Objectives: Quantify the effects of cold water immersion of the ankle on fractioned response time of the dominant lower limb. Design and Setting: A 2x2x5x5 crossover design with repeated measures on time and treatment directed data collection. The independent variables were gender, treatment, time (pretreatment, and post 15 seconds, 3 minutes 6 minutes and 9 minutes) and trial (5 trials for each time group). Response time (Tresp), reaction time (Treac), trial and surface temperature were measurement variables. Subjects: Thirty-six subjects, 18 females and 18 males were recruited from a physically active volunteer college student population. Measurements: Fractioned response time was tested following a 20 minute treatment. Response time and Treac were recorded by the reaction timer, and Tmov was calculated by taking the difference between Tresp and Treac. For each time/subject the high and low Tresp were discarded and the middle three trials were averaged and used for statistical analysis. A 2x2x5 ANOVA was used to determine overall differences between gender, treatment and time followed by Newman-Keuls multiple comparison tests. Results: Males were faster than females for Tresp, Treac and Tmov. Movement time and Tresp were slower with cold water immersion, but Treac was unaffected. Movement time and Tresp were fastest pretreatment, and slowest during the post 15-second time group. Though both Tmov and Tresp progressively sped up from the post 15-second through the post 9-minute time group, they did not return to pretreatment values when data collection discontinued. Conclusions: Immersing the dominant ankle in cold water for 20 minutes increases Tmov of the dominant lower limb; thereby increasing fractioned response time (Tresp).

Our study focuses on the connection between existence of a punctum fixum (or point of support) and respiratory muscle strength. Respiratory muscles execute both respiratory and postural function. Therefore, their strength defines both of these functions. We summarize contemporary knowledge about respiratory and postural functions of the respiratory muscles, their interactions and the connection to postural stability. We used a spirometry assesment of maximal respiratory pressures (PImax and PEmax). The values of PImax (PEmax respectively) retrieved in stance and during water immersion without stable support were compared. We found statistically significant differences. PImax was lower in the water immersion situation (p=0,0009; p≤0,05) and so was PEmax (p=0,0076; p≤0,05). Regarding the results, we suppose a significant influence of punctum fixum presence/absence on maximal respiratory muscle strength. Possible reasons are discussed.

Previous data have shown that the most prevalent, indirect plasma volume (PV) measurement technique, which utilises changes in haematocrit (Hct) and haemoglobin concentration ([Hb]), underestimates actual PV changes during immersion, when compared to a direct tracer-dilution method. An increase in the F-cell ratio (whole-body haematocrit (Hctw) to large-vessel haematocrit (Hctv) ratio) has been purported as a possible explanation, probably due to hydrostatic and thermally-mediated changes during water immersion. Previous investigators have not quantified the F-cell ratio during immersion. Therefore, this study sought to determine the effect of the F-cell ratio on the indirect method during both, thermoneutral and cold-water immersions. Seven healthy males were tested three times, seated upright in air (control: 21.2°C SD ±1.1), and during thermoneutral (34.5oC SD ±0.2) and cold-water immersion (18.6oC SD ±0.2), immersed to the third intercostal space for 60 min. Measurements during the immersion tests included PV (Evans blue dye column elution, Evans blue dye computer programme, and Hct [Hb]), red cell volume (RCV; sodium radiochromate), cardiac frequency (fc) and rectal temperature (Tre). Plasma volume during the control trial remained stable, and equivalent across the three tests. There was a hydrostatically-induced increase in PV during thermoneutral immersion, when determined by the Evans blue dye method (16.2%). However, the Hct/[Hb] calculation did not adequately reflect this change, and underestimated the relative PV change by 43%. In contrast, PV decreased during cold immersion when determined using the Evans blue dye method by 17.9% and the Hct/[Hb] calculation by 8.0%, respectively, representing a 52% underestimation by the latter method. There was a non-significant decline in RCV during both immersions. Furthermore, an increase (8.6%) and decrease (-14.4%) in blood volume (BV) was observed during thermoneutral and cold-water immersions, respectively. The decline in RCV during thermoneutral immersion attenuated the BV expansion. Despite the disparity between the PV methods, there was no increase in the F-cell ratio during either immersion. In contrast, there was a significant decline in the F-cell ratio during the control: air and thermoneutral immersion, which may indicate that other, undefined variables may impact on the stability of the red cell compartment. The current study is the first to show that the Hct/[Hb] method clearly underestimates PV changes during both thermoneutral and cold-water immersion. Furthermore, RCV was shown, for the first time, to decline during both immersions. However, the changes in the F-cell ratio during this study, did not account for the underestimation of PV change using the Hct/[Hb] method.

Après une compétition, certains sportifs utilisent des stratégies pour accélérer la récupération des dommages musculaires. Le but général de cette thèse était d’étudier les effets de différentes stratégies sur les cinétiques de récupération après un exercice inducteur de dommages musculaires. Les objectifs des études réalisées étaient : 1) de comparer les effets du bain froid (10 minutes à 10°C) et de la cryothérapie corps entier (3 minutes à -110°C) sur la récupération ; 2) d’évaluer les effets d’une séance de musculation du haut du corps réalisée le lendemain d’un exercice des membres inférieurs sur leur récupération; 3) d’étudier les effets de la consommation d’un placebo en comparaison avec une condition contrôle sur les cinétiques de récupération. Le modèle expérimental utilisé pour induire des dommages musculaires dans ces trois études était un exercice constitué de 5 séries de 15 contractions excentriques maximales des fléchisseurs du genou. Cet exercice était caractérisé par une baisse de la fonction musculaire, une augmentation des concentrations sanguines en créatine kinase et une augmentation des douleurs musculaires. La fonction musculaire, des marqueurs perceptifs et sanguins des dommages musculaires étaient également évalués au cours des 72h suivant cet exercice. Dans la première étude, le bain froid permettait d’accélérer la récupération de la performance lors d’un saut en contre-mouvement sur une jambe et sur deux jambes 72h après l’exercice en comparaison avec la cryothérapie corps entier. Dans la deuxième étude, la musculation du haut du corps n’avait pas d’effet délétère sur la récupération et avait un effet bénéfique modéré sur la récupération de la force concentrique 48h après l’exercice. Dans la troisième étude, la consommation d’un placebo présentait une très forte probabilité d’avoir un effet bénéfique sur la performance en saut et les douleurs musculaires 72h après exercice. La perception de la récupération était également modérément améliorée 72h après exercice. En conclusion, les trois stratégies de récupération utilisées lors de ces études à savoir le bain froid, la séance de musculation et la consommation d’un placebo peuvent être efficaces après des exercices induisant des dommages musculaires. / Following competition, athletes commonly use strategies to accelerate their recovery from muscle damage. The overall objective of this thesis was to study the effects of different recovery strategies on recovery kinetics following exercise-induced muscle damage. The aims of the studies were as follows: 1) to compare the effects of cold-water immersion (10 minutes at 10°C) and whole-body cryotherapy (3 minutes at -110°C), 2) to assess the effects of an upper-limb strength training session, performed the day after a lower-limb exercise,, 3) to study the effects of a placebo ingestion in comparison with a passive recovery. The experimental model used to induce muscle damage in these three studies consisted of 5 sets x 15 repetitions of maximal eccentric contractions of the knee flexors muscles. This exercise resulted in a decrease of muscle function, increases in blood creatine kinase concentration as well as increases in perceived muscle soreness. Muscle function blood markers and subjective recovery from muscle damage were assessed throughout a 72h period post exercise. In the first study, cold-water immersion was more effective than whole-body cryotherapy evidenced through an accelerated recovery of both single and double leg countermovement jump 72h following exercise. In the second study, the upper-limb strength training session had a moderate beneficial effect on concentric force recovery 48h after the exercise and both interestingly and importantly, did not have any detrimental effect on recovery. Finally for the third study, placebo ingestion was ‘very likely’ to have a beneficial effect on jump performance and muscle soreness 72h post-exercise. Additionally, perceived recovery was moderately better 72h following exercise. In conclusion, the studies conducted in this thesis showed that the recovery strategies of cold-water immersion, strength training and ingestion of a placebo, may be effective after exercise-induced muscle damage.

L'objectif général de notre travail de thèse a été d'évaluer le rapport bénéfice/risque cardiovasculaire de l'exercice immergé. L'exercice immergé est contraignant pour le système cardiovasculaire. Il est potentiellement responsable d'une majoration de la perméabilité et/ou du gradient de pression de la barrière alvéolo-capillaire. Cet effet passe par le biais d'un accroissement des charges cardiaque et respiratoire, une sécrétion de peptides natriurétiques et une hémodilution. L'exposition au froid, la consommation d'anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens et la réalisation d'un exercice de forte intensité majorent le risque de survenue d'un oedème pulmonaire d'immersion. L'exercice immergé a également des effets bénéfiques. La pratique d'un sport aquatique aurait le même effet anti-hypertenseur que les activités réalisées en ambiance sèche. Par ailleurs, des différences de sollicitation endothéliale pourraient exister, en fonction des modalités d'exercice ou de la position du sujet. L'exercice immergé pourrait être plus efficace sur la perte de poids et le contrôle des facteurs de risque cardiovasculaires métaboliques, par le biais des sécrétions endocrines qu'il induit. Enfin, le réchauffement cutané associé à l'immersion dans une eau thermiquement neutre semble cardio-protecteur. / The aim of our PhD was to hold up the knowledge about risks and benefits of immersed exercise.Immersed exercise is a stress for cardiovascular system. It may result in an increase in permeability and/or pressure gradient, at the level of alveolar-capillary membrane. These effects result from an increase in cardiac and respiratory load, a natriuretic peptide secretion, and hemodilution. Exposure to cold, non-steroïdal anti-inflammatory drugs, and high intensity exercise increase the risk of a pulmonary oedema of immersion occurrence. Immersed exercise also have beneficial effects. Our observatsion suggest that immersed exercise have the hypotensive effects as ambient air exercise. Differences in endothelial stimulation may exist, depending on exercise modalities. Immersed exercise may even be more efficient on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors control than ambient air exercise, through alterations in endocrine secretions. At the end, the global warming of the skin related to immersion in thermoneutral water appears to be cardio-protective.

Yverdon-les-Bains Thermal Spa is a group of elements searching for their identity since the end of the 20th century. The spa complex consists od several buildings built in different eras. Each one of the has its own strong formal identity whether expressed by facades, materials, volumes or spaces. All the historic buildings are to be preserved and new spa is to be designed to complement them. Potential of the new spa development is one of the most important values of the diploma project.

?rea de concentra??o: Fisiologia do exerc?cio. / Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-10-10T19:50:28Z No. of bitstreams: 3 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) fabricio_paula.pdf: 833499 bytes, checksum: 4864104f710a7129c6089e9dac7beda1 (MD5) fabricio_paula_ficha_catalografica.pdf: 6515 bytes, checksum: ceb6a05cf27cd3c4b848cec8be9fdd04 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-11-08T14:36:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 3 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) fabricio_paula.pdf: 833499 bytes, checksum: 4864104f710a7129c6089e9dac7beda1 (MD5) fabricio_paula_ficha_catalografica.pdf: 6515 bytes, checksum: ceb6a05cf27cd3c4b848cec8be9fdd04 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-08T14:36:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) fabricio_paula.pdf: 833499 bytes, checksum: 4864104f710a7129c6089e9dac7beda1 (MD5) fabricio_paula_ficha_catalografica.pdf: 6515 bytes, checksum: ceb6a05cf27cd3c4b848cec8be9fdd04 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Atletas de v?rias modalidades desportivas realizam mais de uma sess?o de treinamento por dia. Diversas estrat?gias t?m sido utilizadas com o intuito de acelerar a recupera??o p?s-exerc?cio. Embora a imers?o em ?gua seja uma estrat?gia comum entre os atletas, a sua efic?cia na acelera??o da recupera??o ainda n?o est? estabelecida, e os efeitos da temperatura da ?gua na imers?o sobre o desempenho n?o s?o claros. Sendo assim, este estudo avaliou os efeitos da recupera??o passiva por imers?o em ?gua, em diferentes temperaturas, sobre o desempenho ap?s uma sess?o de exerc?cio. Nove homens, jovens, fisicamente ativos, participaram de quatro sess?es experimentais randomizadas compostas por exerc?cio exc?ntrico (3 x 10 repeti??es a 100% de uma repeti??o m?xima) e 90 minutos de corrida em esteira rolante a 70% do pico de consumo de oxig?nio. Em seguida, os volunt?rios recuperaram durante 45 minutos, distribu?dos em 15 minutos de imers?o em ?gua a 15, 28 ou 38?C sentados e 30 minutos deitados em repouso a temperatura ambiente (20 ? 2? C). Na sess?o controle (CON), durante a recupera??o, os volunt?rios permaneceram sentados durante 15 minutos ? temperatura ambiente. Quatro horas ap?s o final do exerc?cio experimental, os volunt?rios foram submetidos ? corrida de intensidade autorregulada m?xima de 5 km seguido do teste de Wingate para avaliar o desempenho f?sico. A temperatura retal (Tret), a frequ?ncia card?aca (FC) e sua variabilidade (VFC) foram medidas ao longo de toda a sess?o. O consumo excessivo de oxig?nio p?s-exerc?cio (EPOC) foi medido durante a recupera??o. Os marcadores do dano muscular, creatina quinase (CK) e aspartato amino transferase (AST) e a contagem de leuc?citos totais foram medidas antes e ap?s o exerc?cio, ap?s imers?o, antes e ap?s o desempenho, e 24 horas ap?s o exerc?cio experimental. A velocidade m?dia na corrida de intensidade autorregulada m?xima de 5 km e a pot?ncia pico relativano teste de Wingate n?o foram diferentes entre as condi??es experimentais. A imers?o em ?gua a 15?C reduziu a Tret, a FC e os ?ndices de VFC a valores de repouso, ap?s a recupera??o. O EPOC foi maior na imers?o em ?gua a 15?C e a 28?C. Durante a corrida de intensidade autorregulada de 5 km e do teste Wingate, a Tret e a FC n?o foram diferentes entre as condi??es experimentais. A sess?o de exerc?cio experimental induziu dano muscular e leucocitose. Entretanto, n?o houve diferen?a nos n?veis s?ricos de CK, AST e no n?mero de leuc?citos totais entre as condi??es experimentais. A recupera??o por imers?o em ?gua,a diferentes temperaturas, n?o foi efetiva em modificar o desempenho f?sico 4 horas ap?s uma sess?o de exerc?cio prolongado. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa Multic?ntrico de P?s-gradua??o em Ci?ncias Fisiol?gicas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2012. / Athletes of several sport modalities regularly train more than once a day. Several strategies have been used in order to accelerate post-exercise recovery. Although water immersion is a common strategy among athletes, it effectiveness in accelerate the recovery is not yet established, and the effects of temperature water immersion on performance are not clear. Thus, this study evaluated the effects of passive recovery water immersion at different temperatures on performance following an exercise session.Nine physically active men (24 ? 6 years old, 72 ? 13 kg, 177 ? 7 cm, peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) of 55 ? 4 mL?kg- 1?min-1), participated of four randomized experimental sessions. Each session consisted of eccentric knee flexion (3 x 10 repetitions of 100% from one maximum repetition) and 90 minutes of treadmill running at 70% of VO2peak, followed by 15 minutes of passive recovery by water immersion at 15?C, 28?C or 38?C and 30 minutes resting in supine position at room temperature (20 ? 2?C). In the control session, volunteers remained seated for 15 minutes at room temperature after exercise. After four hours of resting, in order to evaluate recovery strategies, the volunteers underwent a 5 km of maximal self-paced treadmill running followed by the Wingate test. Prior to experimental sessions, rested volunteers completed 5 km of maximal self-paced running and the Wingate test, which were used as reference performance values. Rectal temperature (Tret), heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability indexes (HRV indexes) were measured through the entire session. Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) was measured during recovery period. The markers of muscle damage, creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and total leukocyte count were measured before and after exercise, after immersion, before and after performance tests, and 24 hours after the experimental exercise. Average speed during 5 km of maximal self-paced treadmill running and relative peak power during Wingate test were not different between experimental conditions. Water immersion at 15?C reduced Tret, HR and HRV indexes to baseline values after recovery. EPOC was higher in water immersion at 15?C and 28?C. During 5 km of maximal self-paced treadmill running and Wingate test, Tret and HR were not different between experimental conditions. The experimental exercise session induced muscle damage and leukocytosis. However, there was no difference in serum CK, AST and total leukocyte count between experimental conditions.The recovery by water immersion at different temperatures was not effective in modify the physical performance 4 hours after a session of prolonged exercise.

Title: The effect of active recovery and hydroterapy on the subsequent short-term and medium-term muscular performance Objective: The aim of the study was to compare the effect of two recoveries (ice pack, passive recovery) on the subsequent short-term and three recoveries (active recovery, cold water immersion, passive recovery) on the medium-term knee strength in the extension and flexion. Methods: Fourteen athletes in an average age of 26,6±4,4 years performed, in a random cross-over design, 2 sessions with 5 repeated short-term isokinetic tests and 3 sessions with 3 repeated medium-term isokinetic tests. The effect of ice packs and passive rest and the effect of active recovery, passive rest and cold water immersion were assessed by the 5x2 (time x recovery) and 3x3 (time x recovery) repeated-measure ANOVA, respectively. Results: The ice packs did not have any effect on peak torque, total work and average power during short-term performances. The average heart rate was significantly lower during measurements with the ice packs than during the passive recovery (125±15 vs. 135±20 tepů. min-1 ). We stated significantly lower changes in knee extension for the peak torque after the active recovery (↑ 0,9 N.m) than after the cold water immersion (↓ 14,6 N.m) or the passive recovery (↓ 13,9 N.m). The...

Title: Effect of cold water immersion on intermittent isometric forearm flexor contractions to failure in rock climbers Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of cold water immersion on intermittent isometric forearm flexor contraction to failure in rock climbers. Methods: Thirty-two climbers (15 male and 17 female) completed three intermittent trials to failure, on a climbing-specific handgrip dynamometer, on three separate visits to the laboratory. For each visit a different recovery strategy was employed: passive recovery (PAS), cold water immersion at 8 řC (CWI 8) or 15 řC (CWI 15). The force time integral (FTI - time of contraction multiplied by the force of contraction) was determined to assess intermittent performance. The tissue saturation index (TSI) and total haemoglobin (tHb) during isometric contractions from near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) were determined to assess hemodynamic changes. Differences between repeated trials and three recovery protocols, derived parameters NIRS, were assessed using repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni corrections. Results: There was no significant difference between conditions after trial one. In response to the PAS recovery condition there was a 10% and 22% decrease in FTI in the second and third trials, respectively. The PAS...

Title: The effect of active recovery and hydroterapy on the subsequent short-term and medium-term muscular performance Objective: The aim of the study was to compare the effect of two recoveries (ice pack, passive recovery) on the subsequent short-term and three recoveries (active recovery, cold water immersion, passive recovery) on the medium-term knee strength in the extension and flexion. Methods: Fourteen athletes in an average age of 26,6±4,4 years performed, in a random cross-over design, 2 sessions with 5 repeated short-term isokinetic tests and 3 sessions with 3 repeated medium-term isokinetic tests. The effect of ice packs and passive rest and the effect of active recovery, passive rest and cold water immersion were assessed by the 5x2 (time x recovery) and 3x3 (time x recovery) repeated-measure ANOVA, respectively. Results: The ice packs did not have any effect on peak torque, total work and average power during short-term performances. The average heart rate was significantly lower during measurements with the ice packs than during the passive recovery (125±15 vs. 135±20 tepů. min-1 ). We stated significantly lower changes in knee extension for the peak torque after the active recovery (↑ 0,9 N.m) than after the cold water immersion (↓ 14,6 N.m) or the passive recovery (↓ 13,9 N.m). The...