Orientador: Elisa Helena Giglio Ponsano / Resumo: No processo de produção do surimi, grande quantidade de água é utilizada para as operações de lavagens, resultando na geração de grande volume de águas residuárias ricas em matéria orgânica que causam problemas ambientais quando descartadas inadequadamente. As proteínas presentes nestas águas podem ser recuperadas, reduzindo o impacto ambiental e gerando um ingrediente com aplicação na indústria de alimentos. O objetivo geral deste estudo foi recuperar proteínas das águas de lavagem de preparo do surimi utilizando a tecnologia de filtração por membranas e utiliza-las na elaboração de fishburguer. As águas de lavagem resultantes da produção do surimi de tilápia foram reunidas e filtradas em membrana de ultrafiltração (UF) de 30 kDa. As determinações de pH, sólidos totais (ST) e fixos (SF), proteínas totais, óleos e graxas e a análise eletroforética foram realizadas nas águas obtidas nas lavagens do surimi (original) e após a UF (concentrado e permeado) e a demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) foi determinada nas águas originais e no permeado da UF. O concentrado desidratado em spray dryer foi analisado quanto ao perfil de aminoácidos e teor de carotenóides. As proteínas recuperadas no concentrado desidratado foram adicionadas nas proporções de 0, 5 e 10% aos fishburgers de surimi e os produtos finais foram avaliados quanto à composição proximal, rendimento na cocção, análise sensorial e índice de aceitabilidade (IA). Os dados físicos e químicos das águas originais, do concentrado... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In the production process of surimi, a large amount of water is used for washing operations, generation waste water rich in organic matter that causes environmental problems when they are improperly disposed. Proteins present in these waters can be recovered, reducing their environmental impact and generating an ingredient with application in the food industry. The general objective of this study was to recover proteins from surimi elaboration wash waters, using membrane filtration technology, and use them in fishburger elaboration. Wash waters resulting from tilapia surimi production were pooled and filtered on ultrafiltration membrane (UF, 30 kDa). Determination of pH, total (ST) and fixed solids (SF), total proteins, lipids and electrophoretic analysis were performed in the waters obtained from wash process of surimi (original) and after UF (concentrated and permeated). Oxygen chemistry (COD) was determined in the original waters an in the UF permeate. Spray-dried dehydrated concentrate was analyzed for amino acid profile and carotenoid content. Proteins recovered in the dehydrated concentrate were added in the proportion of 0, 5 and 10% to surimi fishburgers, and final products were evaluated for proximal composition, cooking yield, sensory analysis and acceptability index (IA). Physical and chemical data of the original concentrate and permeate waters and the proximal composition of fishburgers were subjected to an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means were compared by ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Les plans d’eau, du «bas delta» du fleuve Sénégal sont de plus en plus confrontés aux problèmes d’efflorescences à cyanobactéries qui menacent la ressource en eau des États riverains. Une étude, couplant approches in situ et expérimentales, a été menée pour analyser les principaux facteurs biologiques qui interviennent dans l’apparition et le contrôle de ces phénomènes. L’étude in situ a permis d’analyser la distribution spatio-temporelle du phyto et du zooplancton et les relations entre ces communautés dans 13 sites représentatifs à différentes saisons. L’importance croissante, des cyanobactéries et notamment d’espèces à potentiel toxique comme Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Anabaena solitaria, Anabaena flos-aquae et Microcystis aeruginosa a été mise en évidence. Certains aspects des communautés zooplanctoniques (avantage des cyclopoïdes sur les calanoïdes, présence-abondance d’espèces indicatrices, faibles biomasses par rapport au phytoplancton) indiquent une tendance à l’eutrophisation des plans d’eau. Une forte association entre communautés phyto et zooplanctoniques a été mise en évidence par des analyses multivariables. Une étude expérimentale sur le broutage a montré que les cyanobactéries filamenteuses sont consommées et/ou fractionnées avec une efficacité variable selon les brouteurs et que le zooplancton est un facteur important de contrôle descendant des cyanobactéries filamenteuses (jusqu’à 50% du stock par jour). Des expériences de toxicité ont clairement mis en évidence des effets négatifs des cyanobactéries sur la survie et la croissance du zooplancton, mais avec une sensibilité différente des espèces aux toxines. Des dégradations musculaires et intestinales ainsi que des modifications de l’activité de l’acétylcholinestérase ont été mises en évidence chez des copépodes mais plusieurs éléments suggèrent que les effets ne seraient pas liés aux cyanotoxines classiques, mais plutôt liés à la présence d’autres métabolites émis soit par les cyanobactéries, soit par la flore associée puisque les cultures utilisées n’étaient pas axéniques. / The lower delta of the Senegal river faced with problems linked to cyanobacterial bloom which threaten the water resource of The riverine countries. A study, coupling in situ and experimental approaches, was carried out to analyze the biologicalfactors which intervene in the appearance and the control of these phenomena. The in situ study made analyzed the space time distribution of the phyto- and the zooplankton communities and their relationships in 13 representative sites at various seasons. The increasing importance, of the cyanobacteria and in particular of species with toxic potential like Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Anabaena solitaria, Anabaena flos-aquae and Microcystis aeruginosa was highlighted.Certain aspects of the zooplanktonic communities (importance of cyclopoïds compared to calanoïds, presence-abundance ofindicating species, low zooplankton biomasse compared to the phytoplankton) indicate a trend towards eutrophication. Astrong association between phyto- and zooplankton communities was highlighted by multivariable analyzes. Grazing experiments showed that the filamentous cyanobacteria are consumed and/or split with a variable efficiency according to the grazers and that the zooplankton exert a strong top-down control of the filamentous cyanobacteria (up to 50% of stock perday). Toxicity experiments clearly highlighted negative effects of the cyanobacteries on zooplankton survival and growth, butwith a variable sensitivity according to the species. Ultrastructural deformations and muscular and intestinal degradations aswell as modifications of the acétylcholinestérase activity were highlighted for copepods, but several elements suggest thatthe effects would not be related to the traditional cyanotoxins, but rather related to the presence of other metabolites emittedeither by the cyanobacteria, or by the associated flora since the cultures used were not axenic.

Surfactants belong to surface-active compounds that have ability to restrain the surface tension; this ability is exploited to eliminate impurities. This study is focused on determination of surfactants in waste water to which these compounds can be transported from various cleaning and washing articles. In theoretical part are listed basic classifications of surfactants, their properties and requests of Czech legislative for their content in waste water. Furthermore here are described chosen analytical procedures for determination of anion-active, cation-active and non-ionic surfactants in waste water. The conclusion of the work is evaluation of measured results of surfactants concentration in inflow and outflow of waste water from waste-treatment plant in University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno and waste water from neutralizating station in FCH BUT. To determination of anionic surfactants were used two methods, arbitration method with usage of methylene blue and mobile analytics method which is based on chemical reaction between target compound and chemical agent. This reaction leads to formation of coloured compound able to spectrofotometric determination.

The aim of the present master's thesis is to assess the problem of eutrophication in the reservoir named Hornoveská reservoir near the city of Fryšták. The main goal of this thesis is to do a search report on the topic of eutrophication of surface waters, to do practical measurement and make samples in the Hornoveská reservoir, and then evaluate results from these actions and determine the source of phosphorus in the reservoir. Last goal is to suggest actions which can improve the condition of reservoir by limitation the occurrence of algae and cyanobacteria in the summer period.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第20062号 / 工博第4250号 / 新制||工||1658(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 寶 馨, 教授 立川 康人, 准教授 佐山 敬洋 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

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<p> A method for the simultaneous preconcentration by solvent extraction of a group of trace metal ions from natural waters has been developed. The procedure makes use of a proprietary "liquid cation-exchanger", Kelex 100, the primary component of which is an alkylated oxine (8-quinolinol) derivative, 7-(4-ethyl-1-methyloctyl)-8-quinolinol (HL). After purification of HL from the commercial mixture, the extraction of ten environmentally-significant trace metal ions from artificial seawater into toluene solution was studied as a function of pH. From these investigations, the optimal conditions for the extraction of Cd(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Mn(II), Ni(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) from natural waters were established. The conditions for quantitative back-extraction of the metal ions were then investigated. With the exception of cobalt, the metal ions were quantitatively back-extracted into a small volume of nitric acid, simplifying the matrix and providing additional analyte enrichment. The optimized forward- and back-extraction technique was subsequently applied to the determination of total (soluble) Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni and Pb in a coastal seawater reference standard by graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS). The quantitative recovery of the analytes and the uncomplicated matrix of analysis enabled quantitation to be carried out by external calibration. Compared to the method of standard additions, external calibration has advantages in overall analysis time and sample consumption. Satisfactory agreement was obtained between the experimental and reference values, although Cu(II) blanks were high due to trace Cu(II) contamination of HL and the stability of the Cu(II)-HL chelate.</p> <p> The lipophilicity of HL and its metal chelates provided high metal chelate distribution ratios which, in turn, permitted preconcentration factors of up to 500 in a single batch-extraction. Additionally, studies on the recovery of radiotracer spikes from lakewater and seawater suggested that HL is an effective extractant for stripping metal ions from variously-bound forms from natural waters.</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

<p> Government programs now underway in Ontario aim at removing phosphates from waste-waters at sewage treatment plants. At present, removal of phosphates is commonly accomplished by chemical precipitation with lime, alum, or iron. Lanthanum, a rare earth element, has been found to be an effective precipitant of phosphates. If lanthanum precipitate can be collected, and the lanthanum then regenerated so that it could be recycled for further phosphate precipitation, a very advantageous alternative to the above schemes would result.</p> <p> In this study, phosphates were precipitated from both distilled water and secondary effluent using lanthanum. For the two cases, a regeneration scheme for lanthanum was examined. The basic regeneration reactions were carried out to evaluate the kinetics and equilibria for different ratios of reactants and different reaction temperatures. Techniques for phase separation of reacted reagents were studied. Process design calculations were carried out to obtain order of magnitude figures for amounts and costs of chemicals required, amounts of sludge produced, and reactor sizes.</p> / Thesis / Master of Engineering (MEngr)

For more than 45 years an extensive liming measure has taken place in the southwest of Sweden in Västra Götaland county. The goal with the liming is to improve the aquatic ecosystems and counteract the acidification that has occurred in a large part of catchments in this area. The acidification problem was discovered in the late seventies and had a global impact but was distinctive in northern Europe. To mitigate the problem, it was necessary to find what was causing the acidification and, in this case, it was the emissions of acidic substances. A legislation about decreasing the emissions of sulfuric acid was established by several countries in Europe and after that a change occurred. Most of the aquatic ecosystems responded well to the decreased amount of sulfuric deposition and the liming. An unexpected response to the improved health of the aquatic ecosystems was the increased water color (mgPt·l-1) in surface waters. The change in water color, often called brownification, can be a natural process and an indication that the surface waters are approaching a more natural state. In this study a total of 120 surface waters in Västra Götaland county were studied under a 40-year period. An increasing browning of surface waters and significant differences in water color between limed lakes and reference lakes was discovered. The area with the highest yearly precipitation had the largest percentual increase in water color particularly for limed lakes. The results showed significant differences in water color in limed lakes between two time periods, 1981-1985 and 2015-2020, that indicate an increasing trend in the study area. The results could not answer why the surface waters had this increase in browning and there was not possible to determine all the driving factors. Other studies have shown that increasing water color relates to a decrease in sulfuric deposition and increasing concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the surface waters. Climate change can be a part of the explanation due to warmer temperatures, longer vegetation periods and wetter climate. Further, it is necessary to continue investigating this problem to determine the driving factors and detect possible trends.

Oyster reefs in the western Mississippi Sound (WMS) are dependent on the salinity moderation by freshwater input. However, freshwater brings in high amount of pollutants, which affect the oysters negatively. Oyster diebacks happened as a result of hypoxia caused by excessive organic matter input to WMS in summer 2017. Colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is widely used as a proxy for determining organic matter distribution. In this study, hyperspectral and multispectral remote sensing data collected using unmanned aerial systems and in situ CDOM data were used to develop algorithms in order to retrieve CDOM remotely. Collected physical and biogeochemical parameters were used to understand the carbon fluxes regulating the quality and quantity of CDOM. Developed algorithms showed high accuracy after accounting for seasonal variations of CDOM. Further, seasonal induced photodegradation, photosynthesis, calcification, and exchange of CO2 were identified as possible factors that affect the carbon dynamics in the study area.