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No. of bitstreams: 1 PaulaRomyneDeMoraisCavalcante_DISSERT.pdf: 1897900 bytes, checksum: 10e345e2f054e35a8e9acff79b0689c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-29 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / A explora??o de petr?leo ? uma das mais importantes atividades industriais da sociedade moderna e apesar de seus derivados apresentarem in?meras aplica??es em rela??o aos processos industriais, existem muitos subprodutos indesej?veis durante esse processo, um deles ? a ?gua separada do petr?leo, denominada ?gua de produ??o, que ? constitu?da por poluentes de dif?cil degrada??o. Al?m disso, o elevado volume de ?gua gerado torna seu tratamento um grande problema para as ind?strias petrol?feras. Dentre os principais contaminantes desses efluentes est?o o fenol e seus derivados, subst?ncias de dif?cil degrada??o natural que devido ao poder t?xico, devem ser removidos por um processo de tratamento antes de sua disposi??o final. Com o intuito de viabilizar a remo??o de fenol em ?guas residuais da ind?stria petrol?fera foi desenvolvido um sistema de extra??o por flocula??o i?nica com tensoativo. A flocula??o i?nica baseia-se na rea??o de tensoativo carboxilado com c?lcio originando um tensoativo insol?vel, que sob agita??o agrega-se formando flocos capazes de atrair a mat?ria org?nica atrav?s da adsor??o. No presente trabalho, utilizou-se sab?o base como tensoativo na flocula??o i?nica e avaliou-se a efici?ncia do processo pela influ?ncia dos seguintes par?metros: concentra??o de tensoativo, fenol, c?lcio e eletr?litos, velocidade de agita??o, tempo de repouso, temperatura e pH. A flocula??o do tensoativo se deu no pr?prio efluente (concentra??o inicial de fenol = 100 ppm,) e a efici?ncia de remo??o alcan?ou 65% de remo??o, utilizando concentra??es de tensoativo e c?lcio de 1300 e 975 ppm, respectivamente em T = 35 ?C, pH = 9,7, velocidade de agita??o = 100 rpm e tempo de contato de 5 minutos. A perman?ncia dos flocos em meio aquoso promove a dessor??o do fenol da superf?cie do floco para a solu??o, atingindo 90% de dessor??o em um tempo de 150 minutos, e o estudo da cin?tica de dessor??o mostrou que o modelo de Lagergren de pseudo-primeira ordem foi adequado para descrever a dessor??o do fenol. Estes resultados mostram que o processo avaliado pode configurar uma nova alternativa para o tratamento no que se refere a remo??o de fenol de efluentes aquosos da ind?stria de petr?leo. / Oil exploration is one of the most important industrial activities of modern society. Despite its derivatives present numerous applications in industrial processes, there are many undesirable by-products during this process, one of them is water separated from oil, called water production, it is constituted by pollutants difficult to degrade. In addition, the high volume of generated water makes its treatment a major problem for oil industries. Among the major contaminants of such effluents are phenol and its derivatives, substances of difficult natural degradation, which due their toxicity must be removed by a treatment process before its final disposal. In order to facilitate the removal of phenol in wastedwater from oil industry, it was developed an extraction system by ionic flocculation with surfactant. The ionic flocculation relies on the reaction of carboxylate surfactant and calcium ?ons, yielding in an insoluble surfactant that under stirring, aggregates forming floc capable of attracting the organic matter by adsorption. In this work was used base soap as ionic surfactant in the flocculation process and evaluated phenol removal efficiency in relation to the following parameters: surfactant concentration, phenol, calcium and electrolytes, stirring speed, contact time, temperature and pH. The flocculation of the surfactant occurred in the effluent (initial phenol concentration = 100 ppm) reaching 65% of phenol removal to concentrations of 1300 ppm and calcium of 1000 ppm, respectively, at T = 35 ?C, pH = 9.7, stirring rate = 100 rpm and contact time of 5 minutes. The permanence of the flocs in an aqueous medium promotes desorption of the phenol from the flake surface to the solution, reaching 90% of desorption at a time of 150 minutes, and the study of desorption kinetics showed that Lagergren model of pseudo-first order was adequate to describe the phenol desorption. These results shows that the process may configure a new alternative of treatment in regard the removal of phenol of aqueous effluent of oil industry.

Water quality of small streams in agricultural landscape is mostly classified as polluted or very polluted. The reason of enhanced mineralization of organic mass in soil can be found in changed physical, chemical and biochemical properties of soil profile, which negatively display in mineralization of organic mass and nitrogen release to soil water. Analysis of water quality in agricultural river-basin prove that quality of surface water in areas with high nitrate loadings did not significantly improve in recent years. Nitrates in water are a distinct anthropogenic factor, which defines well disturbance in natural environment. This thesis deals with analysis of time series of nitrate concentrations in the Kopaninsky stream catchment in Bohemo-Moravian Highland. Further the progress in nitrate concentration and its seasonal component is researched.

This work is complementary theoretical part of my practical art project on "Path of Water". Introductory chapter is devoted to the water. I'm investigating physical properties of the water in different states of matter and particularly its movement. I even consider its place in the art. The second chapter is devoted to the development of the landscape and its changes caused by the nature and human. The third chapter deals with the meaning, origin and history of land art in the world and in Bohemia. The fourth chapter describes the most interesting places and history surrounding the village Staré Dobrkovice in which the chosen place can be found. Intentions and descriptions of implementations are dealt with in fifth chapter. In the end I summarize the development of entire project and individual parts and I evaluate individual achievements and meeting of determined criteria.

Fingersmith is a historical novel with a clear, non-heteronormative agenda. It was published in 2002 by Sarah Waters, and it challenges the way the Victorian era viewed and oppressed non-heteronormative sexuality. The characters Susan Trinder and Maud Lilly, is exposed to both imprisonment, violence and abuse as a kind of collective punishment of “the mad woman”. The primary goal of this queer analysis is to see how ‘multisexual’ expressions can be traced in the novel, often conveyed through neo-Victorian symbols and the function of the colour ’red/crimson’. It also discusses how the neo-Victorian symbols (especially the important function of Maud’s white gloves) works as both a way of turning women mad and keeping them sane in a world determined to ’cure’ sexuality that differs from its heteronormative structure. / Fingersmith är en historisk roman med en tydlig icke-heteronormativ agenda. Den publicerades år 2002 och skrevs av Sarah Waters, och utmanar sättet den viktorianska eran såg på och förtryckte icke-heteronormativ sexualitet. Karaktärerna Susan Trinder och Maud Lilly utsätts båda för fångenskap, våld och övergrepp som en slags kollektiv bestraffning av ”den galna kvinnan”. Målet med denna queerteoretiska närläsning är att undersöka hur multisexuella uttryck kan spåras i romanen, ofta förmedlade via neo-viktorianska symboler och den röda färgen. Den diskuterar även hur de neo-viktorianska symbolerna (Mauds vita handskar fyller här en viktig funktion) fungerar både som verktyg för att driva kvinnor till galenskap och rädda dem från den, i ett samhälle som kämpar för att ’bota’ den sexualitet som skiljer sig från den heteronormativa strukturen.

nÃo hà / A Ãrea desse trabalho, que possui 57,7 km2, està localizada na regiÃo costeira do municÃpio de Aquiraz-Ce, situada no setor nordeste da RMF, distando aproximadamente 30 km da capital Fortaleza, envolve basicamente a sede municipal, os setores da Prainha e o Distrito da Tapera. Os objetivos destacam o papel das Ãguas subterrÃneas no contexto do abastecimento da Ãrea, bem como definem seu aproveitamento em relaÃÃo as Ãguas superficiais da lagoa do Catu. Para este fim, foram necessÃrio procedimentos metodolÃgicos que consideram os aspectos hidrogeolÃgicos associados a amostragem dessas Ãguas em pontos especÃficos dos sistemas aquÃferos e da lagoa para se obter dados informativos que definissem os parÃmetros hidroquÃmicos e bacteriolÃgicos, caracterizados em tabelas, grÃficos e diagramas, os quais mostram a situaÃÃo qualitativa das Ãguas desses sistemas. O conjunto geral dos pontos cadastrados envolve 177 poÃos tubulares e escavados de onde foram definidos os poÃos relacionados Ãs coletas de amostras de Ãguas para anÃlises referentes aos AquÃferos Dunas e Barreiras em perÃodos seco e pÃs-chuva, sendo esta sistemÃtica adotada tambÃm em pontos representativos da lagoa. A produtividade dos poÃos pesquisados està normalmente relacionada Ãs caracterÃsticas hidrogeolÃgicas desses sistemas aquÃferos, onde as mÃdias de vazÃo correspondem a 3,5m3/h e 2,7m3/h, para o Dunas e o Barreiras, respectivamente, evidenciando que as condiÃÃes areno-quartzosa do primeiro contribuem para um melhor potencial hidrogeolÃgico, fato que pode influir tambÃm nas reservas hÃdricas subterrÃneas. Dentre os resultados encontrados, tem-se que as Ãguas subterrÃneas sÃo ionicamente classificadas como Cloretadas SÃdicas, sendo que os dados de pH revelaram que essas Ãguas sÃo dominantemente Ãcidas, mostrando alguns pontos com valores alcalinos no perÃodo chuvoso. As Ãguas subterrÃneas possuem qualidades fÃsico-quÃmicas e bacteriolÃgicas para o abastecimento humano em 90% dos poÃos investigados. As Ãguas da lagoa tÃm um papel primordial no suprimento hÃdrico da Ãrea, desde que sejam submetidas a um tratamento convencional pelo ÃrgÃo tÃcnico competente, alÃm da possibilidade de sua inserÃÃo num plano de gestÃo integrada de recursos hÃdricos da Ãrea de interesse. Na consideraÃÃo geral dos dados analisados, os resultados dos parÃmetros encontrados definem a condiÃÃo de aproveitamento das Ãguas subterrÃneas e superficiais e sua relaÃÃo entre qualidade e uso nessa parte do municÃpio de Aquiraz. / The study area of interest has 57.7 sq. km and it is located on the coastal region of Aquiraz ounty, Cearà State, in the northeastern sector of Fortalezaâs Metropolitan Zone (RMF), roughly 30 km away from the capital city itself. It encompasses basically the countyâs main town and the Prainha and Tapera districts. This workâs objectives highlight the role of underground waters under the context of that areaâs supply, as well as define its exploitation as regards surface waters of the Catu Lake. For this end to be attained, working procedures were needed that consider the hydrogeological aspects associated with water sampling in specific sites of the aquifer systems and the lakeâs. That was meant to get intelligence data which would define the hydrochemical and bacteriological parameters displayed in tables, graphs and diagrams, whereby the qualitative status of those systemsâs waters might be established. The overall set of registered points involve 177 tubular and scooped wells wherefrom there were selected the suitable ones for water sampling and analyses referred to the Dunas and Barreiras Aquifers in the dry and post-rainy seasons, with this procedure being the one also adopted in representative points of the lake. The yields in those wells are usually related to the hydrogeological features of the aquifer systems, for which average values of 3.5 m-3.h-1 and 2.7 m-3.h-1 were estimated in the Dunas and Barreiras Aquifers respectively. It is thus evident that the sandy-quartz conditions of the former account for a better hydrogeological potency, a fact that could bear upon the underground water reserves. Among the arrived at results, it was found out that underground waters were ionically classified as Chloride Sodic, whereas the pH values show them to be predominantly acid except for a few points with alkaline values during the rainy season. The underground waters possess physico-chemical and bacteriological qualities for human supply in 90 per cent of the investigated wells. The lake can play an outstanding role as a water supplier of the study area, as long as it is submitted to routine attendance by an appointed office in addition to its inclusion on a comprehensive management program. As a general consideration of the analyzed data, the results for the estimated parameters are shown to define a sound use of the underground and surface waters, and a relationship between their quality and usage in some districts of Aquiraz county.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / No presente trabalho apresentou-se o emprego de sensores e de biossensores eletroquÃmicos para a determinaÃÃo dos pesticidas endossulfam (EDS), tiabendazol (TBZ) e cloridrato de formetanato (FMT) em amostras de cana-de-aÃÃcar, tomate, manga, uva e Ãguas naturais. AlÃm disso, informaÃÃes acerca do mecanismo redox dos pesticidas EDS, TBZ e FMT tambÃm foram apresentadas. Os sensores consistiram em eletrodos de gota pendente de mercÃrio (HMDE, do inglÃs Hanging Mercury Drop Electrode), de diamante dopado com boro (EDDB) e de carbono vÃtreo modificado com nanotubos de carbono de paredes mÃltiplas funcionalizados e ftalocianina de cobalto (CV/NTCPMF-FcCo-Naf.0,5%). Para os biossensores, a enzima Lacase (Lac) foi imobilizada pelo mÃtodo de ligaÃÃes cruzadas sobre ouro previamente modificado com nanopartÃculas de ouro (Au/NpAu/Lac-Glu.2%) e sobre eletrodo modificado com NTCPMF-FcCo (CV/NTCPMF-FcCo-Naf.0,5%/Lac-Glu.2%). A reduÃÃo do EDS foi regida por processo quase-reversÃvel. TBZ sofreu oxidaÃÃo irreversÃvel sobre EDDB e CV/NTCPMF-FcCo-Naf.0,5%. FMT sobre EDDB apresentou oxidaÃÃo irreversÃvel do tipo quÃmico-eletroquÃmico. No entanto, mecanismo eletroquÃmico-quÃmico-eletroquÃmico foi observado para FMT sobre CV/NTCPMF-FcCo-Naf.0,5%, totalizando quatro processos de oxidaÃÃo (um irreversÃvel, dois quase-reversÃveis e um reversÃvel). Os valores dos limites de detecÃÃo (LD) e de quantificaÃÃo (LQ) calculados foram: LD = 0,121 mg kgâ1 e LQ = 0,406 mg kgâ1 (EDS sobre HMDE), LD = 0,074 mg kgâ1 e LQ = 0,247 mg kgâ1 (EDS sobre CV/NTCPMF-FcCo-Naf.0,5%/Lac-Glu.2%), LD = 0,052 mg kgâ1 e LQ = 0,177 mg kgâ1 (TBZ sobre EDDB), LD = 0,019 mg kgâ1 e LQ = 0,064 mg kgâ1 (TBZ sobre CV/NTCPMF-FcCo-Naf.0,5%), LD = 0,094 mg kgâ1 e LQ = 0,311 mg kgâ1 (TBZ sobre CV/NTCPMF-FcCo-Naf.0,5%/Lac-Glu.2%), LD = 0,094 mg kgâ1 e LQ = 0,314 mg kgâ1 (FMT sobre EDDB), LD = 0,025 mg kgâ1 e LQ = 0,083 mg kgâ1 (FMT sobre CV/NTCPMF-FcCo-Naf.0,5%), LD = 0,088 mg kgâ1 e LQ = 0,299 mg kgâ1 (FMT sobre Au/NpAu/Lac-Glu.2%). Estes valores estÃo de acordo com os limites mÃximos de resÃduos estabelecidos pela AgÃncia Nacional de VigilÃncia SanitÃria para os pesticidas EDS, TBZ e FMT (0,01 a 10,0 mg kgâ1).Os valores dos percentuais de recuperaÃÃo calculados variaram de 70,89 a 117,32%, com desvio padrÃo relativo entre 0,18 e 7,58%. Portanto, os resultados obtidos comprovaram que as metodologias eletroanalÃticas desenvolvidas podem ser consideradas alternativas promissoras para a determinaÃÃo de pesticidas em matrizes alimentares e ambientais. / The present work emphasized the use of electrochemical sensors and biosensors for the determination of endosulfan (EDS, organochlorine), thiabendazole (TBZ, benzimidazole) and formetanate hydrochloride (FMT, carbamate) pesticides in sugar cane, tomato, mango, grape and natural waters samples. Furthermore, insights of redox mechanistic of EDS, TBZ and FMT pesticide were also presented. The hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE), boron-doped diamond electrode (BDDE) and cobalt phthalocyanine with functionalyzed multi-walled carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrode (Naf.0.5%-PcCo-fMWCNT/GCE) sensors were used. For biossensors, Laccase enzyme (Lac) was imobilized via cross-linking onto a gold electrode previously modified with gold nanoparticles (Glu.2%-Lac-AuNp/Au) and onto a PcCo-fMWCNT modified electrode (Glu.2%-Lac/Naf.0.5%-PcCo-fMWCNT/GCE). EDS was reduced by quase-reversible process. TBC was oxidized by an irreversible process on a BDDE and Naf.0.5%-PcCo-fMWCNT/GCE. The electrochemical response of FMT on a BDDE showed the irreversible oxidation mechanism of the type chemical-electrochemical. However, the electrochemical-chemical-electrochemical mechanism was observed for FMT at Naf.0.5%-PcCo-fMWCNT/GCE with four oxidation process (one irreversible, two quase-reversible and one reversible processes). The detection limits (DL) and quantification limits (QL) calculated values were: DL = 0.121 mg kgâ1 and QL = 0.406 mg kgâ1 (EDS at HMDE), DL= 0.074 mg kgâ1 and QL = 0.247 mg kgâ1 (EDS at Glu.2%-Lac/Naf.0.5%-PcCo-fMWCNT/GCE), DL = 0.052 mg kgâ1 and QL = 0.177 mg kgâ1 (TBZ at BDDE), DL = 0.019 mg kgâ1 and QL = 0.064 mg kgâ1 (TBZ at Naf.0.5%-PcCo-fMWCNT/GCE), DL = 0.094 mg kgâ1 and QL = 0.311 mg kgâ1 (TBZ at Glu.2%-Lac/Naf.0.5%-PcCo-fMWCNT/GCE), DL = 0.094 mg kgâ1 and QL = 0.314 mg kgâ1 (FMT at BDDE), DL = 0.025 mg kgâ1 and QL = 0.083 mg kgâ1 (FMT at Naf.0.5%-PcCo-fMWCNT/GCE), DL = 0.088 mg kgâ1 and QL = 0.299 mg kgâ1 (FMT at Glu.2%-Lac-AuNp/Au). These values are according to maximum residue limits established by National Health Surveillance Agency for EDS, TBZ and FMT pesticides (0.01 a 10.0 mg kgâ1). The calculated recovery percentages varied from 70.89 to 117.32% with relative standard desviation from 0.18 to 7.58%. Thus, electrochemical sensors and biosensors can be considered as an alternative tool for pesticides determination in foods and environmental matrices.