Capes / A cadeia de transporte de ônibus intermunicipal e interestadual necessita de serviços associados à lavagem veicular e a lavanderia, para a lavagem de capas de poltronas e cobertores. Desta forma, este segmento demanda um elevado consumo de água, aliado a utilização de produtos químicos que podem comprometer a qualidade dos recursos hídricos. O reúso de água é uma técnica que visa reduzir o consumo de água potável para fins que não necessitem de tal qualidade. As empresas de transporte de ônibus podem implantar o sistema de reúso nas unidades de lavagem de ônibus. Entretanto, deve-se realizar um tratamento adequado do efluente para que a qualidade de água produzida não cause impacto negativo nas atividades da unidade onde está sendo reutilizada, bem como à saúde dos operadores. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo promover o tratamento de efluentes provenientes de uma empresa de transporte de ônibus rodoviário localizado na cidade de Londrina, Paraná. Os efluentes empregados neste trabalho são gerados nos setores de lavagem de ônibus e lavanderia, ambas atividades realizadas na empresa. Os sistemas de tratabilidade foram avaliados em escala de bancada, sendo estes: A) sistema de coagulação/floculação/FAD; B) coagulação/floculação/FAD seguido de pós-tratamento por filtração em meio granular sob pressão; C) coagulação/floculação/filtração em meio granular sob pressão e D) filtração direta em meio granular sob pressão, utilizando os coagulantes AQUAFLOC/LS e AQUA-PAC, visando o reúso do efluente tratado na lavagem dos ônibus. O delineamento estatístico aplicado aos ensaios de coagulação/floculação/FAD foi o Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional (DCCR). As variáveis independentes aplicadas foram: concentração do coagulante AQUAFLOC/LS, concentração do coagulante AQUA-PAC, concentração do polímero e pH de coagulação. As condições de coagulação/floculação aplicadas para os ensaios de FAD foram: Gmr 800 s-1, G1ml 90 s-1, G2ml 50 s-1 e G3ml 30 s-1, correspondendo aos tempos de rotação de 1; 10; 5 e 5 minutos, respectivamente. A Pressão na câmara de saturação foi de 6 bar, A Taxa de recirculação utilizada de 20% e as taxas de aplicação superficial foram 35, 70, 120 e 150 m3 m-2 dia-1. Para os ensaios de coagulação/floculação/filtração as condições de coagulação/floculação foram: Gmr 800 s-1 e G1ml 50 s-1. Para os ensaios de filtração, foi confeccionado um filtro de meio granular sob pressão em escala de bancada contendo como material filtrante areia e cascalho. Os sistemas de tratabilidade foram avaliados com relação à remoção de matéria orgânica, sólidos, nitrogênio, fósforo e surfactantes. Por meio da aplicação do método do DCCR determinou-se uma faixa ótima de atuação dos coagulantes no tratamento dos efluentes. Ao se promover a mistura dos efluentes de ambos os setores para posterior tratamento, a faixa ótima de concentração do coagulante AQUAFLOC/LS foi de 220 a 260 mg L-1 com pH de coagulação natural, enquanto que as faixas consideradas ótimas de concentração do AQUA-PAC estão entre 50 a 200 mg Al2O3 L-1 com pH de coagulação de 6,00 a 7,50 e entre 200 a 320 mg Al2O3 L-1 com pH de coagulação de 8,30 a 9,00. Para o tratamento do efluente da lavagem dos ônibus, a concentração ótima de AQUAFLOC/LS está entre 55 e 110 mg L-1 com pH de coagulação de 6,00 a 7,20, a concentração do AQUA-PAC variou entre 65 a 85 mg Al2O3 L-1 com pH de coagulação natural. Por fim, para o tratamento do efluente da lavanderia a faixa ótima de concentração do AQUAFLOC/LS variou entre 200 e 400 mg L-1 com pH de coagulação de 8,90 a 9,00, e para o AQUA-PAC a faixa ótima de concentração variou de 600 a 700 mg Al2O3 L-1 com pH de coagulação de 7,20 a 7,60. Ao se avaliar os diferentes sistemas de tratabilidade, verificou-se que os sistemas de coagulação/floculação/FAD seguido de filtração e coagulação/floculação/filtração empregando o coagulante AQUAFLOC/LS apresentaram os maiores índices de redução dos parâmetros analisados com eficiências de redução de DQO variando entre 73% a 81%, de turbidez entre 93% a 94%, de sólidos suspensos de 16% a 100% e de surfactante de 90% a 98%. O sistema de filtração em meio granular sob pressão possibilitou a obtenção de efluentes tratados passíveis de serem reutilizados em serviços de lavagem de ônibus. / The intercity and interstate bus transportation chain requires services associated with car wash and laundry, for the washing of armchairs covers and blankets. Thus, this segment demands high consumption of water, combined to the use of chemicals that can compromise the quality of water resources. Water reuse is a technique that aims to reduce the consumption of drinking water for purposes that do not require such quality. Bus companies can deploy a reuse system in their bus wash units. However, adequate effluent treatment must be carried out so that the quality of the water produced does not negatively impact the activities of the unit where it is being reused, as well as the operators’ health. Therefore, this work aimed to promote the effluents treatment from a bus transportation company located in the city of Londrina, Paraná. The effluents used in this work are generated in the bus washing and laundry sectors, both activities carried out in the company. The treatability systems were evaluated on bench scale, being these: A) coagulation/flocculation/DAF system; B) coagulation/flocculation/DAF followed by post-treatment by granular filter media filtration under pressure; C) coagulation/flocculation/granular filter media filtration under pressure and D) granular filter media direct filtration under pressure, using the AQUAFLOC / LS and AQUA-PAC coagulants, aiming at the reuse of the treated effluent on the buses wash. The statistical design applied to the coagulation/flocculation/DAF assays was the Central Rotational Composite Design (CRCD). The independent variables applied were: AQUAFLOC/LS coagulant concentration, AQUA-PAC coagulant concentration, polymer concentration and pH coagulation. The coagulation/flocculation conditions applied for the DAF assays were: Gmr 800 s-1, G1ml 90 s-1, G2ml 50 s-1 and G3ml 30 s-1, corresponding to the rotation times of 1; 10; 5 and 5 minutes, respectively. The pressure in the saturation chamber was 6 bar, the recirculation rate used was 20% and the rates of surface application were 35, 70, 120 and 150 m3 m-2 day-1. For the coagulation/flocculation/filtration tests, the coagulation/flocculation conditions were: Gmr 800 s-1 and G1ml 50 s-1. For the filtration tests, a bench scale granular filter under pressure was prepared containing sand and gravel filter material. The treatability systems were evaluated in relation to the organic matter removal, solids, nitrogen, phosphorus and surfactants. Through the application of the CCDR method, an optimum range of coagulant action in the effluent treatment was determined. By promoting the mixing of the effluents from both sectors for subsequent treatment, the optimum concentration range of the AQUAFLOC/LS coagulant varied from 220 to 260 mg L-1 with a natural coagulation pH, while the optimum concentration range of AQUA- PAC are between 50 and 200 mg Al2O3 L-1 with coagulation pH from 6.00 to 7.50 and between 200 and 320 mg Al2O L-1 with coagulation pH from 8.30 to 9.00. For the treatment of bus washing effluent, the optimum AQUAFLOC/LS concentration varied between 55 and 110 mg L-1 with coagulation pH from 6.00 to 7.20, the AQUA-PAC concentration ranged from 65 to 85 mg Al2O3 L-1 with natural coagulation pH. Finally, for the laundry effluent treatment, the optimum AQUAFLOC/LS concentration range varied from 200 to 400 mg L-1 with a coagulation pH from 8.90 to 9.00, and for AQUA-PAC, the optimum range concentration varied from 600 to 700 mg Al2O3 L-1 with 11 coagulation pH from 7.2 to 7.6.When evaluating the different treatability systems, it was verified that the coagulation/flocculation/DAF systems followed by filtration and coagulation/flocculation/filtration using the AQUAFLOC/LS coagulant presented the highest reduction indices of the analyzed parameters with reduction efficiencies of COD ranging from 73% to 81%, turbidity between 93% and 94%, suspended solids from 16% to 100% and surfactant from 90% to 98%.The granular filter media filtration system under pressure made it possible to obtain treated effluents that could be reused in bus washing services.

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technologae: Chemical Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering at the CAPE PENINSULA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY 2014 / Most softdrink industries in developing countries are moving towards wastewater reuse or recycling. Water and wastewater reutilization, costs of treatment and disposal guidelines, remain the most critical factors for the development of sustainable water use for softdrink industries. Wastewater reuse or recycle has potential in the softdrink industry, depending on the wastewater characteristics’ concentration and volume. During this study, an integrated laboratory scale anaerobic/aerobic sidestream membrane bioreactor (MBR) system was used for treating softdrink industry wastewater (SDIW). The aim was to evaluate the system’s performance, and identify potential opportunities to recycle the water, and therefore reduce freshwater intake and minimise wastewater production. The objectives were to: evaluate: 1) treatment efficiencies for the individual stages; 2) biogas production in the anaerobic stage; and 3) the overall performance of the integrated system under different operating conditions. The SDIW used in this study was classified as medium to high strength wastewater with a total chemical oxygen demand (CODt) ranging between 2 242 and 11 717 mg/L and a biological oxygen demand (BOD) of up to 1 150 mg/L. The major pollutants in the SDIW were caustic soda; dissolved sugars, namely fructose (1 071 mg/L) and sucrose (6 900 mg/L); with the pH ranging between 6.1 and 12. The SDIW was characterized by total suspended solids (TSS) of 66 mg/L, as well as fats, oils and greases (FOG) of 40 mg/L. The maximum turbidity and colour was 65.3 NTU and 42 mg Pt/L, respectively. All the physiochemical properties and inorganic parameters were within the within the City of Cape Town’s (CCT’s) industrial wastewater quality discharge standards by-law (South Africa, 2006). Excluding the total dissolved solids (TDS) and electrical conductivity (EC) with maximum values were 1 050 mg/L and 1 483 μS/cm, respectively. Anaerobic pre-treatment of this SDIW was studied using a laboratory-scale expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor maintained at mesophilic temperature of between 35 to 37˚C. An organic loading rate (OLR), upflow velocity (Vup) and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 10.9 kg COD/m3d, 0.85 m/h and ~11.8 h, respectively, resulting in COD treatment efficiencies of up to 93% CODt. An increase in nitrate (NO3-) in the EGSB product stream was an indication of an anaerobic ammonium (NH4+) oxidation (ANAMMOX) process. Anaerobic digestion (AD) of SDIW in the EGSB resulted in biogas production with methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen (N2), and oxygen (O2), concentrations of up to 70%, 11%, 14.8%, and 4.1%, respectively. At the OLR and Vup of 10.9 kg COD/m3d and 0.85 m/h, respectively, the EGSB produced 16.7 L/d of biogas. The EGSB anaerobic pre-treatment resulted in stable treatment efficiencies for the removal of organic constituents, as well as biogas production without adding an external carbon source. The MBR post-treatment satisfactorily operated at a feed flowrate of up to 33.7 L/d, OLR of 2.3 and 3.1 kg COD/m3d for the anoxic and aerobic zones, respectively, and an HRT of approximately 0.41 h for both zones. The average CODt removal achieved was 86%. The dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration of 2.1 mg/L in the anoxic zone combined with an aeration rate and DO concentration of 11.8 L/min and 5.7 mg/L, in the aerobic zone resulted in NH4+; NO3-; and orthophosphate (PO43-), removal rates up to 90%; 55% and 39%, respectively. However, the MBR post-treatment did not decrease the orthophosphate concentration to within the SANS 241:2011 drinking water standards. The integrated EGSB-MBR treatment for SDIW was able to achieve an overall CODt removal efficiency of up to 94%. Although the MBR performance was successful the EC, TDS, PO43-, and colour concentrations in the ultrafiltration (UF) permeate did not meet the CCT’s industrial wastewater standards by-law (2006) as well as the SANS’ drinking water standards 241:2011 and required further treatment for reuse.

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Technology: Electrical Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology 2014 / This thesis focuses on the design, development and real-time simulation of a robust nonlinear networked control for the dissolved oxygen concentration as part of the wastewater distributed systems. This concept differs from previous methods of wastewater control in the sense that the controller and the wastewater treatment plants are separated by a wide geographical distance and exchange data through a communication medium. The communication network introduced between the controller and the DO process creates imperfections during its operation, as time delays which are an object of investigation in the thesis. Due to the communication network imperfections, new control strategies that take cognisance of the network imperfections in the process of the controller design are needed to provide adequate robustness for the DO process control system. This thesis first investigates the effects of constant and random network induced time delays and the effects of controller parameters on the DO process behaviour with a view to using the obtained information to design an appropriate controller for the networked closed loop system. On the basis of the above information, a Smith predictor delay compensation controller is developed in the thesis to eliminate the deadtime, provide robustness and improve the performance of the DO process. Two approaches are adopted in the design of the Smith predictor compensation scheme. The first is the transfer function approach that allows a linearized model of the DO process to be described in the frequency domain. The second one is the nonlinear linearising approach in the time domain. Simulation results reveal that the developed Smith predictor controllers out-performed the nonlinear linearising controller designed for the DO process without time delays by compensating for the network imperfections and maintaining the DO concentration within a desired acceptable level. The transfer function approach of designing the Smith predictor is found to perform better under small time delays but the performance deteriorates under large time delays and disturbances. It is also found to respond faster than the nonlinear approach. The nonlinear feedback linearisig approach is slower in response time but out-performs the transfer function approach in providing robustness and performance for the DO process under large time delays and disturbances. The developed Smith predictor compensation schemes were later simulated in a real-time platform using LabVIEW. The Smith predictor controllers developed in this thesis can be applied to other process control plants apart from the wastewater plants, where distributed control is required. It can also be applied in the nuclear reactor plants where remote control is required in hazardous conditions. The developed LabVIEW real-time simulation environment would be a valuable tool for researchers and students in the field of control system engineering. Lastly, this thesis would form the basis for further research in the field of distributed wastewater control.

abstract: The influence of climate variability and reclaimed wastewater on the water supply necessitates improved understanding of the treatability of trace and bulk organic matter. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) mobilized during extreme weather events and in treated wastewater includes natural organic matter (NOM), contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), and microbial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The goal of my dissertation was to quantify the impacts of extreme weather events on DOM in surface water and downstream treatment processes, and to improve membrane filtration efficiency and CECs oxidation efficiency during water reclamation with ozone. Surface water quality, air quality and hydrologic flow rate data were used to quantify changes in DOM and turbidity following dust storms, flooding, or runoff from wildfire burn areas in central Arizona. The subsequent impacts to treatment processes and public perception of water quality were also discussed. Findings showed a correlation between dust storm events and change in surface water turbidity (R2=0.6), attenuation of increased DOM through reservoir systems, a 30-40% increase in organic carbon and a 120-600% increase in turbidity following severe flooding, and differing impacts of upland and lowland wildfires. The use of ozone to reduce membrane fouling caused by vesicles (a subcomponent of EPS) and oxidize CECs through increased hydroxyl radical (HO●) production was investigated. An "ozone dose threshold" was observed above which addition of hydrogen peroxide increased HO● production; indicating the presence of ambient promoters in wastewater. Ozonation of CECs in secondary effluent over titanium dioxide or activated carbon did not increase radial production. Vesicles fouled ultrafiltration membranes faster (20 times greater flux decline) than polysaccharides, fatty acids, or NOM. Based upon the estimated carbon distribution of secondary effluent, vesicles could be responsible for 20-60% of fouling during ultrafiltration and may play a vital role in other environmental processes as well. Ozone reduced vesicle-caused membrane fouling that, in conjunction with the presence of ambient promoters, helps to explain why low ozone dosages improve membrane flux during full-scale water reclamation. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Civil and Environmental Engineering 2014

A utilização de fonte alternativa de água em edifícios residenciais vem sendo praticada de forma mais constante nos últimos anos, com objetivo de reduzir a demanda de água potável. No entanto, a utilização de água não potável exige critérios que devem ser respeitados, para preservar a saúde dos usuários, tendo em vista a possibilidade de contaminação da água potável fornecida pela concessionária. Assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar requisitos e critérios de desempenho que devem ser aplicados nas fases de projeto, execução e manutenção do sistema predial de água não potável. Para apoiar os projetistas, executores e gestores na tomada de decisão das diferentes etapas do processo foi também desenvolvida e aplicada uma ferramenta para análise de modo e efeito de falha (FMEA) dos requisitos desenvolvidos para o sistema de água não potável. Os resultados obtidos com a aplicação da ferramenta em edifício comprovaram a sua aplicabilidade e eficiência no sistema predial de água não potável. / The use of alternative source of water in residential buildings has been practiced in more constant in recent years aiming to reduce the demand for potable water (drinking water). However, the use of non-potable water requires criteria that must be respected to preserve the health of users, with a view to possible contamination of potable water supplied by the concessionaire. Therefore, this paper aims to present requirements and performance criteria, which must be implemented in phases of design, implementation and maintenance of the non-potable water system in building. To assist the designers, performers and managers in decision-making of the different stages of the process was also developed and implemented analyze with the tool failure mode effect analysis (FMEA) for the requirements developed for the non-potable water system in building. The results achieved by the tool showed its applicability and efficiency in non-potable water system in building.

As indústrias de abate animal e processamento de carne geram grandes quantidades de efluentes ricos em nutrientes, que podem ser utilizados na irrigação de pastos como estratégia de reúso de água nas propriedades agrícolas. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os aspectos agronômicos do cultivo do capim-coastcross para produção de feno, pela irrigação por aspersão com efluente de abatedouro tratado por sistema anaeróbio (UASB). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos completos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, com medidas repetidas no tempo. Os cincos tratamentos empregados foram: (i) T1 - irrigação com água superficial e adição de 100% de adubação nitrogenada recomendada (AN); (ii) T2, T3, T4 e T5 - irrigação com efluente tratado de abatedouro e adição de 0, 33%; 66% e 100 % de AN, respectivamente. Sendo a AN 50 kg ha-1 corte-1 de nitrogênio, na forma de ureia. Os dados foram avaliados por meio da produção de massa fresca e massa seca, análise química do solo e da parte aérea, análise bromatológica, determinação do índice de vegetação normalizada (NDVI), uso de imagens termográficas no dossel da cultura, nas estações inverno-primavera (um corte) e verão (três cortes). O efluente após tratamento apresentou alta concentração de nitrogênio total (163±55 mg L-1) e baixo a moderado potencial salino (CE=1,46±0,34 dS m-1). No período inverno-primavera a composição química e a produção do capim-coastcross foram favorecidas pela irrigação com efluente, com economia de 100% da adubação nitrogenada. Ainda, nesta estação, as características químicas do solo foram alteradas pelas águas residuárias, nos teores de matéria orgânica, carbono total, fósforo, sódio e porcentagem de sódio trocável. O estado nutricional da planta forrageira foi adequado para todos os tratamentos e estação do ano. No verão, as lâminas de irrigação com efluente foram reduzidas pela ocorrência das chuvas, com menor aporte de nutrientes. A maior precipitação reduziu os teores de sais no solo. Nesse período a produção da forragem foi menor nos tratamentos irrigados com efluente de abatedouro, com exceção de T5. O acompanhamento da produção da forragem pelo NDVI e pelas imagens termográficas mostraram relação da presença do nitrogênio aplicado pelas diferentes fontes de água. / Slaughterhouses and meat processing industries produce high amounts of effluents, which can be used in forage irrigation as a water reuse strategy in agricultural properties. This work aimed at evaluating the agronomic aspects of the cultivation in coastcross grass to produce hay, by sprinkling irrigation with treated slaughterhouse effluent by anaerobic system (UASB). The experimental design consisted of completely randomized blocks, with four replicates, sub plots in time. The five treatments employed were: (i) T1 - irrigation with potable water plus 100% of recommended nitrogen fertilization (MNF); (ii) T2, T3, T4 and T5 - irrigation with treated slaughterhouse effluent plus 0, 33%; 66% and 100% of MNF, respectively. As MNF 50 kg ha-1 cut-1 nitrogen, as urea. Fresh mass and dry mass production, chemical composition of soil and leaf, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and thermal imaging were determined, for the Winter-Spring (one cut) and summer (three cuts) seasons. The treated effluent showed high concentration of total nitrogen (163 ± 55 mg L-1) and low to moderate degree saline (CE = 1,46 ± 0,34 dS m-1). Winter-spring seasons the quality and production in grass-coastcross were better with effluent, with economy of 100% in nitrogen fertilizer. Still this season, the chemical characteristics of the soil were altered by the wastewater waters, to the contents of organic matter, total carbon, phosphorus, sodium and a percentage of exchangeable sodium. The nutritional status of forage was similar for all treatments and season in year. Summer season the effluent irrigation was smaller by the occurrence of rainfall, with less nutrient intake. The largest precipitation decreased the degree salt in soil. During this period the production was lower to treatments irrigated with effluent, except for T5. The monitoring of the production by the NDVI and the thermal imagining showed a relation with nitrogen applied by the different sources of water.

O reuso de água surge como um instrumento adicional para a gestão dos recursos hídricos, visando a redução da pressão sobre os mananciais de abastecimento, liberando as águas de melhor qualidade para os fins mais nobres, e trazendo uma série de benefícios específicos aos usuários, tais como o aumento de produtividade agrícola, a redução de custos com a compra de água e a preservação dos aqüíferos subterrâneos. Entretanto, enquanto a prática do reuso se dissemina no Brasil, não há a criação de nenhuma legislação específica visando regular o setor, proteger o meio ambiente e a saúde dos grupos de risco. Esta dissertação foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de fornecer uma base sobre a estrutura legal e institucional responsável pelo controle e regulação do reuso no Brasil. São apresentadas as diretrizes gerais sobre o conteúdo necessário para uma regulamentação específica, ressaltando-se o arcabouço institucional necessário (nível federal e local), os tipos de reuso que precisam ser regulamentados, os incentivos que podem ser criados, quais as condições para a outorga e a cobrança com a implementação do reuso e as condições de interface com o licenciamento ambiental. A abordagem do estudo visa fornecer ferramentas para a solução dos conflitos que possam surgir à medida que o reuso for implementado. Também foram consideradas as criações de um sistema nacional de informações sobre o reuso de água e de programas de educação para a promoção e entendimento do reuso. / Water reuse appears as an additional instrument for water resources management. It will contribute to reduce demand pressure to fresh water sources, liberating high quality waters for potable purposes and providing a series of benefits such as agricultural productivity increase, cost reduction and ground water preservation. However, while the practice of water reuse has already been implemented in Brazil, no specific legislation has been made available to regulate the sector and to provide environmental protection as well as health safeguards to the groups at risk. This dissertation was prepared with the objective of providing the basis for an institutional structure and a legal framework to control and to regulate the practice of water reuse in Brazil. Proposals were made for the build up of institutional arrangements, both at federal and watershed levels, the types of wastewater reuse to be regulated, incentives, conditions for the implementation of a command and control system as well as permit and charging considerations. The basic approach was directed to provide tools for the solution of conflicts that can occur when water reuse projects are implemented. Consideration was also given to the implementation of a national water reuse information system and educational programs to promote and to make the practice of reuse understood to the lay man.

Para a indústria de produtos de higiene e cosméticos o recurso água é de primordial relevância, considerando as quantidades e a qualidade necessárias para a condução dos processos de produção. O agravamento da escassez de água, devido ao crescimento populacional e às atividades industriais, pressionam para a elaboração de leis e normas que restringem o uso da água, elevam os custos para a sua obtenção e impõem maiores controles sobre o tratamento e lançamento de efluentes. Assim, as técnicas de conservação e reúso de água passam a ser elementos diferenciais nos resultados das empresas que as utilizam, além, é claro, do evidente benefício para a sociedade e meio ambiente. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de apresentar um estudo de caso mostrando técnicas utilizadas na conservação e reúso de água no segmento industrial de fabricação de cosméticos. São descritas as dificuldades e limitações existentes, em função das características do processo produtivo e das exigências de qualidade e normas sanitárias. Entretanto, apesar dessas limitações, mostra-se ainda que existem oportunidades para redução dos índices de consumo do recurso água, através de modificações em processos de lavagem de tanques e reatores, controle de perdas, eliminação de desperdícios, conscientização e treinamentos de operadores. Essas ações podem levar a economias substanciais, que podem chegar a até 80 % em alguns dos processos investigados. São ações que podem ser aplicadas em complementação ao programa de conservação existente. / Water is an essential resource for the manufacturing of personal care products and cosmetics, when account is taken of the amount and quality required for carrying out these production processes. The water scarcity, due to the population growth and expansion of industrial activities, are leading the authorities to draw up laws and regulations to restrict the use of water, raise the costs of its supply and impose greater control over its treatment and the discharge of effluents. Thus, conservation techniques and water reuse are becoming distinct factors in the results of the companies which employ this technology, besides the fact that there are evident benefits to the society and the environment. The purpose of this paper is to discuss a case study which examines the techniques for conserving and reusing water in the manufacturing sector of the cosmetics industry. The difficulties and restrictions on water conservation and reuse are described with regard to the way it is supplied and current quality and sanitation requirements. However, despite the fact that these restrictions are in force, it is also shown that there is still opportunity for reducing the level of consumption of this resource. This includes changes in the way tanks and reactors are cleaned, better control of water loss, cutting waste in water operations, and ensuring that a proper training is given to the operators so that they are made aware of the problems. These measures can also lead to substantial savings, which, it was estimated, reached a level of 80 % in some processes investigated. The findings of this study suggest that there is a need to supplement the conservation program already in practice.

Esta dissertação propõe uma metodologia para a escolha do melhor local para se implantar uma wetland construída. Wetlands Construídas são modelos de ecossistemas projetados pelo homem, especificamente para tratar águas residuais, otimizando processos biológicos, físicos e químicos que ocorrem em sistemas alagados naturais. Proporcionando por sua vez, um tratamento eficaz, econômico e ambientalmente adequado de esgoto. O avanço da informática associado com a Geografia tem gerado o recurso Sistema de Informações Geográficas, e neste se fundamenta este projeto. O SIG, permite que os fundamentos teóricos, conceituais e práticos se mesclem às experiências dos projetistas, trazendo à razão uma base matemática expressa em forma de mapas que podem mostrar as diversas variáveis tratadas em muitas questões relacionadas ao planejamento ambiental racionalizado. Diversos mapas podem ser cruzados pelo SIG, com atribuição de pesos vinculados à importância de cada variável para que, desta forma, possam ser determinadas às regiões do espaço geográfico que melhor atinjam todas as condições estabelecidas, cunhadas como ideais, na implementação de um tipo de intervenção no espaço analisado, como encontrar lugares ideais para implantar sistemas de tratamento de água como wetland construída acompanhado das prerrogativas do Reúso de Água. O lugar escolhido para este projeto de pesquisa foi a Serra do Japi, localizada no município de Jundiaí, situado a aproximadamente 63 quilômetros da capital do Estado de São Paulo, fazendo divisa com os municípios de Cabreúva, Pirapora do Bom Jesus e Cajamar, pertencente a um dos eixos econômicos de maior relevância do país, segundo Morellato (1992). Para o desenvolvimento do projeto, foi estabelecido como condição, que o software utilizado fosse de boa qualidade técnica e também gratuito, para que desta forma outros pesquisadores pudessem facilmente testar e fazer uso da metodologia proposta, sem grandes custos, assim como diversas instituições, como pequenos municípios, ONGs etc. Por este motivo que o software Spring, do INPE Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, foi escolhido. / Não fornecido pela autora.

The use of treated wastewater in agriculture provides for the recycling of nutrients, it is a cheap effluent disposal option and studies predicate that there is a significant increase in agricultural productivity. The present study had as objective to analyze the agronomic influence of the reuse of wastewater treated in the beet cultivation and the public acceptance as to the practice of this reuse. The methodology consisted of a qualitative and quantitative research, with two areas: the first stage was in greenhouse at the Department of Agronomic Engineering (DEA) at the Federal University of Sergipe/São Cristóvão Campus; and the second stage was performed at the Escola Estadual Professor Hamilton Alves Rocha in the Eduardo Gomes Complex, located in the municipality of São Cristovão/SE. The experimental design used was Randomized Blocks (DBC), composed of four treatments and five replicates, with 20 useful plots and four plants per useful plot, with four percentages of wastewater and / or drinking water from the Sergipe Supply Company (DESO); T 1-100% DESO's water; T2- 75% DESO's water + 25% wastewater; T3-75% wastewater + 25% DESO's water and T4- 100% wastewater. The irrigation blade was obtained using the method of FAO 56. In the first stage the data obtained with the agronomic parameters evaluated were submitted to analysis of variance and the averages of the treatments were compared by the Tukey test at the level of 0.01 of probability. The physical-chemical quality analyzes of treated wastewater and drinking water were compared by the limits of the physical-chemical parameters of Class 1 fresh waters of CONAMA Resolution 357/2005 and CONAMA Resolution 430/2011. For the second stage, the selection of the application sample of the research form was determined by a simple and random sample of the finite population, with an experimental error of maximum 10%. The results obtained in the analyzes showed that the reuse water did not serve as a nutritional contribution for the beet's development, since Treatment 1 (T1) with the use of 100% of drinking water presented better results in comparison to the others treatments, mainly in the differentiation referring to the fresh root mass. As for the degree of acceptance, the greater number of students accept the reuse of water from the treatment station. / O uso de água residuária tratada na agricultura proporciona a reciclagem de nutrientes, é uma opção barata de disposição de efluentes e estudos afirmam que existe um aumento significativo na produtividade agrícola. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a influência agronômica do reuso de água residuária tratada no cultivo da beterraba e a aceitação pública quanto à prática desse reuso. A metodologia consistiu em uma pesquisa qualitativa e quantitativa, com duas áreas: a primeira etapa foi em casa de vegetação no Departamento de Engenharia Agronômica (DEA) na Universidade Federal de Sergipe/Campus São Cristóvão; e a segunda etapa foi realizada na Escola Estadual Professor Hamilton Alves Rocha no Conjunto Eduardo Gomes, localizado no município de São Cristóvão/SE. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de Blocos Casualizados (DBC), composto por quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições, com 20 parcelas úteis e quatro plantas por parcela útil, com quatro percentuais de água residuária e⁄ou água potável da Companhia de Abastecimento de Sergipe (DESO); T 1-100% água da DESO; T2-75% água da DESO + 25% água residuária; T3-75% água residuária + 25% água da DESO e T4-100% água residuária. A lâmina de irrigação foi obtida utilizando-se o método do FAO 56. Na primeira etapa os dados obtidos com os parâmetros agronômicos avaliados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias dos tratamentos foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey ao nível de 0,01 de probabilidade. As análises da qualidade físico-química da água residuária tratada e da água potável foram comparados pelos limites dos parâmetros físico – químicos da Classe 1 das águas doces da Resolução CONAMA 357/2005 e pela Resolução CONAMA 430/2011. Para a segunda etapa, a seleção da amostra referente à aplicação do formulário de pesquisa foi determinada por amostra simples e aleatória da população finita, com erro experimental de no máximo 10%. Os resultados obtidos nas análises demonstraram que a água de reuso não serviu de aporte nutricional para o desenvolvimento da beterraba, pois o Tratamento 1 (T1) com a utilização de 100% de água potável apresentou melhores resultados em comparação aos outros tratamentos, principalmente na diferenciação referente à massa fresca da raiz. Quanto ao grau de aceitação o maior número dos discentes aceita a reutilização de água proveniente de estação de tratamento.