CAPES / Este trabalho apresenta os resultados da pesquisa sobre medidas da atividade de 226Ra em águas minerais engarrafadas compradas em estabelecimentos comerciais do Brasil. As medidas foram realizadas no Laboratório de Física Nuclear Aplicada da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná em cooperação com o Centro de Desenvolvimento e Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN) da Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear (CNEN). O trabalho avalia a possibilidade do uso do equipamento RAD7 (Durridge Company) para medir a atividade de 226Ra em equilíbrio com 222Rn presente nas amostras de águas em nível compatível com 0,1Bq/L, o que significa uma precisão superior à prática usual do equipamento. Além disso, a pesquisa fornece o erro mínimo de medida da concentração de atividade do rádio possível de ser atingida com o uso do equipamento RAD7. A principal dificuldade encontrada na técnica desenvolvida foi diminuir os erros associados às medidas. Para desenvolver a metodologia otimizada foram realizados diversos testes que propiciaram a diminuição dos erros e asseguraram uma técnica inovadora para medidas de baixas concentrações de 226Ra em água, com o uso do detector eletrônico de radônio RAD7. O arranjo experimental foi baseado no detector eletrônico de radônio RAD7 e as medidas foram realizadas utilizando o kit RAD H2O que permite identificar a atividade de concentração do 222Rn em pequenas amostras de 40mL e 250mL. Os resultados mostraram que o erro mínimo ficou entre 0,02 a 0,07 Bq/L o que configura uma diminuição considerável e importante nos erros associados às amostras de baixas concentrações. Quando aplicada a metodologia otimizada e proposta, foi possível concluir que todas as amostras analisadas apresentaram valores abaixo que os estabelecidos pelas normas e recomendações e que os valores encontrados para as amostras possuem ordem de grandeza semelhante às encontradas na literatura. Desta forma, foi possível concluir que o detector eletrônico de radônio RAD7 pode ser utilizado nas medidas de 226Ra em águas para concentrações menores que 0,1 Bq/L, mas que para isto deve ser utilizada uma técnica como esta desenvolvida para otimizar o procedimento. / This thesis presents the survey results of measuring the activity of 226Ra in bottled mineral waters purchased in Brazilian market. The measurements were performed at the Laboratory of Applied Nuclear Physics at Federal Technological University of Paraná in cooperation with the Centre for Development and Nuclear Technology (CDTN) of the National Nuclear Energy Commission (CNEN). The study evaluates the possibility of using RAD7 equipament (Durridge Company) in order to measure 226Ra activity in equilibrium with 222Rn present in water samples at a level compatible with 0.1 Bq/L, which means greater accuracy than the usual practice of the equipment. Furthermore, the search provides the minimum error of radio activity concentration that can be achieved using the RAD7 equipament. The main difficulty of this work was to reduce the associated errors to the measure. To develop the optimized methodology were performed several tests that enabled the reduction of errors and ensure an innovative technique for measuring low concentrations of 226Ra in water, using the RAD7 radon electronic¬ detector. The experimental setup was based on the RAD7 and measurements were performed using the RAD H2O kit that identifies the activity concentration of 222Rn in small samples of 250mL. The results showed that the minimum error ranged from 0.02 to 0.07 Bq/L which constitutes a considerable and significant reduction in errors associated with low concentrations samples. When applied the optimized methodology proposed, it was concluded that all the samples had values below the established standards and recommendations and that the values found for the samples have similar order of magnitude to those found in the literature. Thus, the RAD7 radon detector electronics can be used in measurements of 226Ra in water at concentrations below 0,1 Bq/L, but for that, the technique developed in order optimize the procedure should be used.

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The AIMS is Africa’s first comprehensive maritime strategy. Adopted in 2014, the AIMS proposes unique objectives to address the common maritime challenges faced by African States. One of these objectives is the establishment of the Combined Exclusive Maritime Zone of Africa (CEMZA). The AIMS states that CEMZA, “will grant Africa enormous crosscutting geostrategic, economic, and political, security and social benefits, as well as minimize the risks of all transnational threats including organized crime and terrorism in Africa”. This dissertation, consequently, aims to provide an overview of the impact which the successful establishment of the CEMZA would have on the African Maritime Domain (AMD) with a focus on sectors such as intra-African trade, vessel-source marine pollution, maritime security and fisheries. This study, furthermore, aims to determine the advantages of the CEMZA as well as the steps which would have to be taken to ensure the success of the CEMZA from a legal point of view. Established within this dissertation is the view that the CEMZA would have to be accompanied by various intermediate steps and would function as if the borders between African countries were deemed not to exist for administrative purposes. This would, however, not entail that African States sacrifice their sovereignty regarding resources within their jurisdiction by sharing it with all African States. The resources of each State, therefore, would remain its sovereign property, and the pooling of resources within the CEMZA would be absent. This dissertation concludes by stating that the CEMZA is feasible in the long term. Owing to the political and legal challenges, reinforced by a lack of capacity as well as human and fiscal resources, it is, however, not achievable in the short-to-medium term.

Inlandsvatten, exempelvis sjöar och floder, har en betydande roll för den globala kolcykeln. Förutom att dessa vatten transporterar kol mellan kontinenterna och havet så förekommer en mängd processer som påverkar kolomsättningen i dessa system. Inlandsvatten kan fånga in (fixera) koldioxid från atmosfären via fotosyntes, men en stor del av kolet i inlandsvatten transporteras från land. Detta kol kan antingen emitteras till atmosfären som koldioxid eller metan, lagras på botten av sjöar och reservoarer eller transporteras (exporteras) till havet genom floder och grundvatten. Genom att sammanställa litteratur som i huvudsak publicerats mellan 2007 och 2017 konkluderas att 3,6 Pg C y-1 transporteras till inlandsvatten från världens kontinenter. Av detta emitteras 2,3 Pg C y-1 till atmosfären innan det når havet, 0,15 Pg C y-1 sedimenteras i sjöar och dammar medan 1,1 Pg C-1 exporteras till havet. För att förstå hur människan påverkar kolomsättningen globalt krävs en korrekt beskrivning av de naturliga flödena av kol mellan hav, land och atmosfär. Förbättringspotential och osäkerheter gällande den kvantitativa uppskattningen om inlandsvatten som en del i den terrestra kolcykeln finns bland annat kopplat till små vattenansamlingar, då dessa inte är fullständigt kartlagda. En bättre geografisk spridning för den data som ligger till grund för globala uppskattningar krävs också för att förbättra förståelsen för inlandsvattens roll i den terrestra kolcykeln. / Inland waters, for example lakes and rivers, play a considerable role in the global carbon cycle. In addition to transport carbon between the continents and the oceans, a number of processes occur during the transport along the hydrological chain. Inland water could directly take up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere though photosynthesis, but a vast amount of the carbon origins from land. The carbon could either be emitted to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide or methane, stored at the bottom of lakes or reservoirs and/or transported (exported) to the ocean through rivers or groundwater. In this study, publications from 2007 to 2017 were reviewed, and the conclusion is drawn that 3,6 Pg C y-1 are exported to inland waters from land. 2,3 Pg C y-1 are emitted to the atmosphere, 0,15 Pg C y-1 is buried in the sediments of lakes and reservoirs and 1,1 Pg C y-1 is exported to the ocean. To understand how human affects the global carbon budget, a correct description of the natural migration of carbon between the ocean, the continents and the atmosphere is needed. Potential of improvement and uncertainties related to the quantitative estimates of emission, sedimentation and export are to a large extent connected to the poor surveys of small lakes and ponds. A more representative global distribution of the data is also needed for a better understanding of the role of inland waters in the terrestrial carbon cycle.