High throughput screening techniques that are routinely used in modern drug discovery processes result in a higher prevalence of poorly water-soluble drugs. Such drugs often have poor bioavailability issues due to their poor dissolution and/or permeability to achieve sufficient and consistent systemic exposure, resulting in sub-optimal therapeutic efficacies, particularly via oral administration. Alternative formulations and delivery routes are demanded to improve their bioavailability. Nanoparticulate formulations of poorly water-soluble drugs offer improved dissolution profiles. The physiology of the lung makes it an ideal target for non-invasive local and systemic drug delivery for poorly water-soluble drugs. In Chapter 2, a particle engineering process ultra-rapid freezing (URF) was utilized to produce nanostructured aggregates of itraconazole (ITZ), a BCS class II drug, for pulmonary delivery with approved biocompatible excipients. The obtained formulation, ITZ:mannitol:lecithin (1:0.5:0.2, w/w), i.e. URF-ITZ, was a solid solution with high surface area and ability to achieve high magnitude of supersaturation. An aqueous colloidal dispersion of URF-ITZ was suitable for nebulization, which demonstrated optimal aerodynamic properties for deep lung delivery and high lung and systemic ITZ levels when inhaled by mice. The significantly improved systemic bioavailability of inhaled URF-ITZ was mainly ascribed to the amorphous morphology that raised the drug solubility. The effect of supersaturation of amorphous URF-ITZ relative to nanocrystalline ITZ on bioavailability following inhalation was evaluated in Chapter 3. The nanoparticulate amorphous ITZ composition resulted in a significantly higher systemic bioavailability than for the nanocrystalline ITZ composition, as a result of the higher supersaturation that increased the permeation. In Chapter 4, pharmacokinetics of inhaled nebulized aerosols of solubilized ITZ in solution versus nanoparticulate URF-ITZ colloidal dispersion were investigated, under the hypothesis that solubilized ITZ can be absorbed faster through mucosal membrane than the nanoparticulate ITZ. Despite similar ITZ lung deposition, the inhaled solubilized ITZ demonstrated significantly faster systemic absorption across lung epithelium relative to nanoparticulate ITZ in mice, due in part to the elimination of the phase-to-phase transition of nanoparticulate ITZ. / text

Lors de leur conservation, les principes actifs (médicaments, nutriments) peuvent être sujets à une dégradation susceptible de modifier leurs propriétés initiales et les rendre non disponibles. Aussi, les industriels et les pharmaciens hospitaliers réalisant des préparations pharmaceutiques et/ou des compléments alimentaires ont-ils la nécessité de réaliser des études de stabilité. Ces études sont longues et coûteuses car elles doivent tenir compte de tous les paramètres environnementaux susceptibles d’influencer la stabilité du principe actif, de la matrice et du conditionnement. L’objectif de cette thèse consiste à développer un outil qui permet d’estimer les taux de dégradation des vitamines et de se projeter sur la durée de vie de principes actifs nutritionnels en se basant sur l’utilisation des modèles de calcul intégrant à la fois les caractéristiques des produits, matrice et des conditions de conservation. Le projet s’est déroulé en plusieurs phases en ciblant les vitamines hydrosolubles. Tout d’abord, un développement et validation d’une méthode de dosage chromatographique qui permet de quantifier toutes les vitamines en une seule analyse sans interférence avec les éventuels produits de dégradation. Une étude de l’influence des paramètres les plus importants a été réalisée via un plan d’expériences. Les cinétiques de dégradation ont été étudiées et modélisées en plusieurs approches. A partir du modèle le plus adapté, un premier niveau de simulation a été conçu permettant de déterminer les facteurs d’influence pertinents dans la dégradation des vitamines au regard des données exploitables. Le livrable, le calculateur, devrait ainsi permettre de guider les utilisateurs industriels et hospitaliers dans le choix des conditions d’étude de vieillissement accéléré. / When stored, the active ingredients (drugs, nutrients) may be subject to degradation that may change their original properties and make them unavailable. In addition, manufacturers and hospital pharmacists carrying out pharmaceutical preparations and / or dietary supplements have the need to carry out stability studies. These studies are long and costly because they must consider all the environmental parameters likely to influence the stability of the active principle, the matrix and the packaging. The aim of this thesis is to develop a tool that allows to estimate the degradation rates of vitamins and to project on the life span of nutritional active principles based on the use of computational models integrating at the same time product characteristics, matrix and storage conditions. The project took place in several phases targeting the water-soluble vitamins. First, a development and validation of a chromatographic assay method that quantifies all vitamins in a single analysis without interference with any degradation products. A study of the influence of the most important parameters was carried out with a design of experiments. The kinetics of degradation have been studied and modeled in several approaches. From the most appropriate model, a first simulation level was designed to determine the relevant influencing factors in the degradation of vitamins in terms of exploitable data. The deliverable, the calculator, should thus help guide industrial and hospital users in the choice of accelerated aging study conditions.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de aditivos químicos sobre as perdas de matéria seca, composição química, valor nutritivo e estabilidade aeróbia da cana-de-açúcar in natura ou ensilada. No primeiro experimento, a cana-de-açúcar foi ensilada em silos laboratoriais. O experimento foi desenvolvido em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições por tratamento. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: L. buchneri, cal virgem e calcário em doses de 1,0 e 1,5% da MV e gesso a 1,0% da MV, diluídos em 40L de água por tonelada de massa verde. Após a abertura dos silos, foram realizadas avaliações de perdas, estabilidade aeróbia, valor nutritivo e composição química. Os tratamentos contendo fontes de CaO ou CaCO3 apresentaram maior recuperação de matéria seca e menores perdas totais e gasosas. Nesses tratamentos também foram observados menor teor de etanol e maior concentração de ácido lático e de carboidratos solúveis. Para as variáveis de valor nutritivo, as silagens tratadas com esses aditivos apresentaram alto teor de cinzas, menor teor de fibra, maior coeficiente de digestibilidade e pequena alteração da fração protéica. As silagens de cana-de-açúcar com gesso ou L. buchneri apresentaram desempenho semelhante a silagem controle para as variáveis acima mencionadas. No ensaio de estabilidade aeróbia, a silagem aditivada com 1,5% de cal virgem apresentou desempenho superior e semelhante as silagens com L. buchneri e gesso. De forma geral, durante a fase anaeróbia as silagens tratadas com fontes de CaO ou CaCO3 apresentaram desempenho superior. Entretanto, na fase aeróbia, somente o tratamento contendo 1,5% de cal virgem manteve desempenho satisfatório. O segundo experimento avaliou o tratamento em montes da cana-de-açúcar picada in natura com doses de cal virgem durante dez dias de exposição aeróbia. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições por tratamento e em arranjo fatorial 2x4 com medidas repetidas no tempo. O fatorial foi composto por dois modos de aplicação e quatro doses do aditivo (0, 0,5, 1,0 e 1,5% da MV). Durante o ensaio foram realizadas avaliações de estabilidade aeróbia, valor nutritivo e composição química. Para as variáveis de estabilidade aeróbia, a utilização de cal virgem foi efetiva em evitar o aquecimento da massa de forragem e reduzir as perdas de matéria seca. Para a avaliação químico-bromatológica, não foi constatada diferença nos teores de CHO´S entre os tratamentos. O tratamento da cana-de-açúcar com cal virgem elevou o pH e a fração mineral da forragem. Os maiores teores de proteína bruta foram observados para a forragem não aditivada, contudo os valores obtidos para os demais tratamentos estão dentro da amplitude relatada na literatura. Doses de 1,0% e 1,5% do aditivo foram efetivas em evitar a elevação nos teores de FDN e FDA da canade- açúcar. A fração hemicelulose sofreu solubilização parcial imediatamente após a aplicação do aditivo. Os maiores coeficientes de DVIVMS e DVIVMO foram observados para as doses altas do aditivo, no modo de aplicação a seco, principalmente nas primeiras horas após o tratamento. / The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effects of chemical additives over the dry matter losses, chemical composition, nutritive value and aerobic stability of green chopped and ensiled sugarcane. In the first trial, the sugar cane was ensiled in experimental silos. The trial was carried out in a completely randomized experimental design with four replicates per treatment. The treatments evaluated were: L. buchneri, CaO and CaCO3, 1.0 e 1.5% and Ca(SO4)2, 1.0% (wet basis), all of them diluted to 40L of water per ton of fresh forage. After the silos were opened, the following variables were analyzed: losses, aerobic stability, nutritive value and chemical composition. Higher recovery rates and lower dry matter losses and gaseous production were observed for the silages containing CaO or CaCO3. In these treatments were also observed lower ethanol production and higher lactic acid and water soluble carbohydrates contents. The analysis of nutritive value showed that the utilization of CaO and CaCO3 increased the ash content, diminished the fibrous portion, improved the organic and dry matter digestibility and resulted in small changes of the crude protein content. The utilization of L. buchneri and Ca(SO4)2 resulted in silages similar to the control treatment for these variables. In the aerobic stability assay, only the silage containing 1.5% of CaO maintained the best performance. The silages treated with L. buchneri or Ca(SO4)2 showed similar performance. In summary, the silages treated with CaO or CaCO3 showed the best performance in the anaerobic phase and in the aerobic assay, only the treatment containing 1.5% of CaO maintained the positive performance across both assay. In the second trial, the green chopped sugar cane was treated with doses of CaO in an aerobic assay during ten days. The trial was carried out as a completely randomized experimental design with four replicates in a factorial design with repeated measures. The factorial was composed by two application methods and by increasing doses of CaO (0, 0.5, 1.0 e 1.5% in FF). The following variables were analyzed during the assay: aerobic stability, nutritive value and chemical composition. During the aerobic assay, the treatment with CaO reduced the heating and the dry matter losses in fresh sugar cane. For the chemical composition and nutritive value, there were no differences between treatments for the water soluble carbohydrates concentration. The utilization of CaO increased the pH and ash content of forages. Higher levels of crude protein were observed for the control forage, however the utilization of CaO did not reduced significantly the crude protein value. Doses of 1.0 and 1.5% of CaO inhibited the NDF and ADF uprising contents in the fresh sugar cane. The hemicellulose portion was solubilized immediately after the addition of CaO. Higher IVDMD and IVOMD coefficients were observed for the forage treated with 1.0% of CaO applied dried, mainly during the period immediately after treatment.

In this research, we investigated a novel rigid-rod polymer sPBI for mono-layer polymer light emitting diode (PLED) fabrication and luminescence emission. sPBI could be a luminescent polymer with a low threshold voltage of 4.5 V and green light electroluminescence emission (530 nm). Its SO3H pendant attached to the p-phenyl ring improved electronic delocalization along the backbone resulted in a red shift of the absorption spectrum. By attaching propanesulfonated pendants to the heterocyclic moiety of intractable fully conjugated sPBI, water-soluble rigid-rod polyelectrolyte sPBI-PS(Li+) was synthesized to promote its processibility in water or common organic solvent. This water-soluble rigid-rod polyelectrolyte sPBI-PS(Li+) was fabricated for polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells (PLECs) with LiCF3SO3 (LiTf) or LiN(CF3SO2)2 (LiTfSI) dopants for investigating the influence of propanesulfonated pendants as well as dopants on the opto-electronic emission and the room-temperature DC conductivity. The effect of lithium salts (LiTf or LiTfSI) on photoluminescence color of doped sPBI-PS(Li+) films was negligible. sPBI-PS(Li+) PLECs doped with 0.41 and 1.01 wt. % of LiTfSI showed higher green light electroluminescence emission (514 nm) with a lower threshold voltage of 3.0 V and -4.6 V, respectively. Emission brightness of the sPBI-PS(Li+) PLEC did not raise upon increasing the ionic conductivity of the luminescent layer.

Two main areas are considered in this manuscript. The first describes the synthesis of group 10 metal complexes incorporating the water-soluble 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (PTA) ligand and the second deals with the preparation of Cr(salen)X catalysts for the copolymerization of CO2 and epoxides. In the first topic, the synthesis of nickel(II) and palladium(II) salicylaldiminato complexes incorporating PTA has been achieved employing two preparative routes. Upon reacting the original ethylene polymerization catalyst developed by Grubbs and coworkers (Organometallics, 1998, 17, 3149), (salicylaldiminato)Ni(Ph)PPh3, with PTA using a homogeneous methanol/toluene solvent system resulted in the formation of the PTA analogs in good yields. Alternatively, complexes of this type may be synthesized via a direct approach utilizing (TMEDA)M(CH3)2 (M = Ni, Pd), the corresponding salicylaldimine, and PTA. Polymerization reactions were attempted using the nickel-PTA complexes in a biphasic toluene/water mixture in an effort to initiate ethylene polymerization by trapping the dissociated phosphine ligand in the water layer, thereby, eliminating the need for a phosphine scavenger. Unfortunately, because of the strong binding ability of the small, donating phosphine (PTA) as compared to PPh3, dissociation did not occur at a temperature where the complexes are not subjected to decomposition. Additionally, the unexplored PTA derivative, 3,7-diacetyl-1,3,7-triaza-5-phosphabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (DAPTA), prepared by the literature procedure, was fully characterized by NMR and X-ray analysis. DAPTA is found be similar to its parent (PTA) in coordination mode and binding strength, as supported by its representative group 6 and group 10 complexes The second main topic involves the copolymerization of CO2 and epoxides (i.e., cyclohexene oxide (CHO)) for the formation of polycarbonate using Cr(salen)X (X = Br, OPh) catalysts with one equivalent of PR3 as the co-catalyst. The use of these catalysts and cocatalysts results in the most active chromium-based catalytic systems to date. The . hr-1highest activities observed are on the order of 109 mol CHO consumed . mol Cr-1 using PCy3 as the co-catalyst, and is clearly seen in the in situ monitoring of copolymer formation. An advantage of these systems involves the lack of cyclic carbonate production and high CO2 incorporation (>99%) within the polymer.

Among the three common gas hydrate structures, structure-H (sH) hydrate has been regarded as forming only in the laboratory since it was first reported in 1987. However, natural gas hydrate samples obtained from the Cascadia margin showed that sH hydrate can form naturally. Not only was the sH hydrate found in natural samples, but it was also discovered that n-alkanes such as n-pentane and n-hexane, considered to have too large molecular size to be sH hydrate formers, can act as co-guests of sH hydrates in mixtures with other sH hydrate formers. In this study, thermodynamic measurements and spectroscopic analysis of powder X-ray diffraction and 13C solid-state NMR methods, were performed for synthetic hydrate samples in order to identify the accommodation of n-alkanes with five or more carbon atoms. In addition, some new hydrate guests were found to form sH hydrates. From the present results, it is clear that, so far, our understanding of gas hydrates and guest enclathration needs to be revised and expanded in order to explain new findings.

Zusammenfassung Jörn Gieseler Stoffwechseluntersuchungen bei klinisch gesunden Kühen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der wasserlöslichen und fettlöslichen Antioxidantien. Medizinische Tierklinik, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig. Eingereicht im Oktober 2010. 97 Seiten; 25 Abbildungen; 11 Tabellen; 351 Literaturangaben; Schlüsselwörter: Rind, Stoffwechsel, wasserlösliche Antioxidantien, lipidlösliche Antioxidantien. Die Gesundheit und Leistung von Milchkühen sind an einen stabilen Stoffwechsel gebunden. Abweichungen in der Nährstoffversorgung, im Intermediärstoffwechsel sowie seitens der Umweltbedingungen wirken sich belastend auf den Stoffwechsel und damit auf die Gesundheit des betroffenen Organismus aus. Mit gezielten Untersuchungen, z.B. Blutuntersuchungen, kann kontrolliert werden, ob der Stoffwechsel physiologisch oder durch Imbalancen belastet oder gar gestört ist. Ziel der Untersuchung war es, die Aktivität der Glutathionperoxidase sowie die Konzentrationen der wasser- und fettlöslichen Antioxidantien im Blut von klinisch gesunden Kühen zu ermitteln, in Stoffwechseluntersuchungen mit einzubeziehen sowie den Einfluss von Laktation und Jahreszeit auf die o.g. Parameter zu prüfen. Versuchsanordnung: Insgesamt wurden bei 85 SB/HF-Kühen (7990 kg fettkorrigierte Milch/Jahr) folgende zwei Gruppen analysiert: Gruppe 1: Zur Kontrolle des Laktationsverlaufes wurden 10 Kühe zum Zeitpunkt der 4. - 5. Woche ante partum (ap), 1. Woche ap, 1 - 2 Wochen post partum (pp), 4 Wochen pp und 8 - 12 Wochen pp untersucht. Gruppe 2: Im Verlaufe eines Jahres wurden im Abstand von 6 Wochen jeweils 10 gesunde Kühe, die sich alle in der 2. - 4. Woche post partum (pp) befanden, untersucht. Stall- und Außentemperaturen wurden dabei berücksichtigt. Die Tiere der beiden Gruppen wurden nach der klinischen Untersuchung weiter chemisch auf folgende Parameter getestet: Glutathionperoxidase (GPX), wasserlöslichen Antioxidantien (ACW), fettlösliche Antioxidantien (ACL), ß-Hydroxybutyrat (BHB), Cholesterol (Chol), Bilirubin (Bili), Glutamat-Dehydrogenase (GLDH), Aspartat Amino Transferase (AST), Creatinkinase (CK), Albumin (Alb), Harnstoff (Hast), Calcium (Ca), anorganisches Phosphat (Pi) und Chlorid (Cl). Durch eine Rationsberechnung wurde die Fütterung in die Untersuchung mit einbezogen. Ergebnisse: Die Ergebnisse der peripartalen Stoffwechseluntersuchungen zeigen einen Anstieg der wasserlöslichen Antioxidantien (ACW) bis zur 4. Woche pp (p < 0,05). Ab 8 Wochen pp sinken die Konzentrationen wieder ab. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigt die Glutathionperoxidase (GPX) ihre höchste Aktivität bei den Trockenstehern. Es folgt eine starke Abnahme der Aktivität bis zur 4. Woche pp (p < 0,05) und ein Anstieg ab der 8. Woche pp (p < 0,05). Die Korrelation zwischen der Konzentration der ACW und der Aktivität der GPX verhält sich signifikant negativ. Die höchsten Konzentrationen der ACL liegen im Zeitraum des Trockenstehens, die niedrigste Konzentration 1. Woche ap - 4. Woche pp (p < 0,05). Ab 8 - 12 Wochen pp steigen die Konzentrationen der ACL wieder an. Die Stoffwechselparameter Harnstoff, Bilirubin, Cholesterol und BHB unterliegen Schwankungen über den gesamten Laktationsverlauf. Die AST-Aktivität erreicht ihren Höchststand 1-2 Wochen pp und liegt nur in dieser Zeit außerhalb der Toleranzgrenze. Die Albumin- und Pi-Konzentrationen sowie die CK-Aktivitäten bleiben im Laktationsverlauf konstant. Die Cl-Konzentration liegt in der 1. - 12. Woche pp unterhalb der physiologischen Grenze. Die Ergebnisse der Stoffwechseluntersuchungen im Jahresverlauf zeigen einen kontinuierlichen Anstieg der ACW von Februar an, mit Höchstwerten im April und August (p < 0,05). Danach erfolgt ein kontinuierlicher Abfall der Werte bis zum Dezember. Die GPX zeigt eine generelle Verminderung ihrer Aktivität von Februar bis August (p < 0,05), um dann im Oktober wieder anzusteigen. Ihre Höchstwerte liegen im Januar und Dezember. Die Aktivität der GPX und die Konzentrationen der ACW korrelieren sowohl im Jahresverlauf als auch im Laktationsverlauf signifikant negativ. Die Konzentrationen der ACL unterliegen im Jahresverlauf Schwankungen. Dennoch korrelieren sie mit den Konzentrationen der GPX signifikant positiv. Die Harnstoff- und BHB-Konzentrationen sowie die Aktivität der CK liegen im gesamten Jahresverlauf innerhalb der physiologischen Grenzen. Die CK-Aktivität erreicht, zusammen mit der Albuminkonzentration, ihre Höchstwerte im Mai. Die Albuminkonzentrationen unterliegen mit dem Bilirubin im Jahresverlauf relativen Schwankungen. Das Bilirubin hat seine niedrigste Konzentration im Dezember und Januar bzw. seine höchsten Konzentrationen im Juli und August. Die Aktivität der AST zeigt einen gleichmäßigen Anstieg in den Sommermonaten. Ihre niedrigsten Aktivitäten liegen im Dezember und Januar. Die Cholesterolkonzentration sowie die Aktivität der AP sinken im Sommer ab. Cholesterol hat seine höchsten Konzentrationen im Dezember und Januar. Schlussfolgerung: Schwankungen von Stoffwechselparametern im Jahres- und Laktationsverlauf betreffen vor allem die Antioxidantien. Deshalb können sowohl die in dieser Arbeit untersuchten Antioxidantien, als auch die anderen Stoffwechselparameter zur Beobachtung und Diagnostik von Stoffwechselbelastungen rund um die Kalbung sowie im Jahresverlauf zur Herdenkontrolle herangezogen werden. Die Referenzbereiche betragen für die ACW 12 bis 142 µmol/l und für ACL 1 bis 45 µmol/l.

Aerosols have significant impacts on earth's climate and hydrological cycle. They can directly reflect the amount of incoming solar radiation into space; by acting as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), they can indirectly impact climate by affecting cloud albedo. Our current assessment of the interactions of aerosols and clouds is uncertain and parameters used to estimate cloud droplet formation in global climate models are not well constrained. Organic aerosols attribute much of the uncertainty in these estimates and are known to affect the ability of aerosol to form cloud droplets (CCN Activity) by i) providing solute, thus reducing the equilibrium water vapor pressure of the droplet and ii) acting as surfactants capable of depressing surface tension, and potentially, growth kinetics. My thesis dissertation investigates various organic aerosol species (e.g., marine, urban, biomass burning, Humic-like Substances). An emphasis is placed on the water soluble components and secondary organic aerosols (SOA). In addition the sampled organic aerosols are acquired via different media; directly from in-situ ambient studies (TEXAQS 2006) environmental chamber experiments, regenerated from filters, and cloud water samples. Novel experimental methods and analyses to determine surface tension, molar volumes, and droplet growth rates are presented from nominal volumes of sample. These key parameters for cloud droplet formation incorporated into climate models will constrain aerosol-cloud interactions and provide a more accurate assessment for climate prediction.

L'utilisation de nanoparticules semi-conductrices colloïdales, appelées quantum dots, est nouvelle pour des applications en photocatalyse redox. Ces nano-objets possèdent une forte absorption dans le visible modulable avec leur taille. De plus, la présence d'une couche de ligands peut rendre ces nanostructures éco-compatibles. Dans ce manuscrit de thèse, une étude de la photocatalyse redox avec des nanoparticules cœur CdSe et cœur-coquille CdSe/ZnS a été réalisée dans le visible en solvant aqueux. Les quantum-dots hydrosolubles sont tout d'abord fonctionnalisés par des ligands de type acide aminé. Trois systèmes photochimiques ont ensuite été testés avec les substrats suivants : dérivés d'acides aminés, vanilline et 8oxodG. L'activité photochimique des nanoparticules semi-conductrices a pu être démontrée et évaluée par la détection de produits de réaction. Le mécanisme de transfert de charge photoinduit a par ailleurs été élucidé par des techniques spectroscopiques durant l'irradiation. / The use of colloidal semiconductor nanoparticles, called quantum dots, is recent in redox photocatalysis. Those nanostructures exhibit strong and size depending visible absorption properties. The ligand shell on the nanoparticle surface can be furthermore managed to realize green applications. Thus the study of redox photocatalysis with core CdSe nanoparticles and core-shell CdSe/ZnS was carried out with visible light in aqueous solvent. Firstly, we synthetized hydrophilic quantum-dots stabilized by amino acids ligands. Secondly, we perform three different studies of photocatalytic systems with the following substrates : modified amino acids, vanillin and 8oxodG. The nanoparticle's photochemical activity was first demonstrated and evaluated by the detection of photochemical products. The photoinduced charge transfer mechanism was elucidated during irradiation by spectroscopic techniques.

M.Tech. / There are over 250 cinnamon species existing worldwide, and amongst them, 2 species Cinnamomum cassia and Cinnamomum zeylanicum, are commonly used all over the world as spices, fragrances in perfumes and as medicines. These two species are distinguished from each other by the presence and absence of certain compounds depending on the origin and distribution of the plant. Nevertheless, all cinnamon species contain essential oils and water soluble components and the composition of these components found in each species depends on the type of species involved. These components are made up of phenyl propanoids, terpenes, flavonoids and saponins. In general, the essential oil component contains the following compounds: cinnamaldehyde as a major constituent with its derivatives cinnamic acid, cinnamyl alcohol, ethyl cinnamate, cinnamyl acetate and 2-methoxy cinnamaldehyde; eugenol; linalool; coumarin; carvone; carvacrol and β-caryophyllene. Most of these compounds are abundantly found in the bark except in the case of eugenol which is found in either leaves or bark depending on the species involved. The other water soluble component is composed of a group of compounds such as tannin, chalcone, catechins and anthocyanidins. These compounds polymerize to form methyl hydroxy chalcone polymers (MHCP) which has been shown to play an important role in lowering blood sugar levels in Type ll diabetic individuals. It is said that MHCP has an ability to promote the phosphorylation process which in turn activates the beta-cells and thereby creating insulin activity that will then convert glucose into glycogen. Besides all health benefits of cinnamon, the plant contains a toxic compound, coumarin which impacts badly on animals resulting in death, and little information on its toxicity to human beings has been documented. Concerns arose about the possible presence of coumarin in these formulations, since these formulations are made from the cinnamon and the plant contains coumarin. This work has investigated the potential toxicity of coumarin from cinnamon powder and cinnamon formulation. The components from both cinnamon samples were extracted using various solvents according to their polarities and these compounds were screened on thin layer chromatography (TLC). The essential oil components were separated by column chromatography, and quantified by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), all components (essential oil and water soluble) were identified by HPLC, and finally the characterization of the essential oil components was done with infrared (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) whereas those of the water soluble were characterized by using liquid chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (LC-MS).