Thesis (MSc Food Sc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Surface water used for irrigation is often highly contaminated on a microbial level. Using contaminated surface water for the irrigation of fresh produce can lead to foodborne disease outbreaks and Escherichia coli has been a major cause of foodborne outbreaks associated with fresh produce over the past few years. There are many possible on-farm treatment options available to decrease the high microbial loads present in surface water, one of these is H2O2 and various factors can influence its use. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of H2O2 on different E. coli strains. Water from the Plankenburg River was sampled and treated with (250, 300 and 350 mg.L-1) H2O2 and the impact at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min was then evaluated. It was found that the log reductions differed between samples. Log reductions ranged between 1.60 – 2.63 for Aerobic colony counts (ACC), total coliforms and Escherichia coli. The water was not considered safe for irrigation use although it had been treated with H2O2. Reference (ATCC) and environmental E. coli strains were individually treated with H2O2 (250, 300 and 350 mg.L-1) at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min. Log reductions for the ATCC strains ranged between 2.13 – 5.48. This indicated a variation in H2O2 resistance between the different reference strains tested. Log reductions for the environmental E. coli strains ranged between 2.17 – 3.93. Escherichia coli M53 and MJ56 were the most resistant and most sensitive environmental strains to the H2O2 treatment, respectively. Once again it was observed that variations existed between the log reductions achieved for different strains. Overall, it was observed that the ATCC E. coli strains were more sensitive to the H2O2 treatments when compared the environmental strains. This indicates that ATCC strains should not be used for H2O2 treatment optimisation. Certain factors can influence the efficacy of H2O2 such as concentration and organic matter (chemical oxygen demand) present in the water. Different H2O2 concentrations were evaluated (50, 350, 700 and 1 000 mg.L-1) on two E. coli strains (M53 and W1371). Results indicated that 50 mg.L-1 was not effective as less than 1 log reduction was achieved after 120 min. When 350 and 700 mg.L-1 were used similar log reductions were achieved (1.78 – 2.27), which was not expected. Using 1 000 mg.L-1 was considered an effective concentration that resulted in no growth present after 120 min. Escherichia coli strain W1371 carried EPEC virulence factors (potential pathogen). This was included in the study in order to determine how a strain carrying virulence factors would react to H2O2. Escherichia coli W1371 was considered resistant to the H2O2 treatment and log reductions were similar to that achieved for M53. The catalase activity of the E. coli strains was studied to determine if a link existed between catalase activity and H2O2 resistance. Although a trend was observed between heat-stable catalase activity and H2O2 resistance, there were exceptions. It was concluded that high catalase activity does not always coincide with H2O2 resistance and that other mechanisms might also contribute to E. coli survival. Overall, it was observed that there are certain factors that influence the efficacy of H2O2 as a treatment option. It can be concluded that environmental E. coli strains are generally more resistant to the H2O2 treatment compared to ATCC E. coli strains, this needs to be considered when using H2O2 or other chemical disinfectants as a treatment option. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Oppervlakwater wat gebruik word vir besproeiing is dikwels op ‘n mikrobiese vlak hoogs gekontamineer. Die gebruik van oppervlakwater vir die besproeiing van vars produkte kan tot die uitbraak van voedselgedraagde siektes lei. Escherichia coli was een van die hoofoorsake van voedselgedraagde uitbrake geassosieerd met vars produkte gedurende die laaste paar jaar. Daar is verskeie moontlike behandelingsmetodes op plaasvlak beskikbaar om die hoë mikrobiese las in oppervlakwater te verlaag. Een hiervan is waterstofperoksied (H2O2) en verskeie faktore kan die gebruik hiervan beïnvloed. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die doeltreffendheid van H2O2 op verskillende E. coli isolate te bepaal. Watermonsters uit die Plankenburg Rivier is behandel met drie konsentrasies H2O2 (250, 300 en 350 mg.L-1) en die impak is na 0, 30, 60, 90 en 120 minute geëvalueer. Daar is gevind dat die log reduksies tussen monsters verskil het. Log reduksies het gewissel tussen 1.60 en 2.63 vir aerobiese kolonietellings (AKT), totale kolivorme en E. coli. Selfs na H2O2 behandeling, is die water nie as veilig vir besproeiing beskou nie. Verwysingsisolate (ATCC) en omgewingsisolate van E. coli is afsonderlik met H2O2 behandel (250, 300 en 350 mg.L-1) vir 0, 30, 60, 90 en 120 minute. Log reduksies vir die ATCC isolate het gewissel tussen 2.13 en 5.48. Hierdie verskille dui op die variasies wat tussen die getoetste verwysingsisolate voorkom. Log reduksies vir die omgewingsisolate het gewissel tussen 2.17 en 3.93. Escherichia coli M53 en MJ56 was onderskeidelik die mees weerstandbiedende en mees sensitiewe verwysingsisolate wat getoets is. Verskille in log reduksies het daarop gedui dat isolaat variasies voorkom. In geheel is dit gevind dat die ATCC E. coli isolate meer sensitief was vir die H2O2 behandelings vergeleke met die omgewingsisolate. Dit toon dat die ATCC isolate nie gebruik moet word vir H2O2 behandeling optimering nie. Sekere faktore, soos die konsentrasie en organiese materiaal (chemiese suurstof vereiste) in die water, kan die doeltreffendheid van H2O2 behandeling beïnvloed. Verskillende H2O2 konsentrasies is geëvalueer (50, 350, 700 en 1000 mg.L-1) op twee E. coli isolate (M53 en W1371). Resultate dui daarop dat 50 mg.L-1 nie effektief was nie omdat minder as 1 log reduksie behaal is na 120 minute. Toe 350 en 700 mg.L-1 gebruik is, is soortgelyke log reduksies (1.78 – 2.27) teen verwagting in behaal. Die gebruik van 1000 mg.L-1 is as ‘n effektiewe behandeling beskou aangesien daar geen groei na 120 minute teenwoordig was nie. Escherichia coli isolaat W1371 besit EPEC virulensie faktore (potensiële patogeen). Dit is in die studie ingesluit ten einde te bepaal hoe ‘n isolaat met virulensie faktore sou reageer op H2O2. Escherichia coli W1371 is as weerstandbiedend teen die H2O2 behandeling beskou en log reduksies was soortgelyk aan die van M53 . Die katalase aktiwiteit van die E. coli isolate is bestudeer om te bepaal of ʼn skakel bestaan tussen katalase aktiwiteit en H2O2 weerstandbiedendheid. Alhoewel ‘n tendens waargeneem is tussen hitte-stabiele katalase aktiwiteit en H2O2 weerstandbiedendheid, was daar uitsonderings. Die gevolgtrekking was dat hoë katalase aktiwiteit nie altyd saamval met H2O2 weerstandbiedendheid nie en dat ander meganismes ook mag bydra tot E. coli oorlewing. In geheel is dit waargeneem dat daar sekere faktore is wat die doeltreffendheid van H2O2 as ‘n behandelingsmetode beïnvloed. Daar is gevind dat omgewingsisolate van E. coli in die algemeen meer weerstandbiedend is teenoor H2O2 behandeling in vergelyking met ATCC E. coli isolate. Dit moet in ag geneem word wanneer H2O2 of ander chemiese ontsmettingsmiddels oorweeg word as ʼn behandelingsopsie.

Submitted by Pedro Augusto Grava da Silva null (pedroagrava@gmail.com) on 2017-08-31T20:44:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Mestrado - Pedro Augusto Grava da Silva.pdf: 2172440 bytes, checksum: 060031f8bfdf62d96e69dee0cad48a65 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-09-01T14:47:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_pag_me_bauru.pdf: 2172440 bytes, checksum: 060031f8bfdf62d96e69dee0cad48a65 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-01T14:47:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_pag_me_bauru.pdf: 2172440 bytes, checksum: 060031f8bfdf62d96e69dee0cad48a65 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-12 / Item merged in doublecheck by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-12-07T18:03:54Z Item was identical to item(s): 152464, 152368 at handle(s): http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151521, http://hdl.handle.net/11449/152148 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Esta dissertação teve como objetivos a investigação da resistência e do recrescimento de flocos, produzidos durante a floculação de água destinada ao abastecimento, e foi dividida em duas etapas. Em primeiro lugar a resistência de agregados à quebra induzida por distúrbio hidrodinâmico foi investigada por meio de três técnicas macroscópicas de medição, a saber: fator de resistência (FR), a tensão local (σ) e o coeficiente de resistência do floco (γ). Num segundo momento a capacidade de recuperação do tamanho dos agregados foi investigada. O diâmetro estável (d) e o parâmetro característico da função de distribuição de tamanho de agregados (β) foram utilizados para analisar o processo refloculação após a quebra induzida dos agregados. Para obtenção das variáveis de interesse, foi utilizado método não intrusivo de análise de imagem e equipamento baseado em dispersão de luz. As águas de estudo foram preparadas em laboratório a partir de solução de ácido húmico (água tipo 1) e suspensão de caulinita (tipo 2), e coaguladas por dosagem de sal de alumínio em região do mecanismo de varredura. A floculação ocorreu em gradientes de velocidade médios (G) entre 20 e 120 s-1, e a ruptura ocorreu sob condições controladas com Gquebra de 800 s-1 por 10 segundos. Após a ruptura, a condição inicial foi reestabelecida para análise da recuperação de tamanho do agregado. Os resultados mostraram, para as duas água de estudo, uma tendência crescente para FR em resposta ao aumento de G. A mesma tendência foi observada para γ o que pode indicar que condições elevadas de agitação produzem flocos mais resistentes. Os resultados da análise da refloculação apontaram que o agregado não recupera totalmente seu tamanho, tanto para os flocos de Al-ácido húmico como para os de Al-caulinita. Para água tipo 1, o diâmetro estável dos agregados diminuiu de 332 μm antes da quebra, para 157 μm após a recuperação, e de 233 para 132 μm na água tipo 2, utilizando G de 20 s-1. O parâmetro β que exprime a distribuição de tamanho dos agregados, também apontou para uma diminuição geral do tamanho dos agregados, de forma que após a quebra a distribuição foi deslocada para as faixas de classificação de menor tamanho. / This dissertation has aimed to investigate the strength and re-growth during the flocculation of drinking water, and was divided into two steps. The first one was investigate the rupture of floc caused by shear induced forces through three macroscopic techniques, namely: strength factor (FR), the average strength per unit area at the plane of rupture (σ) and the floc strength coefficient (γ). The second one was investigate the re-growth ability of flocs. The stable diameter (d) and the characteristic parameter of the aggregate size distribution function (β) were used to analyze the re-growth process after the induced breakage of the aggregates. The method was based on a non-intrusive image analysis monitoring technique and a light scattering equipment. The study waters were prepared in laboratory from humic acid solution (water type 1) and kaolinite suspension (type 2) and coagulated by dosing aluminum salt in the region of the “sweep flocculation” mechanism. The flocculation occurred for average velocity gradients (G) from 20 to 120 s-1 and the breakage occurred under controlled conditions for Gquebra of 800 s-1 for 10 seconds. After breakage, the initial condition was re-established for aggregate size recovery analysis. For the two study waters the results showed an increasing trend for FR in response to the increase of G. The same trend was observed for γ which may indicate that high agitation conditions produce more resistant flocs. The reflocculation analysis results showed that the aggregate did not fully recover its size, both for the aliquots of Al-humic acid and those of Al-kaolinite. The stable diameter of the aggregates for water type 1 decreased from 332 μm before breakage, to 157 μm after recovery, and from 233 to 132 μm in water type 2, using G of 20 s-1. The parameter β expressing the aggregate size distribution also pointed to a general decrease in aggregate size, so that after the breakage the distribution was shifted to the smaller size ranges. / 33004056089P5

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:56:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 960354 bytes, checksum: b169889a44f8ecef29730ff0f594420a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The concentration of fluoride in public water supply systems must be maintained within the ideal range to ensure prevention of dental caries, without exposing the population to the risk of developing dental fluorosis. The objectives of this research were: to monitor the concentrations of fluoride in public water supply of São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil, from February 2008 to January 2009; and perform the mapping of residual levels of fluoride in isolated wells. Forty sampling points were conveniently selected, representing 39 districts of the municipality. The points were selected from areas of the company responsible for public water supply and also due to the proximity to the existing elevated tanks. For the mapping, it was considered estimated 20% of the wells considered in the areas of performance. The analysis of the fluoride concentration was performed in triplicate, using the combined electrode ion-specific for fluoride (ORION 9409BN) and reference electrode (ORION 900200), connected with the potentiometer ORION 710 A, previously calibrated. After analyzed, the samples were considered adequate when the fluoride concentration was within the recommended limits from 0.60 to 0.80 ppm F (criterion I) or within the stipulated range of 0.55 ppm to 0.84 ppm F (criterion II). The results showed, in fluoridated locations, large variation between the minimum and maximum concentrations. Considering the whole, the average for the city was 0.58 ppm F (± 0.24) and median 0.61 ppm F, with minimum 0.02 ppm F and maximum 1.33 ppm F. Of the 480 samples, the highest percentage was considered inadequate (62.9%) by criterion I, while the criterion II was 48.3%. Regarding the mapping, we observed residual fluoride levels below 0.11 ppm in the waters of isolated wells. We conclude that there was unequal access to fluoridated water by the population Ludovicense. The fluoridation program in São Luís-MA needs improvement. Therefore, surveillance measures based on external control and operational control becomes essential to ensure the efficacy and effectiveness of the method. / A concentração de flúor nas águas de sistemas públicos de abastecimento deve ser mantida dentro da faixa ideal para garantir prevenção da cárie dentária, sem expor a população ao risco de desenvolvimento da fluorose dentária. Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram: monitorar mensalmente as concentrações de flúor das águas de abastecimento público de São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil, no período de Fevereiro de 2008 a Janeiro de 2009; e realizar o mapeamento de teores residuais de flúor em poços isolados. Foram selecionados convenientemente 40 pontos de coleta, representando 39 bairros do município. Os pontos foram estabelecidos a partir das áreas de atuação da Companhia responsável pelo abastecimento público de água e também em função da proximidade com os reservatórios elevados existentes. Para o mapeamento, foi considerada estimativa de 20% do total dos poços considerados nas áreas de atuação. A análise da concentração de flúor foi realizada em triplicata, utilizando-se o eletrodo combinado íon-específico para flúor (ORION 9409BN) e eletrodo de referência (ORION 900200), conectados com o potenciômetro ORION 710 A, previamente calibrados. Após analisadas, as amostras foram consideradas adequadas quando a concentração de flúor estava dentro dos limites recomendados de 0,60 a 0,80 ppm F (critério I) ou dentro do intervalo estipulado de 0,55 ppm F a 0,84 ppm F (critério II). Os resultados demonstraram, nas localidades fluoretadas, grande variação entre as concentrações mínimas e máximas. Considerando-se a totalidade, a média para o município foi 0,58 ppm F (±0,24) e a mediana 0,61 ppm F, apresentando valor mínimo 0,02 ppm F e valor máximo 1,33 ppm F. Do total de 480 amostras, o maior percentual foi considerado inadequado (62,9%) pelo critério I, enquanto que, pelo critério II foi de 48,3%. A respeito do mapeamento, observaram-se teores de flúor residual inferiores a 0,11 ppm nas águas dos poços isolados. Conclui-se haver um acesso desigual às águas fluoretadas por parte da população ludovicense. O programa de fluoretação em São Luís- MA necessita de melhorias. Por isso, medidas de vigilância baseadas no heterocontrole e no controle operacional tornam-se fundamentais para garantir a eficácia e efetividade do método.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:50:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:58:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 11098.pdf: 9587257 bytes, checksum: 14f0ce45f402bb473afbff8840adf363 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Home based interventions are advocated in rural areas against a variety of diseases. The combination of different interventions might have synergistic effects in terms of health improvement and cost effectiveness. However, it is crucial to ensure cultural acceptance. The aim of the study was to develop an effective and culturally accepted home-based intervention package to reduce diarrhoea and lower respiratory illnesses in children. In two rural Peruvian communities we evaluated the performance and acceptance of cooking devices, household water treatments (HWT) and home–hygiene interventions, with qualitative and quantitative methods. New ventilated stove designs reduced wood consumption by 16%. The majority of participants selected solar water disinfection as HWT in a blind tasting. In-depth interviews on hygiene improvement further revealed a high demand for kitchen sinks. After one year of installation the improved chimney stoves and kitchen sinks were all in use. The intervention package was successfully adapted to local customs, kitchen-, home–and hygiene management. High user satisfaction was primarily driven by convenience gains due to the technical improvements and only secondarily by perceived health benefits. / Revisión por pares.

Les biofilms constituent un mode de vie microbien extrêmement répandu, aussi bien en milieu naturel que dans les environnements anthropisés. Dans ce dernier cas, les structures morphologique et microbiologique du biofilm vont conditionner son impact sur le système, que cet impact lui soit bénéfique ou préjudiciable. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'approfondir notre connaissance des phénomènes de structuration du biofilm afin, à terme, d'optimiser les performances de procédé. Afin de représenter au mieux les conditions industrielles, des régimes d'écoulement turbulents et des consortia microbiens complexes ont été utilisés. Une première partie se focalise sur l'impact des forces de cisaillement sur l'adhésion microbienne. Les résultats démontrent un changement progressif de la flore bactérienne fixée et de sa distribution spatiale. Dans un second temps, le projet s'est intéressé aux étapes de développement du biofilm et ont permis d'identifier un effet mémoire du biofilm mature. Il s'agit d'une conservation des structures morphologique et microbiologique au cours du temps en dépit d'un changement de régime hydrodynamique. Enfin la dernière partie a consisté en la mise au point d'une méthode de quantification des prédateurs mobiles dans les biofilms. Ces prédateurs participent à la structuration du biofilm et leur quantification peut s'avérer utile dans le contexte de l'épuration des eaux. / Biofilms are a biological mode of life widely spread in both natural and engineered environments. In the last case, whether the biofilm is beneficial or detrimental for the process under consideration, both morphology and microbial community of the biofilm determine its impact. The objective of this thesis is to deepen our knowledge of biofilm structuring and, as a further goal, optimize a given process. Turbulent flows and multi-species consortia were used in order to better mimic industrial conditions. The first part of the project focused on the impact of shear stress on microbial adhesion. Results have demonstrated a gradual shift in bacterial communities with shear and a change in the spatial distribution of adhered microorganisms. Secondly, the work dealt with biofilm development. A memory effect, defined as the conservation of initial morphological and microbiological features despite a change in the environmental conditions, has been observed. Finally, a method for quantification of moving predators in mature biofilms has been developed. These predators actively shape the biofilm and their quantification is valuable, especially for wastewater treatment.

abstract: This study investigates the effect of the virgin granular activated carbon (GAC) on the properties of synthesized iron (hydr)oxide nanoparticles impregnated GAC (Fe-GAC) media and its ability to remove arsenate and organic trichloroethylene (TCE) from water. Fe-GAC media were synthesized from bituminous and lignite-based virgin GAC via three variations of a permanganate/Fe(II) synthesis method. Data obtained from an array of characterization techniques indicated that differences in pore size distribution and surface chemistry of the virgin GAC favor different reaction paths for the iron (hydr)oxide nanoparticles formation. Batch equilibrium isotherm testing (120 µg-As/L; 6 mg-TCE/L, 10 mM NaHCO3 at pH = 7.2 ± 0.1 and pH = 8.2 ± 0.1) showed arsenic removal capability was increased as a result of iron (nanoparticles) impregnation, while TCE removal properties were decreased in Fe-GAC media. This tradeoff was displayed by both lignite and bituminous Fe-GAC but was most pronounced in lignite-based Fe-GAC having the highest Fe content (13.4% Fe) which showed the most favorable Freundlich adsorption and intensity parameters for arsenic of Ka = 72.6 (µg-As/g-FeGAC)(L/µg-As)1/n, 1/n = 0.6; and least favorable adsorption for TCE of Ka = 0.8 (mg-TCE/g-FeGAC)(L/mg-TCE)1/n, 1/n = 4.47. It was concluded that iron content was the main factor contributing to enhanced arsenic removal and that this was affected by base GAC properties such as pore size distribution and surface functional groups. However high Fe content can result in pore blockage; reduction in available adsorption sites for organic co-contaminants; and have a significant effect on the Fe-GACs overall adsorption capacity. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Technology 2010

Thesis (Master of Engineering in Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. / Fresh, clean water has always been critical for the world's social development. Supply of water can be reinforced through recycling and reuse; and secondary treatment of municipal wastewater effluent with a membrane bioreactor (MBR) followed by a reverse osmosis (RO) process, has emerged as a crucial treatment process for water reuse. However, fouling of RO membranes in such process is unavoidable. This leads to poor performance, increase in operational cost and degradation of the membrane material, which reduces the membrane life span. Various researches have been conducted to provide an understanding of the mechanism of fouling, and methods have been developed to minimize it. In this research, the effect of surface modification to minimise fouling on a thin film composite polyamide RO membrane was investigated. This study was divided into three parts, namely: membrane modification, biofouling and filtration using RO. Two modifying agents, PVA and DMAEMA, were used as grafting solutions. Escherichia coli (E. coli) were used as the biofoulant to study the ant-biofouling properties of the membranes. A make-up synthetic MBR secondary effluent feed was used in a bench scale RO process. During the membrane modification process, the membrane was treated using two different approaches. Firstly, the covalent attachment of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) through Glutaraldehyde (GA) onto the surface and secondly the redox initiated grafting of dimethyl amino ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA PVA and DMAEMA grafting solutions were applied at four different concentrations). The PVA and DMAEMA modifying agents were successfully grafted onto the membrane top layers and were confirmed by the functional groups, present, using the Attenuated Total Reflectance–Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) spectra. The morphology of the membrane surfaces was investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), before and after treatment. SEM analysis showed better membrane structures with PVA grafting compared to DMAEMA.

Membrane technology has become a predominant process in providing one of the key components of life (water), either through water and wastewater treatment for water quality purposes or desalination as seen in Ultra-filtration, Nano-filtration, Reverse osmosis, Membrane distillation, Pervaporation, among others. With the ever-increasing demand for portable water due to population increase, constant research has focused on the improvements of the performances of the different water treatment systems including enhancing the performance of the membrane. Among all the different membrane performance enhancement techniques exploited, incorporation of filler has gained much grounds in the last decades. Traditional fillers like silica gel, activated carbon, metal oxides and zeolites are now being challenged by the recent class of mesoporous materials known as Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs), which are built of metal ions or metal ion clusters linked together by organic ligands giving these materials tunable pore geometries and pore volume, greatly improved surface area with extraordinary adsorptive properties. The membrane incorporating MOFs demonstrate enhance performances more than the other fillers due to the good coordination of the organic moiety and polymers. The overall objective of this project is to develop and study a membrane incorporated MOFs nanofiber system vis-à-vis their applications in heavy metal contaminated water treatment, stability in aqueous media and the advantages and drawbacks of these composite membranes with regards to the quality of the water produced. The developed materials were characterized by SEM, FTIR, TEM, XPS, DSC, and TGA. The heavy metals earmarked for this study include; Lead, Mercury, Cadmium, and Zinc and were studied using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Upon successful fabrication of the nanofiber membranes, detailed adsorption studies were conducted (pristine MOF, pristine nanofibers, enmeshed MOFs) to establish adsorption kinetics and isotherm, which were used further to select the best performing membranes for filtration application. Two different MOFs were used, MOF808; made of Zirconium and Benzene Tricarboxylate) and MOF F300; made of Iron and Benzene Tricarboxylate) The adsorption capacities of the MOFs for the different heavy metal analyzed were; MOF 808 (Pb-170.74 mg g-1, Zn-287 mg g-1, Cd-225.05 mg g-1, Hg-276.96 mg g-1) and MOF F300 (Pb-148.13 mg g-1, Hg-229.66 mg g-1), while the membrane adsorption capacities were; PA808 (MOF 808 embedded within polyacrylonitrile (PA) nanofibers, (Pb-23.98 mg g-1, Hg-50.88 mg g-1), PA300, MOF F300 embedded within polyacrylonitrile nanofibers, (Pb-30.19 mg g-1, Hg-53.09 mg g-1). Upon activation of MOF 808 by water (hydractivation), the removal efficiency of MOF 808 was improved by 10% while the MOF membrane efficiency was increased by 30%. Filtration experiments could produce 577.5 L of treated water with a single layer of PAN/ MOF808 membrane at 0.1 bar using a 50 ppb Pb ion feed solution.

87 f. / Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2013-04-12T15:01:42Z No. of bitstreams: 2 segunda parte13 12 2011.pdf: 1803059 bytes, checksum: 77dce8aede354949d61ce2f1feeabc83 (MD5) PRIMEIRA PARTE 12 12 2011.pdf: 154138 bytes, checksum: 9b2d71757d09c6b175075617256d6973 (MD5) / Rejected by Ana Hilda Fonseca(anahilda@ufba.br), reason: ficheiro on 2013-05-14T17:06:59Z (GMT) / Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2013-05-14T17:10:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Selma S A Santos.pdf: 1944188 bytes, checksum: b67bb2c70d4b97d9bed39e1571d93961 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Hilda Fonseca(anahilda@ufba.br) on 2013-05-14T17:12:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Selma S A Santos.pdf: 1944188 bytes, checksum: b67bb2c70d4b97d9bed39e1571d93961 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-14T17:12:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Selma S A Santos.pdf: 1944188 bytes, checksum: b67bb2c70d4b97d9bed39e1571d93961 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / CAPES / A estação de tratamento de água (ETA) Vieira de Mello (VM), uma das ETAs da EMBASA, situada em Salvador-Ba, com capacidade para tratar 2,5 m3 s-1 de água, entrou em operação em março de 1964 atendendo parte da demanda de água potável da cidade de Salvador. Para transformar a água bruta em água potável, a VM utiliza o processo convencional de tratamento, com adição de diversos componentes, formando resíduos a serem removidos nas etapas de decantação e filtração, principalmente nos decantadores, sendo estes resíduos chamados de lodo. A disposição final dos lodos gerados nas ETAs constitui atualmente um dos principais passivos ambientais do setor de saneamento. Há muito, o destino destes resíduos de ETA vinha sendo os cursos d’água próximos das estações, podendo causar efeitos, principalmente à fauna aquática e a saúde humana, pois o mesmo contém metais, tóxicos entre outros contaminantes. Esta prática tem sido questionada por órgãos ambientais. Atualmente, um dos grandes desafios é a busca de destinação final desses lodos, ambientalmente vantajosa e econômica e tecnicamente viável. Entre as possibilidades aponta-se incorporação do lodo em compostagem e seu uso na fabricação de tijolos. Neste estudo realizou-se a caracterização do resíduo gerado na ETA VM, após secagem em estufa sob controle de temperatura na faixa de 103-1050C. Foram encontradas concentrações de metais e semi metais nas faixas de: 6,00 - 9,57 mg L-1 Al; 2,14 – 2,89 mg L-1 As; 0,30 - 0,50 x10-3 mg L-1 Be; < 0,10 – 0,12 x10-3 mg L-1 Cd; 0,83 – 0,14 mg L-1 Cr; <2,0 – 0,11 mg L-1 Pb; 6,50 – 12,50 x 10-3 mg L-1 V. Resultados obtidos de testes de resistência de bloco (fbk =fbk,est= 7,8 Mpa) e de absorção de umidade ( ≤ 13%), além de testes de lixiviação: As < 0,035 mg L-1, Cd < 0,020 mg L-1 ,Pb < 0,20 mg L-1, Cr< 0,070 mg L-1, Al < 1,2 mg L-1, Be< 0,020 mg L-1, V<0,30 mg L-1, comprovam a adequação do lodo para uso na confecção de blocos na construção civil. Como o volume de água tratada em média é 178.710 m3 dia-1 na ETA VM, e a produção de resíduo no final do tratamento é de 42,20 g m-3 SST a produção de blocos por dia poderá ser de 15.814, considerando a composição do material nas seguintes proporções: 1,0: 3,7: 0,85: 0,28 correspondendo a cimento:areia:água:lodo. A tecnologia identificada neste trabalho para a destinação final do resíduo da ETA VM é econômica e ambientalmente adequada. / Salvador