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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

A Simulation of Wealth Distribution based on Scale-free Network: The influences of changes in network structure.

Wang, Chun-Chieh 09 August 2012 (has links)
Wealth distribution is an important issue in Economics, especially wealth inequality. There are no absolutely perfect solutions to this issue long times ago. Despite we are in 21 century, the situation are getting worse and hard to resolve. We focus on developing an agent simulation model based on Evolutionary game and Scale-free network. From this model, we observed some phenomena in wealth distribution by changing the network structure. And we experiments 5 strategies to increase the connectivity of agents in network, which increasing the edges to fully-connected network or increasing the edges between two different groups. After these experiments, we find that the increasing of connectivity in the network is positive to the agents¡¦ wealth accumulation which means we build more relationship with the other people is benefit to our wealth accumulation. Furthermore, we divide the agents in the simulation to three groups: the poor, the middle class and the rich. In the group simulation, we find that increasing the connectivity inside the poor group is the best way to decrease the Gini coefficient and wealth inequality.
12

Three Essays in Financial Economics

Karapandza, Rasa 17 April 2009 (has links)
El primer capítol, titulat "PROMETENT FRACÀS: Retòrica Política i Empresatial com a Determinant de l'Èxit" estableix una relació negativa entre el número de promeses fetes per polítics i companyies i el seu conseqüent rendiment. Mostro que les empreses que fan poc ús del temps futur en els seus informes annuals superen significativament aquelles que l'utilitzen més. De la mateixa manera, en totes les eleccions presidencials dels E.U.A. des del 1960 fins el 2004, el candidat que va fer un menor ús del futur durant els debats televisats va guanyar el vot popular. Mostro que la freqüència en que s'usa el futur a les frases està fortament correlacionat amb la freqüència de fer promeses i que aquesta última pot ser modelada en un marc de teoria de jocs. Paraules clau: eficiència de mercat, anomalies de preus, cheap talkEl segon capítol, "Valorant Contractes d'Assegurança de la Hipoteca en Economies de Mercat Emergents", tracta de l'aplicació d'opcions reals per a posar preus a contractes d'asseguraça de la hipoteca. Deselvolupem un nou mètode basat en opcions per a l'avaluació de contractes d'assegurança de la hipoteca en forma tancada en una economia en la qual els agents són neutrals al risc. Mentre el mètode d'avaluació proposat és general i pot ser usat en qualsevol mercat, pot ser particularment útil en economies de mercat emergentsen les quals altres mètodes existents poden ser inapropiats o són massa difícils d'implementar degut a la manca de dades relevants. És el primer article que desenvolupa un marc de preu d'opcions per a posar preus a contractes AH en forma tancada. D'aquesta manera podem obtenir resultats d'estàtiques comparatives de forma analítica en comptes de forma numèrica, com sol ser el cas en literatura relacionada. Aquest és el primer article que quantifica els efectes de la ineficiècia legal en el preu dels contractes AH i demostra que aquest efectes poden ser significants i s'haurien de tenir en consideració alhora de posar preu en aquest tipus de contractes. Paraules clau: assegurança d'hipoteca, quota de morositat, quota de prepagament, fòrmula black-scholes. El tercer capítol es titula "Conseqüències de l'increment de la longevitat en la riquesa, fertilitat i el creixament de la població". Presentem, solucionem i simulem numèricament un model simple que descriu les conseqüències del creixement de la longetivitat per a la taxa de fertilitat, el creixement de la població i la distribució de riquesa en societats desevolupades. Veiem les consequüències de l'ús repetit de tècniques d'extensió de la vida i mostrem que representen una nova matèria prima, la introducció de la qual influenciarà en gran mesura aspectes claus de l'economia i la societat en general. En particular, desvelem dues fases en el nostre model simplificat, que anomenem "mortal" i "immortal". / The first essay, titled "PROMISING FAILURE: Political and Company Rhetoric as a Determinant of Success" establishes a negative relationship between the number of promises made by politicians and companies and their consequent performance. I show that firms that make sparing use of the future tense in their annual reports significantly outperform those that use it more. Similarly, in all of the U.S. presidential elections from 1960 through 2004, the candidate who made less use of the future tense during the televised debates won the popular vote. I show that the frequency of using future-tense sentences is strongly correlated with the frequency of making promises and that the latter can be modeled within a game-theoretic framework. Keywords: market efficiency, pricing anomalies, cheap talkThe second essay, "Valuing Mortgage Insurance Contracts in Emerging Market Economies", deals with application of real options for pricing of mortgage insurance contracts. We develop a new option-based method for the valuation of mortgage insurance contracts in closed form in an economy where agents are risk neutral. While the proposed valuation method is general and can be used in any market, it may be particularly useful in emerging market economies where other existing methods may be either inappropriate or are too difficult to implement because of the lack of relevant data. It is the first paper to develop an option-pricing framework for pricing MI contracts in closed form. As a result, comparative static results can be obtained analytically instead of numerically, as is typically the case in the related literature. This is the first paper that quantifies the effects of legal inefficiency on the pricing of MI contracts and demonstrates that these effects can be quite significant and should be taken into account when pricing MI contracts. Keywords: mortgage insurance, default rate, prepayment rate, black-scholes formula, The third essay is titled "Consequences of increased longevity for wealth, fertility and population growth". We present, solve and numerically simulate a simple model that describes the consequences of increased longevity for fertility rates, population growth and the distribution of wealth in developed societies. We look at the consequences of the repeated use of life extension techniques and show that they represent a novel commodity whose introduction will profoundly influence key aspects of the economy and society in general. In particular, we uncover two phases within our simplified model, labeled as "mortal" and "immortal".
13

Two essays on life-cycle economics /

De Nardi, Mariacristina. January 1999 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, August 1999. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.
14

Desenvolvimento financeiro, crescimento e desigualdade nos estados brasileiros / Financial development, growth and unequality in the Brazilian states

Thaís Marzola Zara 10 November 2006 (has links)
Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar a relação entre desenvolvimento financeiro e crescimento, bem como desenvolvimento financeiro e desigualdade, numa análise regional, para estados brasileiros. Utilizando a metodologia empregada na literatura empírica internacional, as conclusões obtidas são de que: a) o acesso ao crédito é uma das variáveis importantes para a explicação do crescimento estadual e da desigualdade na distribuição de renda; b) o tamanho do crédito em si aparece como relevante para a explicação do crescimento, mas, quando controlados os efeitos das características próprias de cada estado, esta relação deixa de ser significante; e c) o tamanho do crédito está negativamente relacionado à desigualdade de renda, isto é, mais crédito corresponde a pior distribuição. Este último resultado é contra-intuitivo e são sugeridas duas explicações para isso. A primeira razão possível é de que o crédito possa estar sendo capturado pelas camadas de maior renda / empresas de maior porte, não chegando às classes de menor renda / micro e pequenas empresas, o que acentuaria o quadro de má distribuição de renda. O acesso ao crédito, ao contrário, melhora a distribuição de renda. Além disso, é possível que, como uma parte importante do crédito é direcionada pelo governo, este pode estar deliberadamente enviando mais recursos aos estados inicialmente mais desiguais, o que explicaria o resultado de que mais crédito está associado a mais desigualdade. / This paper?s goal is to investigate the relationship between financial development and growth and between financial development and wealth distribution, using a regional approach, through Brazilian states. Using the methodological approach common to the international empiric literature, the conclusions are: a) access to credit is one of the relevant variables when explaining the states growth and the uneven wealth distribution; b) size of credit itself appears to be relevant when explaining growth, however, when discounting the states fixed effects, the relationship ceases to be significant; and c) credit size is negatively related to the wealth distribution, meaning that more credit is linked to a more uneven wealth distribution. This last result is not expected and there are two suggested reasons for it. The first one is that the credit is being captured by the richer lays of population / bigger firms, and it is not being able to reach the poorest lays / smaller firms, thus enhancing the unequal distribution. Credit access, on the other hand, improves the wealth distribution. Besides, it is possible that since a great credit share is directed by the government, it could be intentionally sending more resources to the more uneven states, explaining how more credit could be associated with more inequality.
15

Distribuição de riqueza e atividade econômica: uma extensão kaleckiana / Wealth distribution and economic activity: a kaleckian extension

Eduardo Lederman Rawet 29 August 2018 (has links)
No contexto em que a distribuição de riqueza fica cada vez mais concentrada nas mãos dos mais ricos (Piketty (2014)), torna-se essencial incluir a riqueza e a sua distribuição no estudo dos determinantes da atividade econômica. Assim, dentro de um arcabouço Kaleckiano com modelagem stock-flow-consistent, essa dissertação busca entender como o grau de utilização de capacidade das firmas se relaciona com a distribuição de renda e riqueza. Trabalhos na tradição pós-Keynesiana já haviam buscado entender essas relações, primeiro em Kaldor (1955) e Pasinetti (1962), na literatura neo-Keynesiana, e posteriormente em Dutt (1990) e Palley (2012), na literatura Kaleckiana. A principal inovação desta dissertação é incluir a acumulação de riqueza por trabalhadores e capitalistas, eliminando, porém, a possibilidade de trabalhadores acumularem estoque de capital físico. O modelo desenvolvido possui três classes, duas de trabalhadores que dividem a massa de salários, e uma de capitalistas, que recebe os lucros. Uma das classes de trabalhadores é mais qualificada, recebe um salário mais elevado e tem propensão a consumir sobre a renda disponível menor que a unidade. Assim como os capitalistas, que também têm propensão a poupar positiva sobre a renda disponível, a classe dos trabalhadores mais qualificados acumula riqueza na forma de títulos públicos, que rendem juros, e moeda. Além disso, ambas as classes têm propensão a consumir positiva sobre o estoque de riqueza financeira. No modelo, a riqueza impacta a demanda agregada por quatro canais: i) consumo sobre a riqueza; ii) gasto do governo sobre a riqueza tributada; consumo sobre a renda financeira; gasto do governo sobre a renda financeira tributada. No curto prazo valem o paradoxo dos custos e o paradoxo da poupança, e uma maior proporção da riqueza dos trabalhadores mais qualificados na distribuição de riqueza financeira eleva a utilização de capacidade. No longo prazo, os resultados sugerem que uma maior parcela dos trabalhadores na distribuição de riqueza está associada, na maioria dos casos, com uma menor utilização de capacidade. Além disso, o paradoxo dos custos e o paradoxo da poupança também deixam de valer, a despeito do modelo ser liderado pela demanda. / In a context in which wealth is increasly more concentrated Piketty (2014), it becomes essential to include this variable and its distribution to study the economic activity. Thus, in a Kaleckian approach with Stock Flow Consistent modelling, this thesis aims to investigate how the rate of utilization of capacity of firms related with income and wealth distributions. Papers aligned with post-Keynesian tradition has already shown attempts to understand these relations, first by Kaldor (1955) and Pasinetti (1962), in neo-Keynesian approach, nd more recently by Dutt (1990) and Palley (2012), in Kaleckian literature. The main in innovation of this thesis is to propose the inclusion the accumulation on financial wealth by workers and capitalists, while workers are nor allowed to accumulate capital stock. The proposed model has three classes, two of workers who share the total wages, and the capitalists, who earn profits. One of workers is high skilled and earns a higher wage. The high skilled workers have a propensity to consume out of disposable income smaller than one. Just like capitalists, who also have a positive propensity to save out of disposable income, high skileed workers accumulate wealth as public bonds, which provide financial income as interest, and as money. Besides that, both classes have a positive propensity to consume out of financial wealth. Wealth can impact aggregate demand on four ways: i) consumption out of wealth; ii) government expenditure out of wealth taxes; iii) consumption out of financial income; iv) government expenditure out of financial income taxes. In short run, the paradox of thrift and the paradox of costs hold, while a higher share of high skilled workers\' wealth has a positive impact on capacity utilization. In long run, the results suggest that a higher share of high skilled workers wealth has a negative correlation with capacity utilization. Besides that, the paradox of thrift and the paradox of costs do not hold, despite the model is demand-led.
16

Padrões de riqueza e mobilidade social na economia cafeeira: Campinas, 1870-1940 / Wealth standards and social mobility in the coffee economy: Campinas, 1870-1940

Fernando Antonio Abrahão 27 February 2015 (has links)
As origens da pujança econômica e da diversidade social e cultural de São Paulo são temas estudados por historiadores e economistas. Nesta tese, propõe-se um estudo da riqueza de Campinas durante a economia cafeeira, de 1870 a 1940, recorte temporal este que inicia com o auge da cafeicultura, chegando até aos primeiros desenvolvimentos de uma economia industrial e urbana. A excepcional expansão das exportações de café e a imigração de europeus, de meados do século XIX em diante, estimularam a diversidade dos mercados de trabalho e de consumo locais e tornou possível aos indivíduos comuns ascenderem socialmente em uma hierarquia dominada pela elite cafeeira. A principal fonte documental utilizada foi uma série de inventários post mortem, dos quais sistematizamos as informações pessoais dos inventariados e as propriedades declaradas e orçadas nas suas partilhas. Analisou-se, primeiramente, as origens nacionais e as ocupações econômicas dos inventariados. Na sequência, considerou-se o conjunto das riquezas líquidas dos processos e a composição das propriedades de cada indivíduo. Os dados demonstram ter havido uma extrema desigualdade na distribuição da riqueza em Campinas. Todavia, também encontramos casos de mobilidade ascendente, especialmente entre os imigrantes italianos, que foram maioria no conjunto das colônias estrangeiras do período. / The origins of São Paulos economic vigour and social diversity are topics broadly studied by historians and economists. In this thesis, we investigate the wealth accumulation in Campinas during the coffee economy from 1870 to 1940 a period that begins with the zenith of the coffee production, stretching itself to the first glimpses of a more industrial economy. The leading source used is a sample of post-mortem inventories, from which we codified the inventoried personal data and their declared and budgeted properties listed in their apportionments. The national origins and the economic occupations of the inventoried were primarily analysed. Further, the amount of net wealth of the processes and the composition of the properties of each individual were considered. The data suggest there had been an extreme inequality in the distribution of such wealth. Nevertheless, we found several cases of ascending mobility, especially amongst the Italian immigrants, who represented the majority among the immigrant families in the period.
17

Penningpolitik och ekonomisk ojämlikhet : Finns ett kausalt samband mellan styrränta och ekonomisk ojämlikhet?

Sjöström, Felicia January 2024 (has links)
Recent decades, growing trends in economic inequality have been observed across the world. While the underlying causes are many, there is a recent and growing field of research discussing the potential effects that changes in policy rates and other kinds of economic policy may have on economic inequality. While results among the existing pool of research varies, there seems to be a common perception that economic policy, and changes in policy rates in particular, does affect economic inequality. By conducting a panel data study of 34 countries over the course of 30 years, this thesis finds significant decreases in economic equality, measured using 3 different inequality measurements, following increases in the policy rate. The effects are similar in magnitude for all inequality measurements, however, due to the estimated effects being extremely small in relation to the context, the economic significance is initially questioned. By further analyzing the effects in terms of standard deviations, the thesis finds that estimated effects are of reasonable magnitude, and thus, the economic significance of the study is confirmed.
18

Verteilungswirkung und Effizienz der Erbschaftsteuer / Eine Analyse im Rahmen von Modellen überlappender Generationen / Distributional effects and efficiency of bequest taxation

Sexauer, Martin 06 November 2004 (has links) (PDF)
Die Arbeit befasst sich im Rahmen eines Modells überlappender Generationen hauptsächlich mit der Frage, wie sich das Vererben von Vermögen und die Besteuerung der Erbschaften auf die Vermögensverteilung auswirkt. Darüber hinaus wird allgemeiner der Aspekt der Effizienz der Erbschaftsteuer untersucht. Zudem werden verschiedene Vererbungsmotive behandelt, Ungleichheitsmaße vorgestellt und ein kurzer Einblick in das deutsche Erbschaftsteuerrecht gegeben.
19

Verteilungswirkung und Effizienz der Erbschaftsteuer: Eine Analyse im Rahmen von Modellen überlappender Generationen

Sexauer, Martin 25 November 2004 (has links)
Die Arbeit befasst sich im Rahmen eines Modells überlappender Generationen hauptsächlich mit der Frage, wie sich das Vererben von Vermögen und die Besteuerung der Erbschaften auf die Vermögensverteilung auswirkt. Darüber hinaus wird allgemeiner der Aspekt der Effizienz der Erbschaftsteuer untersucht. Zudem werden verschiedene Vererbungsmotive behandelt, Ungleichheitsmaße vorgestellt und ein kurzer Einblick in das deutsche Erbschaftsteuerrecht gegeben.
20

[pt] ESTUDO DA DINÂMICA ESTOCÁSTICA DE REDISTRIBUIÇÃO DA RIQUEZA USANDO UMA EQUAÇÃO DE FOKKER-PLANCK / [en] STUDY OF THE STOCHASTIC DYNAMICS OF WEALTH REDISTRIBUTION USING A FOKKER-PLANCK EQUATION

HUGO LEONARDO LEITE LIMA 22 December 2020 (has links)
[pt] A dinâmica da distribuição da riqueza para o modelo conhecido em inglês como Yard-Sale Model (Modelo da Venda de Quintal) pode ser descrita através de uma equação de Fokker-Planck para a função densidade de probabilidade P(w, t) da riqueza w em um instante t. Neste trabalho foi investigado o efeito de um arrasto redistributivo não linear nessa dinâmica. Considera-se (I) uma taxação do tipo linear por partes, onde apenas aqueles com riqueza acima de um determinado valor são taxados, e, (II) uma taxação na forma de lei de potência, que inclui os tipos progressivo e regressivo. Em todos os casos, o total arrecadado é distribuído igualmente. Analisou-se como essas regras podem modificar a distribuição da riqueza numa população e, principalmente, o nível de desigualdade medido pelo índice de Gini. / [en] The dynamics of wealth distribution for the so-called Yard-Sale Model can be described by a Fokker-Planck equation for the probability density function P(w, t) of wealth w at time t. In this work, the effect of nonlinear redistributive drifts was investigated. It was considered (I) a piecewise linear tax, where only those with wealth above a certain threshold are taxed, and, (II) a power-law tax that includes the progressive and regressive types. In all cases, the collected amount of wealth is redistributed equally. We analyze how these rules modify the distribution of wealth across the population and, mainly, the inequality level measured through the Gini index.

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