This thesis involves the design of an early warning source water monitoring station for a riverine source of drinking water. These stations provide downstream water utilities with advanced notification of contamination events so they have time in which to implement a response. Many threats facing riverine water supplies, such as accidental spills, are uncertain in nature. Therefore, designing a monitoring station for the detection of these events requires a probabilistic modelling approach. Sources of uncertainty considered in this research include the location, mass and duration of a spill event as well as the flow at the time of the spill and the water quality model parameters. Probability distributions for each of these uncertainties were defined and a Monte Carlo experiment was conducted. The design objectives include maximizing the probability of detection and maximizing the probability of having a threshold amount of warning time. These objectives are in conflict with each other because the probability of detection improves as the station moves closer to the intake and the amount of warning time increases as the station is located further upstream. Values for the competing objectives were calculated for a number of potential monitoring station locations at multiple sample intervals and the tradeoff solutions were analyzed. This methodology was applied to the Hidden Valley Intake which services the Regional Municipality of Waterloo’s Mannheim Water Treatment Plant. The Hidden Valley Intake is located in Kitchener, Ontario and withdraws up to 72 ML of water per day from the Grand River. Based on an analysis of the Monte Carlo simulation results for the case study application, it was found that locating the monitoring station near the Victoria Street Bridge, approximately 11 km upstream of the intake, represents the best tradeoff in the design objectives. Sampling at least once per hour is recommended to increase the amount of warning time. The impact of various sources of uncertainty was also explored in this thesis. It was found that the flow at the time of a spill and the spill location are the only sources of uncertainty that significantly impact the probability distributions of relevant model results.

This thesis involves the design of an early warning source water monitoring station for a riverine source of drinking water. These stations provide downstream water utilities with advanced notification of contamination events so they have time in which to implement a response. Many threats facing riverine water supplies, such as accidental spills, are uncertain in nature. Therefore, designing a monitoring station for the detection of these events requires a probabilistic modelling approach. Sources of uncertainty considered in this research include the location, mass and duration of a spill event as well as the flow at the time of the spill and the water quality model parameters. Probability distributions for each of these uncertainties were defined and a Monte Carlo experiment was conducted. The design objectives include maximizing the probability of detection and maximizing the probability of having a threshold amount of warning time. These objectives are in conflict with each other because the probability of detection improves as the station moves closer to the intake and the amount of warning time increases as the station is located further upstream. Values for the competing objectives were calculated for a number of potential monitoring station locations at multiple sample intervals and the tradeoff solutions were analyzed. This methodology was applied to the Hidden Valley Intake which services the Regional Municipality of Waterloo’s Mannheim Water Treatment Plant. The Hidden Valley Intake is located in Kitchener, Ontario and withdraws up to 72 ML of water per day from the Grand River. Based on an analysis of the Monte Carlo simulation results for the case study application, it was found that locating the monitoring station near the Victoria Street Bridge, approximately 11 km upstream of the intake, represents the best tradeoff in the design objectives. Sampling at least once per hour is recommended to increase the amount of warning time. The impact of various sources of uncertainty was also explored in this thesis. It was found that the flow at the time of a spill and the spill location are the only sources of uncertainty that significantly impact the probability distributions of relevant model results.

Traditional water monitoring encounter limitations due to the large number of contaminants present in our waters possible giving raise to mixture effects. This thesis aimed to investigate how the emerging omics approaches (transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics) can be used as an effect-based monitoring approach to assess and predict adverse effects in the freshwater environment. Moreover, this thesis analysed challenges and barrier with omics. A systematic literature search was conducted using Scopus and Web of Science to find case-studies using omics in field studies and reviews regarding challenges and barriers. The results in this thesis suggest that the use of fish species (either collected in the wild or in situ set-ups), transcriptomics and investigations of WWTP recipient was the most common way to apply omics. In order to interpret omics-data multiple studies conducted chemical monitoring in conjunction, investigated additional traditional biomarkers and/or used omics to identify altered biological or functional pathways that possible could lead to adverse effects at higher levels. According to the challenges and barriers identified in this thesis, the future of omics in environmental monitoring rely on the possibility to characterise and quantify natural variability, define appropriate critical effect sizes (i.e. thresholds of critical effects) and define baseline data. Moreover, it is necessary to develop frameworks and standardisations for omics-approaches (e.g. study-designs) to promote the interpretation of the results. Future research is also needed to develop and increase the understanding of how the proteomics and metabolomics can be applied. By improving the use of omics a more holistic water monitoring can be achieved including screenings for biological responses and the ability to detect early warnings which will enhance the prioritisation and site management of polluted water bodies, including those with limited prior knowledge regarding potential contaminants.

Este trabalho tem como objetivos: a caracterização dos sensores SGFET (Suspended Gate Field Effect Transistors) para medidas de pH, o desenvolvimento de um protocolo de calibração destes sensores e o desenvolvimento de um sistema autônomo de medidas utilizando matrizes de sensores SGFET para controle do pH e monitoramento da qualidade de água potável. Diferentes arranjos experimentais e metodologias de testes foram analisados no decorrer do trabalho. Na caracterização do sensor de pH, foram obtidas sensibilidades de até S=449 mV/pH valor 7 vezes superior à sensibilidade máxima obtida em pHmetros de eletrodos combinados que baseiam-se no potencial Nernst (59,15 mV/pH), para medidas de Vgs e S=6 A/pH, para medidas da corrente Ids. Com base nesta caracterização, foram realizados testes para o monitoramento da qualidade de água potável durante um período de 135 horas. As medidas mostraram uma grande estabilidade e reprodutibilidade dos sensores SGFET. Nos testes utilizando o sistema autônomo de medidas, foram obtidas sensibilidades de até S=715 mV/pH. No primeiro capítulo será apresentada uma revisão bibliográfica das características, vantagens e desvantagens dos principais medidores de pH utilizados atualmente. No segundo capítulo apresentamos os princípios de funcionamento dos sensores SGFET utilizando como base transistores de efeito de campo do tipo metal óxido semicondutor (MOS-FET). No terceiro capítulo apresentamos um resumo das etapas de fabricação dos sensores SGFET, onde compararemos dois processos de fabricação. O primeiro processo é referente às etapas de fabricação do transistor SGFET realizadas no grupo de microeletrônica do Institut d\'Electronique et des Télécommunications de Rennes (IETR) na Universidade de Rennes 1 e o segundo processo é referente às etapas de fabricação de transistores SGFET realizada na empresa MHS situada na cidade de Nantes na França. Também introduzimos o conceito de matrizes sensores SGFET. No quarto capítulo serão apresentados os resultados das medidas experimentais dos sensores SGFET, tanto para o uso do dispositivo no controle do pH de soluções aquosas, como no monitoramento de água potável. Também apresentamos o detalhamento do protocolo de calibração desenvolvido para aumentar a reprodutibilidade das medidas. No quinto capítulo serão apresentados os elementos do sistema autônomo de medidas e os resultados iniciais das medidas experimentais realizadas utilizando esse sistema. Também serão apresentadas as vantagens e facilidades que o desenvolvimento desse sistema de medidas agregou aos resultados experimentais. Finalmente no Capítulo Seis as conclusões e no Capítulo 7 as sugestões de trabalhos futuros. / The objectives of this work are: the characterization of the and SGFET (Suspended Gate Field Effect Transistors) sensors applied to pH measurements, the development of a calibration protocol of these SGFET sensors and the development of an autonomous measurement system using SGFET sensor matrixes for pH control and drink water quality monitoring. In this work, many experimental arrangements and tests methodologies were analyzed. Sensitivities up to 449 mV/pH, measuring the variation of Vgs, and 6 A/pH, measuring the Ids current were obtained. For drink water quality monitoring, long time test (135 hours) was performed. The sensors showed a high stability and reproducibility. The autonomous measurements system also showed a high sensitivity (up to S = 715 mV/pH). The first chapter shows a review of the characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of the main pH meters used today. In the the second chapter, the SGFET sensor, based on MOS-FET transistor, operating principles will be present. The third chapter is the fabrication steps of SGFET sensors summary, where we compare two processes: the IETR (\"Institut d\'Electronique et de Télécommunications de Rennes\") process, developed at the University of Rennes 1, and the MHS (a private company located in Nantes-France) process. Also, we introduce the SGFET sensors matrixes. In the fourth chapter, it is present the experimental results obtained from the SGFET sensors measurements to pH control and drink water quality monitoring. Also, the details of the calibration protocol, developed to increase the measurements reproducibility, are present. In the fifth chapter, the details of the measurement autonomous system are described as well as the preliminary results are presented. Also, the advantages and the added value of this system gave to the experimental results are showed. Finally, in the sixth chapter, the conclusion of this work are presented and in the seventh chapter some future works are suggested.

In response to growing concerns over the susceptibility of water distribution systems to contamination, this thesis presents the design and evaluation of an ecological display for an intelligent water monitoring system. Work Domain Analysis and Control Task Analysis were used to uncover the information requirements of the display. The work domain model in this thesis is one of a limited number of such models to include a representation of the automation. The resulting ecological display was evaluated in a comparative usability study against an alternative display based on a competitor’s product. Nine certified water operators participated. The displays were compared across three categories of usability measures: effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction. No significant differences were observed. The results, however, helped identify design changes for the display. The implications for the design of intelligent automation displays, and the challenge of designing displays in parallel with early development of automation systems, are discussed.

In response to growing concerns over the susceptibility of water distribution systems to contamination, this thesis presents the design and evaluation of an ecological display for an intelligent water monitoring system. Work Domain Analysis and Control Task Analysis were used to uncover the information requirements of the display. The work domain model in this thesis is one of a limited number of such models to include a representation of the automation. The resulting ecological display was evaluated in a comparative usability study against an alternative display based on a competitor’s product. Nine certified water operators participated. The displays were compared across three categories of usability measures: effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction. No significant differences were observed. The results, however, helped identify design changes for the display. The implications for the design of intelligent automation displays, and the challenge of designing displays in parallel with early development of automation systems, are discussed.

Este trabalho tem como objetivos: a caracterização dos sensores SGFET (Suspended Gate Field Effect Transistors) para medidas de pH, o desenvolvimento de um protocolo de calibração destes sensores e o desenvolvimento de um sistema autônomo de medidas utilizando matrizes de sensores SGFET para controle do pH e monitoramento da qualidade de água potável. Diferentes arranjos experimentais e metodologias de testes foram analisados no decorrer do trabalho. Na caracterização do sensor de pH, foram obtidas sensibilidades de até S=449 mV/pH valor 7 vezes superior à sensibilidade máxima obtida em pHmetros de eletrodos combinados que baseiam-se no potencial Nernst (59,15 mV/pH), para medidas de Vgs e S=6 A/pH, para medidas da corrente Ids. Com base nesta caracterização, foram realizados testes para o monitoramento da qualidade de água potável durante um período de 135 horas. As medidas mostraram uma grande estabilidade e reprodutibilidade dos sensores SGFET. Nos testes utilizando o sistema autônomo de medidas, foram obtidas sensibilidades de até S=715 mV/pH. No primeiro capítulo será apresentada uma revisão bibliográfica das características, vantagens e desvantagens dos principais medidores de pH utilizados atualmente. No segundo capítulo apresentamos os princípios de funcionamento dos sensores SGFET utilizando como base transistores de efeito de campo do tipo metal óxido semicondutor (MOS-FET). No terceiro capítulo apresentamos um resumo das etapas de fabricação dos sensores SGFET, onde compararemos dois processos de fabricação. O primeiro processo é referente às etapas de fabricação do transistor SGFET realizadas no grupo de microeletrônica do Institut d\'Electronique et des Télécommunications de Rennes (IETR) na Universidade de Rennes 1 e o segundo processo é referente às etapas de fabricação de transistores SGFET realizada na empresa MHS situada na cidade de Nantes na França. Também introduzimos o conceito de matrizes sensores SGFET. No quarto capítulo serão apresentados os resultados das medidas experimentais dos sensores SGFET, tanto para o uso do dispositivo no controle do pH de soluções aquosas, como no monitoramento de água potável. Também apresentamos o detalhamento do protocolo de calibração desenvolvido para aumentar a reprodutibilidade das medidas. No quinto capítulo serão apresentados os elementos do sistema autônomo de medidas e os resultados iniciais das medidas experimentais realizadas utilizando esse sistema. Também serão apresentadas as vantagens e facilidades que o desenvolvimento desse sistema de medidas agregou aos resultados experimentais. Finalmente no Capítulo Seis as conclusões e no Capítulo 7 as sugestões de trabalhos futuros. / The objectives of this work are: the characterization of the and SGFET (Suspended Gate Field Effect Transistors) sensors applied to pH measurements, the development of a calibration protocol of these SGFET sensors and the development of an autonomous measurement system using SGFET sensor matrixes for pH control and drink water quality monitoring. In this work, many experimental arrangements and tests methodologies were analyzed. Sensitivities up to 449 mV/pH, measuring the variation of Vgs, and 6 A/pH, measuring the Ids current were obtained. For drink water quality monitoring, long time test (135 hours) was performed. The sensors showed a high stability and reproducibility. The autonomous measurements system also showed a high sensitivity (up to S = 715 mV/pH). The first chapter shows a review of the characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of the main pH meters used today. In the the second chapter, the SGFET sensor, based on MOS-FET transistor, operating principles will be present. The third chapter is the fabrication steps of SGFET sensors summary, where we compare two processes: the IETR (\"Institut d\'Electronique et de Télécommunications de Rennes\") process, developed at the University of Rennes 1, and the MHS (a private company located in Nantes-France) process. Also, we introduce the SGFET sensors matrixes. In the fourth chapter, it is present the experimental results obtained from the SGFET sensors measurements to pH control and drink water quality monitoring. Also, the details of the calibration protocol, developed to increase the measurements reproducibility, are present. In the fifth chapter, the details of the measurement autonomous system are described as well as the preliminary results are presented. Also, the advantages and the added value of this system gave to the experimental results are showed. Finally, in the sixth chapter, the conclusion of this work are presented and in the seventh chapter some future works are suggested.

This research project evaluated the overall hydroperiod and effects of monitoring well design parameters on observed levels of saturation in created wetlands with high-clay subsoils at the Cedar Run 3 mitigation bank site in Prince William County, Virginia. Three complete replications of an electronic central array and an associated surrounding array of manually monitored wells and piezometers were installed. The electronic arrays contained a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACOE) standard monitoring well, as well as piezometers and tensiometers at three depths. The manually monitored well + piezometer arrays (3 per location; 9 total) consisted of 12 variants of screen types and filter pack materials, well diameter, and unlined bore holes. The site exhibited a complex seasonal hydroperiod ranging from ponded winter conditions to deep (< -50 cm) summer dry down. The site also exhibited epiaquic (perched) conditions following summer and fall precipitation events. Apparent water levels in deep (> 1 m) piezometers exhibited an unusual hydroperiod with highest levels in summer. Differences in well/piezometer diameter, design, and packing texture/fit produced surprisingly different apparent water levels that varied from ~ 4 to over 28 cm during both the winter ponded periods and summer subsoil water table flux periods. Thus, one important finding is that relatively simple differences in well designs can have dramatic effects on observed water levels. Overall, the standard USACOE appeared to be relatively accurate for predicting saturation levels during ponded periods, but nested piezometers are preferred and more accurate for the drier summer and fall. / Master of Science

Mercury (Hg) in rivers and streams of the Mackenzie River Basin (MRB) presents a risk to fish, aquatic mammals, and humans. This thesis makes use of newly-released water quality data, including total mercury (THg) and dissolved mercury (DHg), gathered through the NWT-Wide Community-based Water Quality Monitoring (CBM) program. Landscape metrics extracted from geospatial datasets (e.g. vegetation type cover and ground ice presence), along with the water quality parameters were transformed, as needed, and then assessed for relationships with Hg concentration in rivers using principle component analysis, correlation and linear regression. Transformed turbidity, total phosphate, total sulfate, and the 1st principle component representing total metals were positively correlated with log10 THg and log10 particulate Hg (PHg) (p &lt; 0.05) in major tributaries on the MRB. Major tributaries had a greater proportion of THg as PHg. Dissolved organic carbon and total organic carbon were positivity correlated to log10 DHg in minor tributaries (p &lt; 0.05) of the MRB. Logit-transformed ground ice presence was positively correlated with median log10 PHg and log10 THg (PHg; p &lt; 0.05, THg; p &lt; 0.05). Median log10 DHg was positively correlated with logit-transformed landcover metric mixed forest (R2 = 0.67), and negativity correlated with logit-transformed landcover metric sub-polar taiga needleleaf forest (R2 = 0.64) (p &lt; 0.05). This suggests suspended particles, derived potentially from suspended mineral matter, kerogens, and/ or weathering of sulfides could be a control on PHg in major tributaries of the MRB, while thicker, organic soils, potentially in forested areas, releasing TOC and DOC, could control export of DHg to minor tributaries in the MRB.

This report is about implementing Graphical User Interface for the CatFish website. The CatFish project is iterative research on water pollution where samples from water bodies aremonitored and collected using three different vehicles. The authors of this report, the frontend team, have created a website that aims to represent collected data from the vehicles in the form of diagrams and charts. It also shows live video streaming and gives the CatFish team the ability to control the vehicles remotely. Our results have shown that the website is functional, user-friendly, and ready to be hosted and used. / Den här rapporten handlar om att implementera grafiskt användargränssnitt för CatFish-webbplatsen. CatFish-projektet är iterativ forskning om vattenföroreningar där prover frånvattenförekomster övervakas och samlas in med tre olika fordon. Författarna till denna rapport, frontend-teamet, har skapat en webbplats som syftar till att representera insamlade data från fordonen i form av olika typer av diagram, visa live-videoströmning och ge CatFish-teametmöjligheten att fjärrstyra fordonen. Våra resultat har visat att webbplatsen är funktionell, användarvänlig och redo att hostas och användas.