To the Economic and Political Development of the German Democratic Republic in the 1970s (Pavel Szobi) Abstract The thesis deals with the economic development of the German Democratic Republic in the 1970s. It characterizes the basic elements of real socialism and implementation of the main SED strategy for the studied period - the so called Unity of Economic and Social Policy. It evaluates single aspects and the impact on the political stability of the regime. The thesis determines effects of energetic policy, external debt and lack of foreign currency on the national economy. The author does not consider the economic failures, but the dictatorship itself to be the main reason for the regime decay. Restriction of human and civil rights, together with comparing the standard of living with the Federal Republic of Germany led to the rise of social policy expenses and an extensive subvention of the so called consumer socialism. These courses of action enabled to stabilize the GDR temporarily; however, it also made the main defects of central planning more visible. Not only a modern consumer society failed to form, but even supplying population with random goods remained an issue which is well documented in the thesis on the example of the so called coffee crisis. The author comes to the conclusion that these...

La tesi analizza il modo in cui le organizzazioni scolastiche affrontano il disagio giovanile, verificando se e dove si riscontrino caratteri di relazionalità nella sua gestione e nell’orientamento organizzativo, secondo l’approccio relazionale al welfare. Si tratta di una ricerca qualitativa ed esplorativa, condotta nel sistema educativo della Provincia Autonoma di Trento, attraverso interviste semistrutturate a dirigenti, docenti, ma anche altri professionisti, studenti e famiglie. L’analisi, preceduta da un inquadramento teorico e delle indicazioni istituzionali, focalizza il processo di aiuto sul caso secondo l’ottica relazionale e poi si centra sul piano organizzativo, per osservare in tre elementi – finalità, persone e mezzi dell’organizzazione – come l’assunzione di una prospettiva relazionale possa attivare nella scuola pratiche di care in grado di migliorare il benessere degli studenti. L’analisi mostra che, soprattutto nella formazione professionale trentina, il presupposto della care appare abbastanza condiviso ma spesso non si traduce in veri e propri processi relazionali. Un punto critico riguarda l’attivazione di reti riflessive paritarie con le famiglie e gli studenti. Una potenzialità innovativa è invece espressa in alcuni istituti dove l’assetto organizzativo funziona almeno in parte secondo logiche relazionali: ciò sembra sostenere la funzione formativa della scuola, coinvolgendola in una dinamica societaria di care diffusa. / The thesis analyses the way in which school organizations tackle the problem of young people in trouble, verifying if and where relational elements can be found in organizational orientations, following the relational approach to welfare. It is a qualitative and exploring research, conducted within the Province of Trento's educational system, through semistructured interviews with school executives, teachers, other professionals, students and families as well. Beginning with the theoretical framework and the institutional indications, the analysis focuses on individual helping process from the relational perspective; then moving to the organizational level in order to observe in three elements - goals, people and means - how the utilization of a relational approach can activate, in the school, practices of "care" capable of improving students well being. The analysis shows that, mainly in occupational training, the idea of "care" seems to be quite shared but it does not translate into true relational processes. A critical point refers to the activation of reflective networks with families and students. A potential innovation is expressed in certain institutes where the organizational framework reflects, at least partially, the relational approach: it does seam to support the school educational role, involving the school itself in a widespread society of "care".

There were many changes in the Czech social system during last years. Many possibilities for people with disabilities appeared in a state and a non-profit sector - more social benefits and social service. The only problem is in their chaotic arrangement. My thesis is concretely focused on potentialities of families with mentally disabled children. In my theoretical part I therefore describe not only mental illnesses and its stages but also a family of a disabled child and parental education. Hereafter I attend to education and socialization of individuals with a mental disability. The second part of theory targets three social principles of the social system {--} the social insurance, state social support and social welfare/care. At the end of this part I mention the significance of non profit organizations for people affected by mental disabilities. Following theoretical is the practical part which aims (and that is my work{\crq}s objective also) to determine the knowledge of parents about our social benefit schemes and support. Specifically this means to chart the current state of affairs {--} informedness functioning. Based upon these results then create an outline (benefits, services) which will help the parents to distinguish more efficiently within all services offered. The survey was carried out by questionnaires. These were intended for parents of mentally disabled children and aimed at their knowledge. The correspondents {--} parents {--} were separated into groups in accordance with their educational background. It emerged from my results that parents with elementary education are feeling well informed whilst parent with higher education do not consider themselves informed although in accordance with their answers they have a better insight into their child{\crq}s options. Generally the majority of the polled (77%) is not feeling informed. The problem is inadequate information system. Respondents also mentioned what they are lacking in most and what they would consider as being most helpful. The most common answers concerned missing comprehensive review, informative brochures and sufficiently informed staff, which I did contemplate. Based upon these results I have conceived an overview of primary options specifically designed for families with mentally disabled children. I may thus claim that both my hypothesis have been confirmed. I behold the anticipated development of my work in merging information about assigned issues with creating a review of primary options for families with a mentally disabled child. I do hope that this work will leastwise improve their awareness.

Välfärdsomsorg som i Sverige bedrivs enligt hälso- och sjukvårdslagen samt socialtjänstlagen är enligt lag skyldig att bedriva en systematisk kvalitetsutveckling. I denna kvalitetsutveckling inkluderas att arbeta med identifiering av brister samt risker för brister. Detta sker genom att personal i omsorgsverksamheter systematiskt ska rapportera avvikelser varpå ett avvikelsearbete påbörjas. Avvikelsearbetet leder till åtgärder i verksamheter och är därmed ett relativt omedelbart kvalitetsutvecklande. Samtidigt fyller avvikelsearbetet en funktion på en mer aggregerad nivå då det i statistiska sammanställningar kan ge fingervisning om hur verksamheter bedrivs samt att brister, och eventuella behov, tydliggörs. Statistiskt underlag samt tydliggjorda brister och behov kan i sin tur användas för att underbygga beslut som berör verksamheterna, både beslut inom verksamheter men också politiska beslut som sätter ramar och förutsättningar för organisationer och verksamheter. Således kan avvikelsearbete mynna ut i ett av de flera kvalitetsmått vilka i vårt samhälle idag är avgörande för att kunna utvärdera att offentligt bekostad välfärd dels är effektiv men också av god kvalité. Det finns idag en utbredd kritik av den samhälleliga styrmodell som kallas New Public Management. Kritiken riktar bland annat in sig på de stora krav av uppföljning och utvärdering som är både resurskrävande och riskfyllda i den mening att utvärdering och mätning av kvalité kan innehålla skevheter och föra med sig missvisande resultat. Kritik förs också fram mot att det administrativa arbetet tar över tid och resurser från kärnverksamheten, i den här studien äldreomsorg. Föreliggande studie syftar till att undersöka hur personal inom äldreomsorgens särskilda boende upplever deras avvikelsearbete utifrån begreppet organisationskultur. Det är av relevans att höra hur den personal som arbetar med avvikelsearbete upplever sitt arbete med kvalitetsutveckling. Avvikelsearbete som arbetsuppgift medför nämligen möjliga utmaningar: personal inom äldreomsorg är en av de personalgrupper i samhället som är mest belastad arbetsmiljömässigt, avvikelsearbete kan vara laddat med en känsla av utpekande av syndabockar, det finns incitament för organisationer att visa upp en yta av att kvalitetsarbete pågår. Studien har genomförts som en fallstudie med kvalitativ ansats där sju semistrukturerade intervjuer med vårdbiträden samt undersköterskor från en och samma arbetsgrupp har gjorts under våren 2018. Resultatet går i linje med tidigare forskning som lyfter fram olika aspekter som relevanta för ett framgångsrikt avvikelsearbete: kommunikation och dialog med kollegor och chef, uppmuntran från chef, tydlig struktur för hur avvikelsearbetet bedrivs. Resultatet visar också på aspekter som kan lyftas fram som brister i avvikelsearbetet: hur personal kompenserar för att hinna med sitt arbete, att avvikelser gällande vissa brister inte alltid rapporteras. För att tolka och analysera studiens resultat används socialpsykologen Edgar Scheins arbete om organisationskultur samt företagsekonomen Mats Alvessons arbete om mekanismer inom organisationer. / Welfare Care that in Sweden is given according to laws regulating health care and social services is obligated to secure systematic quality improvement. Risk management through deviation reports is a part of this quality improvement which can affect the welfare care rather immediate. Deviation reports can also be used in statistical overviews where both risks and needs within the given care can be accentuated. As a consequence, information about risk, needs and statistical overviews can also be used for decision-making in both care organisations and in policy decisions that sets the framework for the welfare care given. Hence, deviation reports can be used as one of several quality indicators that today is fundamental in the evaluation of the quality of publicly financed welfare care. Criticism of New Public Management as a control model in welfare address the heavy demands of evaluation, auditing and monitoring which implicates risks of skewness and misguiding results. Criticism also points out that the administrative work that follows with NPM takes time and resources from the welfare cares main focus which in this paper is care for the elderly. This paper aims to examine how staff within elderly care homes experience their work with deviation reports regarding the concept of organizational culture. It is of relevance to examine this since these staff are the ones producing the evidence on which decisions are based. Also, statistics shows that staff within elder care is highly over represented in regard to risk in the work environment. Deviation reporting is also filled with challenges like avoiding the sensation of pointing out a scapegoat or someone to blame. There are also incentives for organisations to keep a facade that their operations are fully functional. This study has been completed as a case study through a qualitative approach where seven semi-structured interviews with assistant nurses and nurses aides from a single work group has been made during spring 2018. The result is in line with earlier research that points out different aspects that are of relevance for successful work with deviation reports. The results also point out aspects that can be regarded as flaws within the work of deviation reports. To interpret and analyse the result of this study two main perspectives has been used; social psychologist Edgar Scheins work on organizational culture and professor of business administration Mats Alvessonswork on mechanisms within organizations.