações de fósforo). Os resultados apresentam as faixas granulométricas, bem como as características químicas inter e intra-evento. As diferentes bacias apresentam sedimentos com características físicas e químicas distintas importantes para a compreensão dos impactos da agricultura sobre os recursos hídricos bem como para a sua descrição hidrossedimentológica.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:39:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1621642 bytes, checksum: 194bd00b04fc0f62552c66438a7d203c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aimed to propose and test a methodology for calculating the spacing among the rows of vertical mulching, as the efficiency in reducing water losses, soil, and nutrient by superficial runoff in field conditions under natural rainfall in direct tillage. For calculating, the same parameters used for calculating spacing among terraces were considered with appropriate adjustments. To this end, an experiment was developed between October 2009 and March 2010 during the corn crop cycle in a consolidated area for direct tillage. We used a randomized block design with four replications and six treatments consisting of vertical mulching grooves distributed at different distances. The plots were separated laterally by wood sheets and were placed at the final to the disposal collectors. To quantify the precipitated volume, some collectors were placed (gauges) into blocks. The rainfall during the period was collected and quantified, as well as the superficial runoff from the plots. In the runoff samples, the following attributes were analyzed: “water lost volume, soil weight on the sediment, sediment texture, and the nutrients present in the sediment and the superficial runoff water”. For the evaluated attributes, there were no significant differences for treatment effects on soil losses (partial and total). In general, the treatment with 0.9 meters among the furrows was the least efficient in containing the water and nutrients losses (in water and sediment). Among the nutrients, potassium was the one with the largest losses in the water and sediment. The increase in the water volume that drained along with the soil affects the efficiency of the vertical mulching for containing the total nutrient losses. / O presente estudo teve como objetivo propor e testar uma metodologia para o cálculo do espaçamento entre sulcos de mulching vertical, quanto à eficiência na redução das perdas de água, solo e nutrientes por escoamento superficial em condições de campo sob chuva natural em semeadura direta. Foram considerados para o cálculo os parâmetros utilizados para o cálculo do espaçamento entre terraços, fazendo as devidas adaptações. Neste intuito, foi desenvolvido um trabalho entre outubro de 2009 a março de 2010 durante o ciclo da cultura do milho em uma área de semeadura direta consolidada. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com 4 repetições e 6 tratamentos constituídos de sulcos de mulching vertical distribuídos em diferentes distâncias. As parcelas foram separadas lateralmente por chapas de madeira, sendo ao seu final colocados coletores de escoamento. Para quantificar o volume precipitado, foram colocados coletores de precipitação (pluviômetros) dentro dos blocos. A água das chuvas ocorridas no período foi coletada e quantificada , bem como o escoamento superficial proveniente das parcelas. Nas amostras de escoamento, foram analisados os seguintes atributos: volume de água perdido, massa de solo no sedimento, textura do sedimento e os nutrientes presentes no sedimento e na água de escoamento superficial. Para os atributos avaliados, não foram constatadas diferenças significativas para o efeito de tratamentos nas perdas de solo (parciais e totais). De forma geral, o tratamento com 0,9 metros entre sulcos foi o menos eficiente em conter as perdas de água e nutrientes (na água e no sedimento). Entre os nutrientes avaliados, o potássio foi o que apresentou as maiores perdas, tanto na água quanto no sedimento, sendo que o aumento no volume de água e solo escoados afeta a eficiência do mulching vertical em conter as perdas totais de nutrientes.

The thesis was focused on the application of theorethical knowledge about catch crops and their influence on water erosion in practice. Its task is to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of catch crops in crop rotation in light of occurance and extent of water erosion on the example of agricultural enterprise ZEPHYR Františkovy Lázně, s.r.o. The task is also assessment of the possible combinations of crops and catch crops and suggestion for their use in middlegrowth period. The universal equation for calculation of erosion wash by Wischmeier and Smith was used to evaluate and calculate an erosion parameters for a given locality. The result of this thesis is reduction of soil loss by 26 % on lands with catch crop usage as a stabilizing element, compared to the classic conservative rotation of crops.

The aim of thesis is to assess and evaluate how energy crops affect erosion phenomena, then identify a suitable alternative crop that has anti-erosion ability. Location is evaluated in detail Trebon, as cultivation areas suitable for Phytoenergetics and biogas. Furthermore, I studied agricultural biogas plant that uses biomass as input for biogas production. To evaluate and calculate erosion parameters for a given locality the method of universal soil loss equation by Wishmeier and Smith, and the value showed crops causing erosion. The calculated values are related to locations all over the South Region. Thanks to the universal equation it is possible to find alternative crops, which cause erosion and both are suitable for biogas production.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The sustainability of vegetable oils production is in the dependence of the agricultural practices, being the erosion the most preoccupying form of soil degradation. In this way, was carried out a study in the UFSM campus, city of Santa Maria, between October of 2007 and October of 2009, with the objective to evaluate the soil and water losses by water erosion in systems of rotation of oleaginous crops and covering plants. The region climate is "Cfa" type, with 1686 mm annual medium precipitation. The soil with steepness of 6.5% is classified as Argissolo Vermelho distrófico arênico. The experimental unit is constituted of plots with dimensions of 3 m of width and 15 m of length. The experimental design is entirely random, with two repetitions. The treatments consist of three rotations: R1 (soybean, black oat/vetch, castor bean/peanut and canola), R2 (castor bean/peanut, oilseed radish, sunflower and black oat/vetch) and R3 (sunflower, canola, soybean and oilseed radish). Was determined the dry mass yield of summer and winter crops, and the grains yield of the oleaginous summer crops. Was done the sampling and measurement of runoff of each rain, being the soil and water losses calculated using the software Excel. The results of soil losses were expressed in kg ha-1 and the water losses in percent in relation to the rain. The erosivity index (EI30, MJ mm ha-1 h-1) was determined with the software Chuveros, from which was obtained the accumulated erosivity for each period of the crops. Was also proceeded the physical characterization (Dp, Ds, Pt, macro and microporosity, DMG, DMP and distribution of the aggregates size in water), in the depths of 0-8 and 8-16 cm, and chemistry (organic matter, macro and micronutrients) in the depths of 0-5 and 5-20 cm. To the obtained values, the test of Tukey was applied for comparison of the treatments averages. It is observed that canola, when compared to others wintrer crops, showed a significant decrease in dry mass in 2008 winter (R3) and also in winter of 2009 (R1). It is verified that are greater the productivity of grains of the crops of R2 (summer 2007/06) and R1 (summer 2008/09), both constituted by the consortium among castor bean/peanut, elevating significantly the total of grains produced in this consortium, comparing to single crop of soybean and sunflower. It is verified in 2009, a tendency of decrease of Ds, DMP and larger aggregates, favoring the minor classes. The alterations in the chemical characteristics can be attributed to the application of lime and the modifications in the tenors of organic matter that happen in depth. The soil and water losses increase in the measure in that it decreases to dry mass added by the crops. Even if is considered R3, where it was obtained the largest soil losses (4641 kg ha-1) and water (23.33%), it is observed that the values obtained in this work are low. Soybean and sunflower grain yield is significantly smaller than the consortiated castor bean and peanut crops. / A sustentabilidade da produção de oleaginosas está na dependência das práticas agrícolas, sendo a erosão a mais preocupante forma de degradação do solo. Desta forma, desenvolveu-se um estudo no campus da UFSM, cidade de Santa Maria, entre outubro de 2007 e outubro de 2009, com o objetivo de avaliar as perdas de solo e água por erosão hídrica em sistemas de rotação de culturas oleaginosas e plantas de cobertura. O clima da região é do tipo Cfa , com precipitação média anual de 1686 mm. O solo com declividade de 6,5% é classificado como Argissolo Vermelho Distrófico arênico. A unidade experimental constitui-se de uma parcela com dimensões de 3 m de largura e 15 m de comprimento. O delineamento experimental é inteiramente casualizado, com duas repetições. Os tratamentos consistem de três rotações: R1 (soja, aveia preta + ervilhaca, mamona + amendoim e canola), R2 (mamona + amendoim, nabo, girassol e aveia preta + ervilhaca) e R3 (girassol, canola, soja e nabo). Determinouse o rendimento da massa seca das culturas de verão e inverno, e a produção de grãos das culturas oleaginosas de verão. Realizou-se a amostragem e medição da enxurrada de cada chuva, sendo as perdas de solo e água calculadas, utilizando-se o programa computacional Excel. Os resultados de perdas de solo foram expressos em kg ha-1 e as perdas de água em % em relação à chuva. O índice de erosividade (EI30, MJ mm ha-1 h-1), foi determinado pelo programa Chuveros, a partir do qual se obteve a erosividade acumulada para cada período das culturas. Procedeu-se também a caracterização física (Dp, Ds, Pt, macro e microporosidade, DMG, DMP e distribuição do tamanho dos agregados em água), nas profundidades de 0-8 e 8-16 cm, e química (MO, macro e micronutrientes) nas profundidades de 0-5 e 5-20 cm. Aos valores obtidos, foi aplicado o teste de Tukey para comparação das médias dos tratamentos. Observa-se que a canola, quando comparada às demais culturas de inverno, apresenta uma redução significativa da MS no inverno de 2008 (R3) e também no inverno de 2009 (R1). Verifica-se que são superiores à produtividade de grãos das culturas da R2 (verão 2007/06) e R1 (verão 2008/09), ambas constituídas pelo consórcio entre mamona + amendoim, elevando significativamente o total de grãos produzido neste consórcio. Verifica-se em 2009, uma tendência de diminuição da Ds, DMP e agregados de maior tamanho, favorecendo as classes de menor tamanho. As alterações nas características químicas podem ser atribuídas à aplicação de corretivos e as modificações nos teores de MO que ocorrem em profundidade. As perdas de solo e água aumentam na medida em que diminui a MS adicionada pelas culturas. Mesmo que se considere a R3, onde se obteve as maiores perdas de solo (4641 kg ha-1) e água (23,33%), observa-se que os valores obtidos neste trabalho são baixos. A produção de grãos da soja e do girassol é significativamente menor que o cultivo consorciado da mamona com o amendoim.

The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the influence of land use changes on erosion and runoff conditions. For the purpose of the evaluation, two catchments with different areas and pedological characteristics were selected (the catchment of the river Luha and the catchment of the Hubenov reservoir). In these catchments, a comparison of 26 selected land covers was conducted. The individual land covers were evaluated first in four seasons of the 1950s and 1990s, second according to the today's status of landscape by means of a detailed yearly evaluation conducted between 2002 and 2013, and third according to a land cover conceptual design. Analyses of not only land cover, but also geomorphological, pedological and hydrological conditions were carried out for both of the catchments by means of geographic information system (GIS) tools. The quantification of soil loss was performed by means of two methods – the method USLE with the use of ArcGIS program and the soil loss model WEPP. The crucial factor of the runoff evaluation of the preset end profiles with respect to the formation of concentrated runoffs and their catchment areas was the hydrological model DesQ-MAXQ. The selected land cover scenarios of the river Luha were then exposed to the conditions of a real rainfall that occurred in 2009 and that resulted in floods in the area. Furthermore, a rainfall-runoff model was created for this catchment area in HEC-HMS; the land cover scenarios were again subjected to the above-mentioned real rainfall. The land use changes of the catchment area of the reservoir Hubenov were assessed also with respect to the concentration of substances in the profiles studied.

Soil erosion has been recognized as an increasing threat to the environment and humans worldwide as anthropogenic activities have accelerated the soil degradation rate. In Sweden, it is estimated that 15% of the arable land is affected by soil erosion, and studies have shown that fields in the south of Sweden lose a substantial amount of soil under certain weather conditions. However, few studies have investigated current soil erosion rates and sediment yield on a large scale, focusing on Sweden. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the annual soil erosion for all erodible surfaces in the southern half of Sweden and calculate the sediment load emitted into adjacent seas. I here applied the RUSLE model, which is the most widely used soil erosion model worldwide. The model required secondary data of precipitation, soil properties, LULC, and topography.The findings showed that most erodible surfaces in the study area eroded less than 0.5 t ha-1y-1. However, it varied considerably in both space and time. The catchments on the western part of the study area had, in general, a higher mean value than watersheds on the eastern coast. The total sediment load entering the Baltic Sea was 123500 t y-1, while Skagerrak and Kattegat's load was approximately 20% higher. Higher soil erodibility, rainfall erosivity, and steeper slope gradient in these regions could partly explain the spatial pattern. Large temporal variabilities in rainfall erosivity indicated that soil erosion and sediment transportation mainly occurred during the summer. However, previous research suggests that other erosive processes have a more significant impact on soil erosion than rainfall. Thus, the RUSLE may not predict the full extent of soil erosion occurring in the study area. Nevertheless, since there is no previous large-scale estimate of soil erosion in Sweden, it provides insights into the potential risks and extent of rainfall-induced erosion.

The diploma thesis is devoted to the elaboration of a plan of common facilities in the cadastral area Přídolí. The work focused on the methodological procedure in the implementation of ground adaptations, according to technical and metodical standards. The content of the first part is a literature review, which not only describes the field of land consolidation and its course, but also specifies the plan of common facilities together with the scope of work necessary for its elaboration. Everything important in this section is theoretically described. In the second practical part, attention is paid to the selection of the territory and the evaluation of its condition with the help of exploratory works. Further to the field research, the practical part is focused mainly on the proposal of individual proceedings concerning the protection of ZPF, elements of TSES, water management elements and ensuring access to lands. The results of surveys and draft measures are presented in both text and graphic form.

The aim of this work is to explore the area of the Complex Land Consolidation Poněšice in the view of the pedology, hydrogeology and climatology. Further make a erosion threat calculations using the USLE and Curve Number method and afterwards review the application of the erosion control measures in another section of the chapter Main terriorial systems. In conclusion, to estimate the economic aspects of the proposed measures.