<p>This thesis investigates the economic and moral viability of the capitalist economic system, in order to compare it with the Islamic economic system in terms of justice and fairness. Earlier Marxist/Socialist critique of Capitalism focused on issues within Capitalism such as greed, corruption, cheating, bribery, pirating, abuse, and other market problems e.g. practices and regulations which lead to poverty, hunger, economic crises, collapse, inflation, stagnation and steep price increases. Instead of sloganeering from a distance, contemporary research on the problems of the world economy is replete with frank criticism &ldquo / from the inside&rdquo / , i.e. by capitalist economists themselves. In this study, written from a Muslim perspective, the problem within the capitalist system will be assessed in conversation with critique from &ldquo / outside&rdquo / and &ldquo / inside&rdquo / capitalist discourse.</p>

This thesis utilises the second fundamental law of capitalism in order to study the development of income inequality in Sweden, from the start of the 19th century to the beginning of the 21stcentury. The law is studied from a historical perspective (examination of national accounts as time series), and empirically analysed (regression analysis). The results retrieved indicate that the income diverging force of savings exceed the income converging force of growth (via income, innovation, and education). This means that income inequality is predicted to increase. The main conclusion drawn is that choosing whether to save or not on behalf of every individual affects the capital stock of the aggregate economy. When individual savings pile up the aggregate capital stock increases, and if this increase surpasses the growth in national income the capital-to-income ratio increases. This ratio is in a sense a measure of how capitalistic the country is. More income inequality is expected to be found the higher this ratio gets.

The primary goal of a publicly traded company is to maximise the wealth of its shareholders. This implies that the management of the firm, as agents of the owners, has to manage the firm in such a manner as to create value from every decision taken. Value-based management (VBM) is a management strategy aimed at achieving shareholder wealth creation and is based on the effective management of a set of internal value drivers to maximise wealth creation. The primary objective of the current study is to investigate the quantification of the relationship between internal value drivers and shareholder wealth creation in the Mining sector of JSE listed companies in South Africa. In order to achieve this, the internal value drivers were identified from literature, the necessary financial data was collected and the value drivers as well as actual shareholder wealth were quantified. Revenue growth, operating profitability, capital requirements and weighted average cost of capital (WACC) were identified as the value drivers while total shareholder return (TSR) was identified as the actual shareholder wealth creator. For the purpose of the current study, WACC was excluded from the analysis. By application of linear regression, it was found that revenue growth and operating profitability have a positive, statistically significant effect of TSR. After analysing the effect size, it is however concluded that the effect is not practically significant. These findings concur with similar research in the field of VBM. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2009.

The primary goal of a publicly traded company is to maximise the wealth of its shareholders. This implies that the management of the firm, as agents of the owners, has to manage the firm in such a manner as to create value from every decision taken. Value-based management (VBM) is a management strategy aimed at achieving shareholder wealth creation and is based on the effective management of a set of internal value drivers to maximise wealth creation. The primary objective of the current study is to investigate the quantification of the relationship between internal value drivers and shareholder wealth creation in the Mining sector of JSE listed companies in South Africa. In order to achieve this, the internal value drivers were identified from literature, the necessary financial data was collected and the value drivers as well as actual shareholder wealth were quantified. Revenue growth, operating profitability, capital requirements and weighted average cost of capital (WACC) were identified as the value drivers while total shareholder return (TSR) was identified as the actual shareholder wealth creator. For the purpose of the current study, WACC was excluded from the analysis. By application of linear regression, it was found that revenue growth and operating profitability have a positive, statistically significant effect of TSR. After analysing the effect size, it is however concluded that the effect is not practically significant. These findings concur with similar research in the field of VBM. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2009.

This dissertation both theoretically and empirically examines the relationship between health and wealth, using proxies for health and wealth that are standard in the economics literature. We first model the endogenous interactions between life expectancy and income by modifying a standard overlapping generation model to allow individuals to directly choose their own longevity. The model displays a positive feedback between life expectancy and income that generates multiple stable equilibria. The worse equilibrium is a “poverty-trap” in which poverty and low longevity reinforce each other. The second portion of the dissertation is empirical. We first show that income has statistically significant effects on various proxies for health. The results are robust to different ways of controlling for the endogeneity of income: both instrumental variable estimation with external instruments and also generalized method of moments estimation when internal instruments are applied. We next directly test for the causal relationship between income and various proxies for health using three panel Granger causality tests. Evidence is found to support the existence of a bi-directional causal link. Sensitivity tests further suggest that middle-income countries play a more important role than low-income countries in explaining the overall wealth-health causality.

This thesis aims to provide evidence on the relations between productivity, industrial structure, and labour markets for countries with different characteristics from 1965 to 1999. In order to do so, we first examine manufacturing industry production and trade with respect to both technology orientation and intensity, the impact of structural change on productivity growth, and the existence of convergence in industrial structures. Second, this study investigates the impact of labour market and industrial structures on aggregate productivity in manufacturing. While descriptive analysis of manufacturing industry with regard to technological orientation and intensity shows changing industrial structures in favour of relatively more technology intensive production and exports especially in fast growing countries, decomposition analysis suggests that the impact of structural change on productivity growth is negligible for most of the countries. The factor analysis revealed that although a general structural convergence tendency among countries is not observed, fast growing countries have converged their industrial structure towards those of industrialised countries. Finally, econometric estimation results also showed that while wage flexibility is detrimental to productivity in manufacturing, regulations in labour markets may foster productivity growth.

El primer capítol, titulat "PROMETENT FRACÀS: Retòrica Política i Empresatial com a Determinant de l'Èxit" estableix una relació negativa entre el número de promeses fetes per polítics i companyies i el seu conseqüent rendiment. Mostro que les empreses que fan poc ús del temps futur en els seus informes annuals superen significativament aquelles que l'utilitzen més. De la mateixa manera, en totes les eleccions presidencials dels E.U.A. des del 1960 fins el 2004, el candidat que va fer un menor ús del futur durant els debats televisats va guanyar el vot popular. Mostro que la freqüència en que s'usa el futur a les frases està fortament correlacionat amb la freqüència de fer promeses i que aquesta última pot ser modelada en un marc de teoria de jocs. Paraules clau: eficiència de mercat, anomalies de preus, cheap talkEl segon capítol, "Valorant Contractes d'Assegurança de la Hipoteca en Economies de Mercat Emergents", tracta de l'aplicació d'opcions reals per a posar preus a contractes d'asseguraça de la hipoteca. Deselvolupem un nou mètode basat en opcions per a l'avaluació de contractes d'assegurança de la hipoteca en forma tancada en una economia en la qual els agents són neutrals al risc. Mentre el mètode d'avaluació proposat és general i pot ser usat en qualsevol mercat, pot ser particularment útil en economies de mercat emergentsen les quals altres mètodes existents poden ser inapropiats o són massa difícils d'implementar degut a la manca de dades relevants. És el primer article que desenvolupa un marc de preu d'opcions per a posar preus a contractes AH en forma tancada. D'aquesta manera podem obtenir resultats d'estàtiques comparatives de forma analítica en comptes de forma numèrica, com sol ser el cas en literatura relacionada. Aquest és el primer article que quantifica els efectes de la ineficiècia legal en el preu dels contractes AH i demostra que aquest efectes poden ser significants i s'haurien de tenir en consideració alhora de posar preu en aquest tipus de contractes. Paraules clau: assegurança d'hipoteca, quota de morositat, quota de prepagament, fòrmula black-scholes. El tercer capítol es titula "Conseqüències de l'increment de la longevitat en la riquesa, fertilitat i el creixament de la població". Presentem, solucionem i simulem numèricament un model simple que descriu les conseqüències del creixement de la longetivitat per a la taxa de fertilitat, el creixement de la població i la distribució de riquesa en societats desevolupades. Veiem les consequüències de l'ús repetit de tècniques d'extensió de la vida i mostrem que representen una nova matèria prima, la introducció de la qual influenciarà en gran mesura aspectes claus de l'economia i la societat en general. En particular, desvelem dues fases en el nostre model simplificat, que anomenem "mortal" i "immortal". / The first essay, titled "PROMISING FAILURE: Political and Company Rhetoric as a Determinant of Success" establishes a negative relationship between the number of promises made by politicians and companies and their consequent performance. I show that firms that make sparing use of the future tense in their annual reports significantly outperform those that use it more. Similarly, in all of the U.S. presidential elections from 1960 through 2004, the candidate who made less use of the future tense during the televised debates won the popular vote. I show that the frequency of using future-tense sentences is strongly correlated with the frequency of making promises and that the latter can be modeled within a game-theoretic framework. Keywords: market efficiency, pricing anomalies, cheap talkThe second essay, "Valuing Mortgage Insurance Contracts in Emerging Market Economies", deals with application of real options for pricing of mortgage insurance contracts. We develop a new option-based method for the valuation of mortgage insurance contracts in closed form in an economy where agents are risk neutral. While the proposed valuation method is general and can be used in any market, it may be particularly useful in emerging market economies where other existing methods may be either inappropriate or are too difficult to implement because of the lack of relevant data. It is the first paper to develop an option-pricing framework for pricing MI contracts in closed form. As a result, comparative static results can be obtained analytically instead of numerically, as is typically the case in the related literature. This is the first paper that quantifies the effects of legal inefficiency on the pricing of MI contracts and demonstrates that these effects can be quite significant and should be taken into account when pricing MI contracts. Keywords: mortgage insurance, default rate, prepayment rate, black-scholes formula, The third essay is titled "Consequences of increased longevity for wealth, fertility and population growth". We present, solve and numerically simulate a simple model that describes the consequences of increased longevity for fertility rates, population growth and the distribution of wealth in developed societies. We look at the consequences of the repeated use of life extension techniques and show that they represent a novel commodity whose introduction will profoundly influence key aspects of the economy and society in general. In particular, we uncover two phases within our simplified model, labeled as "mortal" and "immortal".

This dissertation uses property values to investigate the economic effect of public expenditures for operations and capital improvements on place value. Given the increasing role of nonprofit services in augmenting those of cities and school districts, the dissertation research investigates whether nonprofit expenditures join those of cities and school districts as Tiebout commodities, thereby contributing to place value. Furthermore, the research examines whether those expenditures contribute to reducing the inequities in the distribution of property wealth. The conceptual framework for the dissertation is the Tiebout model and its various extensions. The model proposes that individuals have different preferences for public goods and services, and there are many jurisdictions that vary in the services provided. Consequently, individuals shop around for the community that best matches their preferences and locate in the one that maximizes their utility. If the model correctly predicts households' behavior, then the quality of public goods and services provided by a community will affect its desirability. The more attractive a community, the higher the demand for its properties, which results in higher property values. The dissertation research finds that city public capital spending positively impacts property values in two ways. Property values respond positively to (1) the announcement of capital investments (i.e., ongoing capital expenditures), and (2) the amenity created when capital projects become operational (i.e., when operating expenditures are combined with capital stock). The results also show that nonprofit capital stock and spending on operations affect property values differently depending on the nonprofit category. The findings further reveal that local public and nonprofit spending benefit owners of lower and medium valued properties more than owners of higher valued properties. This finding suggests that local government and nonprofit spending contribute to reducing inequities in the distribution of property wealth.

Thesis (M.A.)--Western Seminary, 1993. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 67-73).

Thesis (M.A.)--Western Seminary, 1993. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 67-73).