Cutter Soil Mixing (CSM) is a recently developed deep mixing technique that has grown to include the treatment of sandy and silty soils. This study seeks to investigate the influence of (i) sand-silt ratio, (ii) cement content, (iii) water content and (iv) time on the unconfined compressive strength of saturated cement-treated soil specimens. A new test device and method of specimen reconstitution were conceived in order to obtain a saturated mix of soil and cement. A comparison of results show strength increases non-linearly to decreasing total water-cement ratio, and that this trend is largely independent of sand-silt ratio. Furthermore, strength increases non-linearly with time and is independent of sand-silt ratio. Lastly, it is recommended that the strength be correlated with total water-cement ratio rather than cement content, in order to improve data reporting and provide design guidance to engineering practice.

Cutter Soil Mixing (CSM) is a recently developed deep mixing technique that has grown to include the treatment of sandy and silty soils. This study seeks to investigate the influence of (i) sand-silt ratio, (ii) cement content, (iii) water content and (iv) time on the unconfined compressive strength of saturated cement-treated soil specimens. A new test device and method of specimen reconstitution were conceived in order to obtain a saturated mix of soil and cement. A comparison of results show strength increases non-linearly to decreasing total water-cement ratio, and that this trend is largely independent of sand-silt ratio. Furthermore, strength increases non-linearly with time and is independent of sand-silt ratio. Lastly, it is recommended that the strength be correlated with total water-cement ratio rather than cement content, in order to improve data reporting and provide design guidance to engineering practice.

Cutter Soil Mixing (CSM) is a recently developed deep mixing technique that has grown to include the treatment of sandy and silty soils. This study seeks to investigate the influence of (i) sand-silt ratio, (ii) cement content, (iii) water content and (iv) time on the unconfined compressive strength of saturated cement-treated soil specimens. A new test device and method of specimen reconstitution were conceived in order to obtain a saturated mix of soil and cement. A comparison of results show strength increases non-linearly to decreasing total water-cement ratio, and that this trend is largely independent of sand-silt ratio. Furthermore, strength increases non-linearly with time and is independent of sand-silt ratio. Lastly, it is recommended that the strength be correlated with total water-cement ratio rather than cement content, in order to improve data reporting and provide design guidance to engineering practice. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Civil Engineering, Department of / Graduate

In the theoretical part, I mentioned the project management of buildings and the construction of prices in construction. In the next section I have described the building site and its water supply requirements. Finally, I have dealt with the cost of water and its consumption. The aim of the thesis was to analyze the influence of water prices on the cost of construction. I transferred this analysis to the model building in the practical part of the thesis. I determined the water consumption during construction, and then I analyzed the impact of the change in water prices on the construction cost.

Light-weight aggregate has been used successfully for structural and non-structural applications, and its most common use has been in light-weight concrete. Limited research has been done on light-weight grout though and there are no standards in place. The research performed in this study is intended to increase the knowledge of light-weight grout specifically made with expanded shale aggregate. The research presented herein is a pilot study and consists of preliminary aggregate and grout testing that resulted in the mix design of six grout types: three fine grout designs and three coarse grout designs. Conventional normal-weight aggregate was employed in the first grout mix. A light-weight aggregate batch was made with the same material proportions, as well as the same target water-cement (w/c) ratio and cement content. The weight of the cement was increased by 30 percent in the third grout type of each set to determine the effect on strength. The slump, component temperature, unit weight, air content, segregation, cement content, w/c ratio, and compressive strength for each grout type was gathered throughout testing. Correlations between grout testing results are examined and discussed. In addition, the effectiveness of expanded shale grout, other light-weight grouts, and normal-weight grout with respect to compressive strength to cement content ratio are determined. Results of the testing show that all six grout types studied in this research reached the minimum 28-day strength of 13.8 MPa (2000 psi) ASTM standard. In addition, the results indicate that the cement content in expanded shale light-weight grout would need to be increased to reach comparable compressive strengths to that of the normal-weight grout. The comparison between the compressive strength to cement content ratio of the different grouts indicate that normal-weight grout is more efficient. In addition, light-weight grout made with blast furnace slag grout is slightly more efficient than that made with expanded shale; however, this observation was only possible after several crucial assumptions were made about an existing blast furnace slag study. These strength-cement ratios do not account, however, for the benefits of reduced dead loads, improved thermal insulation, and improved sound insulation that could potentially influence the choice of the material used in and the life-cycle cost of the construction. Additional research should be done to verify the results of the ratios and the assumptions made herein. Furthermore, a life-cycle analysis needs to be conducted before a definite conclusion is made about which type grout is more efficient.

Freqüentemente, a utilização de técnicas tradicionais da engenharia geotécnica depara-se com obstáculos de caráter econômico e ambiental. A técnica do solo-cimento torna-se atrativa quando a melhora das propriedades do solo do local constitui-se numa alternativa de projeto. A técnica de tratamento de solos com cimento encontra aplicação, por exemplo, na construção de bases para pavimentos, na proteção de taludes em barragens de terra e como camada de suporte para fundações superficiais. Entretanto, ainda não existem metodologias de dosagem e projeto das misturas de solo-cimento baseadas em critérios racionais como existe, por exemplo, para o concreto, onde a relação água/cimento desempenha papel fundamental na obtenção da resistência desejada. Nesse sentido, este estudo tem por objetivo quantificar a influência do teor de cimento, da porosidade e do teor de umidade de moldagem, sobre a resistência mecânica de um solo arenoso artificialmente cimentado e avaliar a adequação do uso das relações água/cimento e vazios/cimento na estimativa da sua resistência à compressão simples. Para isso foram realizados ensaios de compressão simples, triaxiais não-drenados e medidas de sucção matricial. Os resultados mostram que a resistência à compressão simples cresceu linearmente com o aumento do teor de cimento e exponencialmente com a redução na porosidade da mistura compactada. Além disso, a variação do teor de umidade de moldagem afetou significativamente a resistência à compressão simples em misturas compactadas numa mesma massa específica aparente seca. Verificou-se que, para o solo-cimento no estado não-saturado (estado em que normalmente se encontram os aterros compactados), o fator água/cimento não é um bom parâmetro para estimativa da resistência à compressão simples. Ao contrário, a relação vazios/cimento, definida pela razão entre a porosidade da mistura compactada e o teor volumétrico de cimento, ajustado por um expoente, demonstrou ser o parâmetro mais adequado na estimativa da resistência à compressão simples do solo-cimento estudado. / Often, the use of traditional techniques in geotechnical engineering faces obstacles of economical and environmental nature. The soil-cement technique becomes attractive when the improvement of the local soil is a project alternative. The treatment of soils with cement finds application, for instance, in the construction of pavement base layers, in slope protection of earth dams and as a support layer for shallow foundations. However, there are no dosage methodologies based on a rational criteria as it exists in the case of the concrete technology, where the water/cement ratio plays a fundamental role in the assessment of the target strength. In that sense, this study aims to quantify the influence of the amount of cement, the porosity and the moisture content on the strength of a sandy soil artificially cemented, as well as to evaluate the use of a water/cement ratio and a voids/cement ratio to assess its unconfined compression strength. A number of unconfined compression tests, undrained triaxial tests and measures of matric suction were carried out. The results show that the unconfined compression strength increased linearly with the increase of the amount of cement and exponentially with the reduction in the porosity of the compacted mixture. Besides, the change in moisture content has remarkably affected the unconfined compression strength of mixtures compacted in a same dry density. It was verified that, for the soil-cement in the unsaturated state (state usually met by compacted fills), the water/cement ratio is not a good parameter for assessment of unconfined compression strength. In the other hand, the voids/cement ratio, defined by the reason between the porosity of the compacted mixture and the volumetric cement content, adjusted by an exponent, demonstrated to be the most appropriate parameter in the assessment of unconfined compression strenght of the studied soil-cement.

Freqüentemente, a utilização de técnicas tradicionais da engenharia geotécnica depara-se com obstáculos de caráter econômico e ambiental. A técnica do solo-cimento torna-se atrativa quando a melhora das propriedades do solo do local constitui-se numa alternativa de projeto. A técnica de tratamento de solos com cimento encontra aplicação, por exemplo, na construção de bases para pavimentos, na proteção de taludes em barragens de terra e como camada de suporte para fundações superficiais. Entretanto, ainda não existem metodologias de dosagem e projeto das misturas de solo-cimento baseadas em critérios racionais como existe, por exemplo, para o concreto, onde a relação água/cimento desempenha papel fundamental na obtenção da resistência desejada. Nesse sentido, este estudo tem por objetivo quantificar a influência do teor de cimento, da porosidade e do teor de umidade de moldagem, sobre a resistência mecânica de um solo arenoso artificialmente cimentado e avaliar a adequação do uso das relações água/cimento e vazios/cimento na estimativa da sua resistência à compressão simples. Para isso foram realizados ensaios de compressão simples, triaxiais não-drenados e medidas de sucção matricial. Os resultados mostram que a resistência à compressão simples cresceu linearmente com o aumento do teor de cimento e exponencialmente com a redução na porosidade da mistura compactada. Além disso, a variação do teor de umidade de moldagem afetou significativamente a resistência à compressão simples em misturas compactadas numa mesma massa específica aparente seca. Verificou-se que, para o solo-cimento no estado não-saturado (estado em que normalmente se encontram os aterros compactados), o fator água/cimento não é um bom parâmetro para estimativa da resistência à compressão simples. Ao contrário, a relação vazios/cimento, definida pela razão entre a porosidade da mistura compactada e o teor volumétrico de cimento, ajustado por um expoente, demonstrou ser o parâmetro mais adequado na estimativa da resistência à compressão simples do solo-cimento estudado. / Often, the use of traditional techniques in geotechnical engineering faces obstacles of economical and environmental nature. The soil-cement technique becomes attractive when the improvement of the local soil is a project alternative. The treatment of soils with cement finds application, for instance, in the construction of pavement base layers, in slope protection of earth dams and as a support layer for shallow foundations. However, there are no dosage methodologies based on a rational criteria as it exists in the case of the concrete technology, where the water/cement ratio plays a fundamental role in the assessment of the target strength. In that sense, this study aims to quantify the influence of the amount of cement, the porosity and the moisture content on the strength of a sandy soil artificially cemented, as well as to evaluate the use of a water/cement ratio and a voids/cement ratio to assess its unconfined compression strength. A number of unconfined compression tests, undrained triaxial tests and measures of matric suction were carried out. The results show that the unconfined compression strength increased linearly with the increase of the amount of cement and exponentially with the reduction in the porosity of the compacted mixture. Besides, the change in moisture content has remarkably affected the unconfined compression strength of mixtures compacted in a same dry density. It was verified that, for the soil-cement in the unsaturated state (state usually met by compacted fills), the water/cement ratio is not a good parameter for assessment of unconfined compression strength. In the other hand, the voids/cement ratio, defined by the reason between the porosity of the compacted mixture and the volumetric cement content, adjusted by an exponent, demonstrated to be the most appropriate parameter in the assessment of unconfined compression strenght of the studied soil-cement.

Freqüentemente, a utilização de técnicas tradicionais da engenharia geotécnica depara-se com obstáculos de caráter econômico e ambiental. A técnica do solo-cimento torna-se atrativa quando a melhora das propriedades do solo do local constitui-se numa alternativa de projeto. A técnica de tratamento de solos com cimento encontra aplicação, por exemplo, na construção de bases para pavimentos, na proteção de taludes em barragens de terra e como camada de suporte para fundações superficiais. Entretanto, ainda não existem metodologias de dosagem e projeto das misturas de solo-cimento baseadas em critérios racionais como existe, por exemplo, para o concreto, onde a relação água/cimento desempenha papel fundamental na obtenção da resistência desejada. Nesse sentido, este estudo tem por objetivo quantificar a influência do teor de cimento, da porosidade e do teor de umidade de moldagem, sobre a resistência mecânica de um solo arenoso artificialmente cimentado e avaliar a adequação do uso das relações água/cimento e vazios/cimento na estimativa da sua resistência à compressão simples. Para isso foram realizados ensaios de compressão simples, triaxiais não-drenados e medidas de sucção matricial. Os resultados mostram que a resistência à compressão simples cresceu linearmente com o aumento do teor de cimento e exponencialmente com a redução na porosidade da mistura compactada. Além disso, a variação do teor de umidade de moldagem afetou significativamente a resistência à compressão simples em misturas compactadas numa mesma massa específica aparente seca. Verificou-se que, para o solo-cimento no estado não-saturado (estado em que normalmente se encontram os aterros compactados), o fator água/cimento não é um bom parâmetro para estimativa da resistência à compressão simples. Ao contrário, a relação vazios/cimento, definida pela razão entre a porosidade da mistura compactada e o teor volumétrico de cimento, ajustado por um expoente, demonstrou ser o parâmetro mais adequado na estimativa da resistência à compressão simples do solo-cimento estudado. / Often, the use of traditional techniques in geotechnical engineering faces obstacles of economical and environmental nature. The soil-cement technique becomes attractive when the improvement of the local soil is a project alternative. The treatment of soils with cement finds application, for instance, in the construction of pavement base layers, in slope protection of earth dams and as a support layer for shallow foundations. However, there are no dosage methodologies based on a rational criteria as it exists in the case of the concrete technology, where the water/cement ratio plays a fundamental role in the assessment of the target strength. In that sense, this study aims to quantify the influence of the amount of cement, the porosity and the moisture content on the strength of a sandy soil artificially cemented, as well as to evaluate the use of a water/cement ratio and a voids/cement ratio to assess its unconfined compression strength. A number of unconfined compression tests, undrained triaxial tests and measures of matric suction were carried out. The results show that the unconfined compression strength increased linearly with the increase of the amount of cement and exponentially with the reduction in the porosity of the compacted mixture. Besides, the change in moisture content has remarkably affected the unconfined compression strength of mixtures compacted in a same dry density. It was verified that, for the soil-cement in the unsaturated state (state usually met by compacted fills), the water/cement ratio is not a good parameter for assessment of unconfined compression strength. In the other hand, the voids/cement ratio, defined by the reason between the porosity of the compacted mixture and the volumetric cement content, adjusted by an exponent, demonstrated to be the most appropriate parameter in the assessment of unconfined compression strenght of the studied soil-cement.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-02-15T14:12:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Eduardo Braun_.pdf: 3816402 bytes, checksum: 868ecc968577b70b35d2cfde265248ec (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-15T14:12:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Eduardo Braun_.pdf: 3816402 bytes, checksum: 868ecc968577b70b35d2cfde265248ec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-07 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / PROSUP - Programa de Suporte à Pós-Gradução de Instituições de Ensino Particulares / Durante a execução de elementos de concreto no canteiro de obras, procedimentos de controle de qualidade do concreto são adotados com o objetivo de verificar se o material atende às características de projeto. Esta verificação também visa evitar falhas durante as etapas subsequentes da construção, que podem levar até à inviabilização do empreendimento. Estudos sobre métodos que têm como objetivo estimar a relação água/cimento (a/c) do concreto no estado fresco vêm recebendo maior atenção nos últimos tempos, devido à importância deste parâmetro sobre a resistência e durabilidade das estruturas de concreto, e por não existirem métodos práticos e precisos disponíveis até o momento, que permitam a sua determinação após a realização da mistura. Estudos sobre o método da resistividade elétrica apontam para uma forte correlação entre os valores de resistividade e a relação água/cimento do concreto no estado fresco, possibilitando a utilização do método como uma interessante alternativa para determinação da relação a/c. O presente estudo tem como objetivo apresentar uma análise do método da resistividade elétrica, aplicado à estimativa de valores de relação água/cimento de concretos no estado fresco, confeccionados com cimentos nacionais, além da estimativa de valores de resistência à compressão axial do concreto no estado endurecido. Foram realizados ensaios com concretos dosados a partir do método IPT/EPUSP para seis cimentos nacionais (CPV-ARI, CPIV-32, CPIII-40, CPII-Z-32, CPII-F-32 e CPII-E-40), variando-se a relação a/c (0,35, 0,45, 0,55 e 0,65), utilizando uma sonda aprimorada para realização dos testes, a qual foi desenvolvida neste estudo com base num protótipo já desenvolvido anteriormente. Os resultados obtidos apontam para uma forte correlação existente entre a resistividade elétrica do concreto no estado fresco e a relação a/c, com valores médios das estimativas para relação a/c dentro do intervalo de ±0,02, com relação aos valores efetivos das misturas testadas. A margem de erro média para as estimativas de relação a/c, considerando-se todos os cimentos testados, ficou no intervalo entre 2,25% e 9,38%. Foram obtidos coeficientes de determinação na ordem de 85,7% a 95,2% para as estimativas de resistência à compressão, mostrando que é possível determinar tanto a relação a/c quanto a resistência à compressão do concreto através do método da resistividade elétrica, quando o material encontra-se ainda no estado fresco. / During construction of concrete elements in the building site, quality control proceedings are adopted in order to verify if the concrete reaches its design specifications, which also avoids failures during the subsequent stages of the construction. Test methods used for the determination of the water-cement (w/c) ratio have received increased attention, due to the importance of this ratio for the concrete resistance and durability, and also because there isn’t any practical and sufficiently precise method available at the moment, which could be used for determining water-cement ration after mixing. Studies about the electrical resistivity method have shown a strong relationship between the measured resistivity values and water-cement ratio, for the fresh concrete, making this method an interesting alternative for determining w/c ratio. This study presents an analysis of the electrical resistivity method, applied to determine the water-cement ratio of several fresh concrete mixtures made with different types of Brazilian cements, in addition to estimates of compressive strength values of the hardened concretes. Concrete mixtures were made out of six cement types (CPV-ARI, CPIV-32, CPIII-40, CPII-Z-32, CPII-F-32 and CPII-E-40), dosed by the IPT/EPUSP method, and four water-cement ratios (0.35, 0.45, 0.55 and 0.65). Tests were performed using an improved probe, developed in this study, based in one prototype developed previously. Results shown a strong relationship between the electrical resistivity of fresh concrete and its water-cement ratio, with average estimated values within ±0,02 of the actual water-cement ratio values for the mixtures tested. The average error for the w/c ratio estimated values, considering all of the cements tested, was between 2,25% and 9,38%. The compressive strength estimates reached coefficients of determination between 85,7% and 95,2%, showing that it is possible to estimate both w/c ratio and compressive strength of concrete while still in the fresh state with the electrical resistivity method presented here.

Esta tesis tiene un enfoque cuantitativo, la cual propone evaluar la influencia de la permeabilidad en diseños de concreto con el uso de aditivos Sika WT – 100 y Sika WT – 200 en obras hidráulicas de Lima Metropolitana, debido a que estas estructuras almacenan y/o conducen grandes volúmenes de agua a una velocidad determinada, y éstas al tener contacto con el agua reducen su vida útil. Los objetivos de esta tesis son determinar la profundidad de penetración de agua bajo presión bajo la Norma Europea EN 12390 – 8 y la resistencia a la compresión bajo la Norma Técnica Peruana NTP 339.034; para finalmente, determinar la permeabilidad para diseños de concreto bajo la Norma Técnica Colombiana NTC 4483. Para lograr los objetivos mencionados, se diseñó y elaboró 144 probetas cilíndricas de concreto de 10 cm de diámetro y 20 cm de altura y 48 probetas cilíndricas de concreto de 15 cm de diámetro y de altura, de las cuales fueron 64 probetas de concreto patrón (sin uso de ningún aditivo), 64 probetas de concreto con aplicación de 2% de aditivo Sika WT – 100; y 64 probetas de concreto con aplicación de 1% de aditivo Sika WT – 200. Los resultados de los diseños de concreto patrón, WT – 100 y WT – 200 con una relación agua/cemento de 0.40, con respecto a la profundidad de penetración de agua bajo presión, fueron 40, 30 y 15 mm, respectivamente. Los resultados de los diseños de concreto patrón, WT – 100 y WT – 200, con respecto a la resistencia a la compresión a los 28 días con una relación agua/cemento de 0.40, fueron 637, 621 y 632 kg/cm2, respectivamente. Según la Norma Técnica Colombiana NTC 4483 y con los resultados obtenidos, se concluye que el diseño de concreto patrón y el diseño de concreto WT – 100 alcanzan una media permeabilidad y que el diseño de concreto WT – 200 alcanza una baja permeabilidad, con una relación agua/cemento de 0.40. This thesis has a quantitative focus, that propose to evaluate the influence of permeability concrete designs with the use of admixtures Sika WT – 100 and Sika WT – 200 in Metropolitan Lima waterworks, because these structures store and lead large volumes of water at a certain speed, and when these has contact with water reduces their useful life. The objectives of this thesis are to determine the depth of penetration of water under pressure under the European Norm EN 12390-8 and compressive strength under the Peruvian Technical Norm NTP 339.034; finally, determine the permeability of concrete designs under the Colombian Technical Norm NTC 4483. To achieve these objectives, we designed and developed 144 cylindrical concrete specimens 10 cm in diameter and 20 cm high and 48 cylindrical concrete specimens 15 cm in diameter and height, which were 64 concrete specimens pattern (without use of any admixture) concrete specimens 64 with application of 2% admixture Sika WT - 100; and 64 concrete specimens with application of 1% admixture Sika WT - 200. The results of pattern, WT – 100 and WT - 200 concrete designs with a water – cement ratio of 0.40, with respect to the depth of penetration of water under pressure, were 40, 30 and 15 mm, respectively. The results of pattern, WT – 100 and WT - 200 concrete designs with a water – cement ratio of 0.40, with respect to compressive strength at 28 days, were 637, 621 and 632 kg/cm2, respectively. According to the Colombian Technical Norm NTC 4483 and the obtained results, one can conclude that the pattern concrete design and WT - 100 concrete design reach a medium permeability and concrete design WT - 200 reaches a high permeability, with a water – cement ratio of 0.40.