Crop coefficients are used to estimate water use from reference evapotranspiration values provided by weather stations. Two varieties of barley and durum were planted at the Maricopa Agricultural Center in late November and early January. Water use was estimated from neutron probe readings and crop coefficients were calculated by dividing water use by reference evapotranspiration. The crop coefficients calculated in this study peaked at 1.0 or less in contrast to published values which generally peak around 1.2. The crop coefficients were lower at the later planting, and there appear to be differences between barley and durum and among barley varieties.

Crop coefficients are used to estimate water use from reference evapotranspiration values provided by weather stations. Four varieties of barley and durum were planted at the Maricopa Agricultural Center early December and early January and one durum variety was planted at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center in late December and mid-February. Water use was estimated from neutron probe readings and crop coefficients were calculated by dividing water use by reference evapotranspiration. The crop coefficients calculated in this study peaked from 1.0 to 1.3, and the peak averaged about 1.16. Some differences were detected among planting dates and varieties, but it has yet to be determined if these differences are of practical significance.

Ações que influenciam a redução do consumo de água em edifícios têm sido implementadas, de forma generalizada, principalmente nos grandes centros urbanos, onde a escassez de água é uma realidade, quer seja por causas naturais, pelo aumento da demanda provocado pelo crescimento populacional ou por ambas as causas. Com o objetivo de sistematizar um Programa de Uso Racional da Água - PURA, para ser implantado em edifícios, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia cuja premissa básica é o conhecimento das características físicas e funcionais do sistema para o planejamento de ações mais eficientes de redução do consumo de água a serem implementadas e avaliadas. Assim, a metodologia foi estruturada em quatro etapas principais:auditoria do consumo de água, diagnóstico, plano de intervenção e avaliação do impacto de redução e, ainda com a recomendação de controle permanente do consumo de água como condição de estabilizar as reduções alcançadas. Ressalta-se que o planode intervenção enfatiza as ações tecnológicas e, dentre elas, a detecção e correção de vazamentos e substituição de sistemas e componentes convencionais por economizadores de água. Finalmente, a metodologia foi aplicada a duas tipologias de edifício - um hospital e uma escola. Os resultados obtidos foram bastante satisfatórios e mostraram que os níveis de consumo de água atuais podem ser diminuídos mantendo o desempenho do sistema e o grau de satisfação dos usuários, reduzindo os valores das contas de água e, além disso, contribuindo para a conservação dos recursos hídricos. / Actions that influence the reduction of water consumption within buildings have been implemented, a general way, mainly in big urban centers, where the scarcity of water is a reality due to nature reasons, increasing of water demand or both causes. With the objective to organize a Water Conservation Program to be implanted in buildings, a methodology was developed. Its basic premise is the knowledge of physical and functional characteristics of the system in order to plan more efficient actions towards the water consumption reduction that will be implemented and evaluated. Thus, the methodology was structured in four stages: water consumption audit, diagnosis, interventioning plan and impact reduction evaluation and with the recommendation of the necessity to control the water consumption as a condition to conserve the reductions gotten. It is important to stress the technological actions, such as leak detection and correction and the replacement of conventional components for saver ones. Finally, the methodology was applied in two typologies of building - first one in a hospital and second one in a school. The results were really satisfactory. They show that the present water consumption levels can be decreased maintaining the system performance and the satisfaction of the users, the reducing of the water bills and moreover contributing to the fresh water resources conservation.T

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Wyoming, 2008. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on August 4, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 89-95).

Ações que influenciam a redução do consumo de água em edifícios têm sido implementadas, de forma generalizada, principalmente nos grandes centros urbanos, onde a escassez de água é uma realidade, quer seja por causas naturais, pelo aumento da demanda provocado pelo crescimento populacional ou por ambas as causas. Com o objetivo de sistematizar um Programa de Uso Racional da Água - PURA, para ser implantado em edifícios, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia cuja premissa básica é o conhecimento das características físicas e funcionais do sistema para o planejamento de ações mais eficientes de redução do consumo de água a serem implementadas e avaliadas. Assim, a metodologia foi estruturada em quatro etapas principais:auditoria do consumo de água, diagnóstico, plano de intervenção e avaliação do impacto de redução e, ainda com a recomendação de controle permanente do consumo de água como condição de estabilizar as reduções alcançadas. Ressalta-se que o planode intervenção enfatiza as ações tecnológicas e, dentre elas, a detecção e correção de vazamentos e substituição de sistemas e componentes convencionais por economizadores de água. Finalmente, a metodologia foi aplicada a duas tipologias de edifício - um hospital e uma escola. Os resultados obtidos foram bastante satisfatórios e mostraram que os níveis de consumo de água atuais podem ser diminuídos mantendo o desempenho do sistema e o grau de satisfação dos usuários, reduzindo os valores das contas de água e, além disso, contribuindo para a conservação dos recursos hídricos. / Actions that influence the reduction of water consumption within buildings have been implemented, a general way, mainly in big urban centers, where the scarcity of water is a reality due to nature reasons, increasing of water demand or both causes. With the objective to organize a Water Conservation Program to be implanted in buildings, a methodology was developed. Its basic premise is the knowledge of physical and functional characteristics of the system in order to plan more efficient actions towards the water consumption reduction that will be implemented and evaluated. Thus, the methodology was structured in four stages: water consumption audit, diagnosis, interventioning plan and impact reduction evaluation and with the recommendation of the necessity to control the water consumption as a condition to conserve the reductions gotten. It is important to stress the technological actions, such as leak detection and correction and the replacement of conventional components for saver ones. Finally, the methodology was applied in two typologies of building - first one in a hospital and second one in a school. The results were really satisfactory. They show that the present water consumption levels can be decreased maintaining the system performance and the satisfaction of the users, the reducing of the water bills and moreover contributing to the fresh water resources conservation.T

The United States (US) has experienced a surge in water shortages and droughts in recent times. Water shortages can result from population growth, climate change, inadequate water management policies, and the improper use of available technologies. The existing data and research on water use associated with water management policy structures are limited. Many states in the US follow strict regulations on water discharge into streams to enforce water quality standards; however, water withdrawal restrictions from streams are limited and inadequate in terms of water management at times of low flow. In states such as Virginia (VA), the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality (VDEQ) requires a Virginia Water Protection (VWP) permit for all water withdrawals from VA's surface waters. However, under certain provisions of VWP regulations, users are exempted from having a permit. Such permit exemptions exist in many states and present a severe challenge to water supply management. Chapter 2 compares the impact of permit exemptions on surface water availability and drought flows and compares these impacts to the relatively well-studied risks presented by dry climate change and demand growth in Virginia (VA). It was observed that in some regions, the impacts under the exempt user scenario were higher than those under the dry climate change scenario. In addition, water supply managers and government agencies use user-reported water withdrawal data to develop water management programs. Irrigated agriculture is the largest source of water consumption in the US. However, water-reporting regulations exempt users from withdrawing water for irrigation under a certain threshold. Moreover, as water is not metered, users often do not report their irrigation water use, resulting in considerable uncertainty about the impacts of irrigation withdrawals, which could potentially impact other water users, lead to water shortages or conflicts, and negatively impact stream ecology. Chapter 3 focuses on developing a novel methodology for quantifying unreported irrigation water withdrawals using publicly available USDA-Census and USDA-IWMS datasets. This method was used to evaluate the unreported water withdrawals in the VA. Finally, water use practices at the field level intersect with other environmental issues at a larger scale. For example, irrigation practices can influence nutrient uptake and transport at the field level. Insufficient water for irrigation, especially during critical growth stages, results in yield and economic losses and reduces agricultural productivity. However, excessive irrigation can lead to wasted water and energy as well as runoff and leaching of nutrients and agricultural chemicals. Therefore, the adoption of technological advancements at the field scale can reduce the amount of water needed to fulfill the needs while mitigating any nutrient impacts on the soil due to the excessive use of water. This is highly important when fertilizer prices are always high. Chapter 4 focuses on quantifying the impact of the use of short-term weather forecast data in irrigation scheduling on nutrient and water use efficiency in humid climates: experimental results for corn and cotton. It was found that irrigation scheduling using short-term weather forecast data is helpful for improving the nutrient and water use efficiency of corn. For cotton, nutrient and water use efficiency are highly influenced by irrigation and precipitation with respect to the growth stage. / Doctor of Philosophy / Water shortages in the US have increased in recent times owing to climate change. Water demand is expected to increase in the future due to population growth and economic development in certain regions. Water supply planning is significantly influenced by water policy regulations. Water withdrawal regulations mandate a water withdrawal permit for making withdrawals in many states across the US. However, due to provisions in the same water regulations, certain users are exempt from taking a water withdrawal permit. One example of such users is grandfathered users who had a water withdrawal permit before July 1, 1989, in Virginia. Such exemptions are a severe challenge to the management of water supply, as exempt withdrawal amounts are generally high. We studied the impacts of these exempt users on VA's water resources of VA and compared them with the impacts of dry climate change and 2040 demand growth in Chapter 2. The results indicate that the impact of exempt users is higher than that of climate change in some regions across VA. Additionally, water-reporting regulations require users to report irrigation water withdrawals. However, users below the reporting threshold were excluded from reporting. Some users might underreport or do not comply with the water withdrawal regulations. These user-reported data are often used in developing water management plans, which may become ineffective owing to incomplete water use data. Chapter 3 focuses on the development of a data-based approach for quantifying unreported irrigation water withdrawals. This method would be transferable to any other state across the US. We compared the estimated irrigation withdrawals with reported irrigation withdrawals across the VA and generated unreported withdrawals at the county level in the VA. Finally, at the field level, irrigation can highly influence the nutrient uptake of plants. Excess irrigation may result in the removal of nutrients below the roots of the plant or may be removed by surface runoff, making it unavailable for plant uptake. Along with the economic impacts of unused fertilizer and loss in yield, unused nutrients may impact the environment and water bodies. Chapter 4 focuses on the impact of short-term weather forecast data on the irrigation scheduling of corn and cotton in humid climates. We found that weather-informed irrigation is helpful in increasing the nutrient and water use efficiency of corn. For cotton, the results were highly affected by precipitation and irrigation with respect to the growth stage of cotton.

The main purpose of the National Water Act 36 of 1998 is to provide for fundamental reform of the law relating to water resources in South Africa. Section 3(1) of the National Water Act 36 of 1998 (NWA) stipulates that the national government, as the public trustee of the nation's water resources, must ensure the protection, use, development, conservation and management of water. Water must also be controlled in a sustainable and fair manner, to the advantage of all persons and in accordance with the national government`s constitutional mandate. Subsection (2) stipulates that the Minister is ultimately responsible to ensure that water is allocated and used in a fair manner, for the benefit of the public interest, while promoting environmental values. Subsection (3) further stipulates that the national government also has to regulate the use, flow and control of all water in the Republic. These provisions of the NWA gave birth to the concept of public trusteeship in the South African law. The NWA provides for a number of different water us rights; from water use rights for domestic purposes to water use rights for the purpose of agriculture. Considering the extent of the study of all the water use rights that exist within the provisions of the NWA, this research will focus on licensed water use rights intended for agriculture. In this study it will be determined whether these licensed water use rights form part of a person's estate. Furthermore, it will also be determined whether these rights are transferable and whether a value can be attached to these rights in the estate of a person. / Thesis (LL.M. (Estate Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

The main purpose of the National Water Act 36 of 1998 is to provide for fundamental reform of the law relating to water resources in South Africa. Section 3(1) of the National Water Act 36 of 1998 (NWA) stipulates that the national government, as the public trustee of the nation's water resources, must ensure the protection, use, development, conservation and management of water. Water must also be controlled in a sustainable and fair manner, to the advantage of all persons and in accordance with the national government`s constitutional mandate. Subsection (2) stipulates that the Minister is ultimately responsible to ensure that water is allocated and used in a fair manner, for the benefit of the public interest, while promoting environmental values. Subsection (3) further stipulates that the national government also has to regulate the use, flow and control of all water in the Republic. These provisions of the NWA gave birth to the concept of public trusteeship in the South African law. The NWA provides for a number of different water us rights; from water use rights for domestic purposes to water use rights for the purpose of agriculture. Considering the extent of the study of all the water use rights that exist within the provisions of the NWA, this research will focus on licensed water use rights intended for agriculture. In this study it will be determined whether these licensed water use rights form part of a person's estate. Furthermore, it will also be determined whether these rights are transferable and whether a value can be attached to these rights in the estate of a person. / Thesis (LL.M. (Estate Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

South Africa is a water - scarce country and will be facing a serious water shortage by approximately 2020. The study, that aims to establish attitudes towards the use of water and to examine the role of education in ensuring responsible use of water, focuses on Moruleng village which was selected as representational of the 28 villages of Saulspoort region. The outcomes of the literature review which examined water consumption patterns in rural areas prompted the conducting of focus group interview with four categories of villagers from the Moruleng village. Personal observations supported by photographs and follow-up interviews with individuals featured in the photographs supplemented the interview data. The study evidenced that water consumption patterns in rural communities are indicative of attitudes. Villagers' attitudes towards water and its use are ambiguous. The study purposes to examine the possible options to inculcate positive attitudes towards water and its use through the recommendations contained in the study. / Educational Studies / M.Ed.(Environmental Education))

No description available.