Part of thesis (PH. D.)--University of Michigan, 1939. / Original thesis has title: Daniel Webster's theory and practice of public speaking. "Reprinted from Speech monographs, Research annual, vol. IX, 1942."

Issued also as Thesis (Ph. D.)--Columbia University. / Bibliography: p. [317]-331.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Yale University, 1908.

Rhetoric is a matter of control. It is, in fact, the process of ordering the components of speech and action to produce a desired end. Drama is an ideal manifestation of rhetoric in that it shows the word becoming action in the flesh of the actors on stage. The rhetorical process (drama) is as much a focus of John Webster's The Duchess of Malfi (c. 1614) as its apparent thematic material: self-possession, which is expressed in the play as family relations, marriage customs, and noblesse oblige. John Webster knew rhetoric and was himself an excellent rhetorician. And he creates a female protagonist who "stains the time past, lights the time to come": the Duchess of Malfi. Webster's creation serves as the playwright's spokesperson, and her conspicuously amoral behavior reflects the power of the age and its dissolution. The Duchess confronts the sinister, idiosyncratic, patriarchal worlds of the court and of the Church and snubs both, preferring, rather, to make her own path, to make her own meaning, to make her own morality. She is totally self-possessed; she resists the irrational demands of her male siblings; she defies the social codes of matrimony; she negates the authority of the Church's representative, the Cardinal. Ultimately, she defies the rhetoric of her environment: its content, its structure, its rhythm, its style. In doing so, she becomes her own rhetor, creating and ordering a noble world apart from an uncaring universe. As a rhetor she is successful, maintaining her own argument, causing others to change. Yet she cannot change the entire corrupt environment. She dies, but an audience is better for its exposure to her and realizes its loss at her death in Act V. Critics, however, object to Webster's dependence on the grotesque and melodramatic elements in Act IV and Act V of the play. Webster's dramatic vision is not flawed at all: the grotesque elements in Act IV and the resulting anticlimatic nature of Act V are pivotal to the irony operating in the play. The play reflects the age and its dissolution; therefore, the precise verbal irony must dissolve into gross action. Without the Duchess physically present to maintain justice in the world, only physical horrors remain. Webster wanted to demonstrate what happens in a world that destroys its rhetor, its morally organizing force. The result is defensive laughter. The irony is cosmic. / Master of Arts

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries / Department: English

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1972. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin, 1964. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

A partir da controvérsia entre John Webster (1610-1682) e Joseph Glanvill (1636-1680) em torno da bruxaria como um pacto diabólico propõe-se compreender em alguma medida o sentido que a demonologia poderia adquirir na Inglaterra da Restauração e relacionar a polêmica de ambos com o declínio da perseguição às bruxas. A demonologia é entendida como uma literatura controversa dotada de dimensão cognitiva e social e dedicada ao preternatural, ou seja, a eventos que estariam nas fronteiras entre o natural e o sobrenatural. As obras de demonologia se apropriaram de modo eclético de argumentos, teorias e de episódios oriundos das mais diversas fontes e os organizaram em torno de alguns tópicos fundamentais. A demonologia esteve relacionada com diferentes lugares, épocas e saberes, em especial a filosofia natural e a teologia. Tendo isso em vista, os tratados de demonologia de Webster e Glanvill, The displaying of supposed witchcraft (1677) e Saducismus triumphatus (1688), foram estudados em paralelo, colocados em confronto, relacionados com outros escritos deles, associados às discussões demonológicas e ao contexto intelectual e histórico. A polêmica entre Webster e Glanvill mostrou que a demonologia se apresentava como uma maneira de advogar compromissos de natureza filosófica e religiosa que estavam relacionados com o surgimento da ciência moderna e com a diversidade religiosa existente na Inglaterra. Mas, apesar dessa flexibilidade, a demonologia entrou em declínio à medida que avançou o ceticismo das autoridades com relação ao crime da bruxaria e a experiência se tornou experimentação. O fim dos julgamentos de bruxas impossibilitou que a demonologia se adequasse a requisitos mais rigorosos, e impossíveis, de evidência. / From the controversy between John Webster (1610-1682) e Joseph Glanvill (1636-1680) about witchcraft as diabolical pact it is proposed to comprehend in some sort the meaning that demonology could acquire in Restoration England and to relate the polemics of both to the decline of the witches\' persecution. Demonology is understood as a controversial literature endowed of cognitive and social dimensions and dedicated to the preternatural, that is, to events that would be in the border between natural and supernatural. The works of demonology would appropriate in a eclectic way the arguments, theories and episodes from different sources and would organize them into some essential topics. Demonology was related to different places, times and fields of knowledge, specially to natural philosophy and theology. Keeping that in mind, Webster\'s and Glanvill demonology treatises, The displaying of supposed witchcraft (1677) and Saducismus triumphatus (1688), were studied in parallel, put in conflict, related to other works of the authors, associated with the demonological controversies and with the intellectual and historical context. The controversy between Webster and Glanvill showed that demonology presented itself as a manner of defending philosophical and religious compromises that were related to the rise of modern science and religious diversity in England. However, despite this flexibility, demonology declined as skepticism of the authorities about the crime of witchcraft advanced and the experience was turn into experimentation. The end of the witch trials made impossible for demonology to adapt to more strict, and unreachable, requirements of evidence.

Os isolados de Toxoplasma gondii encontrados no Brasil apresentam grande variedade genética. No país, foram verificadas quatro linhagens clonais, denominadas tipo BrI, BrII, BrIII e BrIV. Dentre elas, a virulência para camundongos varia, sendo BrI virulenta, BrIII não virulenta e, as linhagens BrII e BrIV são consideradas de virulência intermediária. A definição da virulência desses isolados é feita, na maioria dos estudos, a partir do isolamento por bioensaio, com a determinação da mortalidade de camundongos infectados. No entanto, a dose de T. gondii inoculada nesses animais é desconhecida e, assim, trata-se de um método impreciso para caracterização da virulência. Dessa maneira, este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a virulência, em camundongos, de 22 isolados brasileiros de T.gondii, utilizando inóculos padronizados. Para o teste de virulência, utilizou-se taquizoítas de cada um dos isolados, em três concentrações (10¹, 10² e 10³). Cada dose foi inoculada via intraperitoneal em grupos formados por quatro camundongos heterogênicos fêmeas, de oito semanas de idade, da linhagem Swiss Webster. A mortalidade dos animais foi observada por 30 dias e, baseando-se nesses dados, além do tempo decorrido pós-inoculação até a morte dos animais, determinou-se a virulência dos isolados. Dos 22 isolados brasileiros incluídos nesse estudo, sete (32%) foram definidos como de virulência intermediária, pois houve sobrevivência de animais infectados e a mortalidade foi dose-dependente. Além disso, 15 (68%) foram considerados virulentos, uma vez que causaram a morte de todos os camundongos independente da dose analisada. Comparando as classificações definidas pelo bioensaio e pelo teste de virulência, 83% dos isolados virulentos analisados se mantiveram como virulentos, em contrapartida os isolados não virulentos e de virulência intermediária pelo bioensaio mostraram um fenótipo de maior virulência no teste. Devido à predominância de isolados virulentos no Brasil, o uso de uma metodologia padronizada para determinação da virulência em camundongos é de pouca utilidade epidemiológica. / The isolates of Toxoplasma gondii found in Brazil present a great genetic variety. In the country, four clonal lineages, denominated type BrI, BrII, BrIII and BrIV were verified. Among them, virulence for mice varies, with virulent BrI and non-virulent BrIII, and the BrII and BrIV strains are considered as intermediate virulence. The determination of the virulence of these isolates is made, in the majority of the studies, from the isolation by bioassay, with the determination of the mortality of infected mice. However, the dose of T. gondii inoculated in these animals is unknown and thus is an imprecise method for characterization of virulence. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the virulence of 22 Brazilian isolates of T. gondii in mice using standardized inocula. For the virulence test, tachyzoites from each of the isolates were used in three concentrations (10¹, 10² and 10³). Each dose was inoculated intraperitoneally into groups consisting of four 8-week-old female heterogenic mice of the Swiss Webster strain. The mortality of the animals was observed for 30 days and, based on these data, in addition to the time elapsed post-inoculation until the death of the animals, the virulence of the isolates was determined. Of the 22 Brazilian isolates included in this study, seven (32%) were defined as intermediate virulence, since there was survival of infected animals and mortality was dose-dependent. In addition, 15 (68%) were considered virulent, since they caused the death of all mice regardless of the dose analyzed. Comparing the classifications defined by the bioassay and the virulence test, 83% of the virulent isolates analyzed remained virulent. In contrast, the non virulent isolates and intermediate virulence by the bioassay showed a phenotype of greater virulence in the test. Due to the predominance of virulent isolates in Brazil, the use of a standardized methodology for the determination of virulence in mice is of little epidemiological utility.

Os isolados de Toxoplasma gondii encontrados no Brasil apresentam grande variedade genética. No país, foram verificadas quatro linhagens clonais, denominadas tipo BrI, BrII, BrIII e BrIV. Dentre elas, a virulência para camundongos varia, sendo BrI virulenta, BrIII não virulenta e, as linhagens BrII e BrIV são consideradas de virulência intermediária. A definição da virulência desses isolados é feita, na maioria dos estudos, a partir do isolamento por bioensaio, com a determinação da mortalidade de camundongos infectados. No entanto, a dose de T. gondii inoculada nesses animais é desconhecida e, assim, trata-se de um método impreciso para caracterização da virulência. Dessa maneira, este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a virulência, em camundongos, de 22 isolados brasileiros de T.gondii, utilizando inóculos padronizados. Para o teste de virulência, utilizou-se taquizoítas de cada um dos isolados, em três concentrações (10¹, 10² e 10³). Cada dose foi inoculada via intraperitoneal em grupos formados por quatro camundongos heterogênicos fêmeas, de oito semanas de idade, da linhagem Swiss Webster. A mortalidade dos animais foi observada por 30 dias e, baseando-se nesses dados, além do tempo decorrido pós-inoculação até a morte dos animais, determinou-se a virulência dos isolados. Dos 22 isolados brasileiros incluídos nesse estudo, sete (32%) foram definidos como de virulência intermediária, pois houve sobrevivência de animais infectados e a mortalidade foi dose-dependente. Além disso, 15 (68%) foram considerados virulentos, uma vez que causaram a morte de todos os camundongos independente da dose analisada. Comparando as classificações definidas pelo bioensaio e pelo teste de virulência, 83% dos isolados virulentos analisados se mantiveram como virulentos, em contrapartida os isolados não virulentos e de virulência intermediária pelo bioensaio mostraram um fenótipo de maior virulência no teste. Devido à predominância de isolados virulentos no Brasil, o uso de uma metodologia padronizada para determinação da virulência em camundongos é de pouca utilidade epidemiológica. / The isolates of Toxoplasma gondii found in Brazil present a great genetic variety. In the country, four clonal lineages, denominated type BrI, BrII, BrIII and BrIV were verified. Among them, virulence for mice varies, with virulent BrI and non-virulent BrIII, and the BrII and BrIV strains are considered as intermediate virulence. The determination of the virulence of these isolates is made, in the majority of the studies, from the isolation by bioassay, with the determination of the mortality of infected mice. However, the dose of T. gondii inoculated in these animals is unknown and thus is an imprecise method for characterization of virulence. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the virulence of 22 Brazilian isolates of T. gondii in mice using standardized inocula. For the virulence test, tachyzoites from each of the isolates were used in three concentrations (10¹, 10² and 10³). Each dose was inoculated intraperitoneally into groups consisting of four 8-week-old female heterogenic mice of the Swiss Webster strain. The mortality of the animals was observed for 30 days and, based on these data, in addition to the time elapsed post-inoculation until the death of the animals, the virulence of the isolates was determined. Of the 22 Brazilian isolates included in this study, seven (32%) were defined as intermediate virulence, since there was survival of infected animals and mortality was dose-dependent. In addition, 15 (68%) were considered virulent, since they caused the death of all mice regardless of the dose analyzed. Comparing the classifications defined by the bioassay and the virulence test, 83% of the virulent isolates analyzed remained virulent. In contrast, the non virulent isolates and intermediate virulence by the bioassay showed a phenotype of greater virulence in the test. Due to the predominance of virulent isolates in Brazil, the use of a standardized methodology for the determination of virulence in mice is of little epidemiological utility.