A dissertation submitted to the Faculty Of Arts in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Of Master Of Arts (Clinical Psychology) in the Department of Psychology at the University Of Zululand, 2017 / There has been advancement of healing where mainstream western medicine is concerned. Significant progress has been made in this regard, concerning integration as well as motivation of integration of indigenous or traditional healing methods to treat psychological illnesses. Literature has advised that more work is required to ensure that the herbal medicines used to treat patients on traditional medicine conventions are utilized. The main aim of this study was to investigate the conceptualization of trauma by Zulu traditional healers. It objectives being to elicit views on traditional healing of trauma amongst traditional healers within the area of Ozwathini. A methodology of qualitative research design was applied in gathering findings for the study. A semi-structured interview schedule was adopted as a data collection tool. The sample was selected using purposive and snowball sampling techniques under the non-probability methods; the total number of which was 10. The results in the findings gathered during the data collection process indicate that there is no consensus of the definition of trauma amongst the sample of study though one must acknowledge the comprehensiveness presented in the definitions. Variations in the treatment methods included counselling and use of medicinal herbs by the traditional healers during the identification and treatment of trauma. Recommendations of the study being that observations be conducted during the treatment of patients suffering from trauma to identify the exact methods and effects associated with the treatment of trauma by traditional healers.

This thesis deals with the development of Western medicine in Japan, especially in the second half of the Tokugawa period. The first part briefly outlines the situation at the beginning of the Tokugawa period, especially how Western medicine got into Japan and how was received. The following passage more focuses on medicine and its place in the Japanese ideology. Emphasis is placed on intellectual and economic transformation in the 18th century and the clash of Western medicine with Neo-Confucianism. Some space is dedicated to significant medical names, Japanese and European. The whole work is finished with fairly extensive passage about vaccination, which was extremely important for the successful adoption of Western medicine in the early Meiji period. Keywords: rangaku, medical sciences, Western medicine, vaccination, the Tokugawa period

This study is a part of the Minor Field Study Programme funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida). The study was carried out during the spring of 2008 in the oasis of Siwa. Siwa is situated in the western desert of Egypt. The authors had been informed about the health care resources available and that people only to some extent used those. The study has a qualitative approach and the essay is based on the experiences of seven respondents. The aim of the study is to describe Siwan Berbers’ experiences of illness, cure and relief. Semi structural interviews were conducted and the data was analysed through a qualitative content analysis. The result was compiled into three themes which further were divided into sub themes. The themes were: “the idea of illness”, “explanation models to illness” and “relief and cure”. The result shows that the views on causes to illness affect the actual choice of cure and relief chosen. Furthermore, financial aspects are considered and it is also essential to feel confidence to the caregiver in order to achieve cure and relief. The result is discussed in relation to the background and relevant literature concerning cultural and developing issues. This Minor Field Study is important since it enlightens some of the factors a person takes into consideration when he or she selects alternatives for cure and relief during the illness experience. / <p>Program: Sjuksköterskeutbildning</p><p>Uppsatsnivå: C</p>

There are notable differences between the dominant Western medical model of health and the model of CAM, and looking at these differences may provide a greater understanding around doctors’ views towards CAM and its place in the wider health system. The purpose of this dissertation is to provide a systematic literature review into how doctors view complementary and alternative medicine, and to see if this has changed since the 1970s through to 2009. A systematic review of the literature was conducted, mainly using online original research Journal articles from medical databases. The internet was the main tool used in locating data, and literature was included or excluded based on relevance. This was evaluated on the relevance of time period, such as 1970, subject, such as chiropractic, or theme, such as attitudes of doctors to CAM. Literature from the 1970s was scarce on this research question, but this review noted a significant increase in literature on this topic since the 1990s, identifying this research area as a relatively new field of study, with much potential for further exploration into beliefs and attitudes of doctors towards CAM. Scientific research papers that were published highlighted a strong emphasis towards doctors’ requirement for further scientific research on the efficacy of CAM. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were the preferred method of testing; however this review also discusses appropriate methodology to test both CAM and doctors’ views and beliefs. The difference between the Western medical model and the CAM model highlights the differences between both concepts; from which this author provides a possible interpretation of doctors’ indifferent views towards CAM using the psychological theory of cognitive dissonance (Festinger, 1957). This theory suggests that a person cannot hold two conflicting beliefs simultaneously, without the presence of cognitive ‘dissonance.’ “The existence of dissonance, being psychologically uncomfortable, will motivate the person to try to reduce the dissonance and achieve consonance” (Festinger, 3: 1957). This systematic review then provides a discussion around how this could explain doctors’ views towards CAM. . This then leads to the question of whether ‘successful integration of Western medicine and CAM is therefore possible’? The systematic review concludes with the highlighting of important issues in regard to the study design and methodology on effectively testing CAM, and on effectively testing doctors’ beliefs: also, the issues around integration and further scientific literature on CAM in a bid to potentially reduce the ‘moderate tone of answering’ that is reported in the literature in regard to doctors’ views towards CAM.

Because of the long and entrenched history of Chinese medicine in Taiwan, people have traditionally incorporated this knowledge into their health care. With the appearance and growing acceptance of Western medical practices, multiple medical approaches have become more and more popular. Yet, despite the strong foundations of Western medicine in the treatment of cancer in Taiwan, the use of Chinese medicine continues to be popular (Lin, 1992, p. 114). The focus of this research is the contextual construction of meanings about non Western medicine (NWM). The context for the study is Taiwan, the researcher's home country. The purpose of the research is to explore the motivations for, and the processes by which, Taiwanese people with cancer incorporate NWM into their cancer treatment journey. Utilising a grounded theory approach, this research sought to explore the social processes by which Taiwanese people with cancer come to use non Western medicine. Twenty four in depth interviews were undertaken in the study. The findings of the study demonstrate that the interactions between people with cancer and their use of NWM are complex. Taken-for-grantedness emerges as the core category in the study. The core category situates the use of non Western medicine outside the institutionalised and regulated domains of health care. More specifically, the meanings attributed to NWM are embedded in the philosophical beliefs and social relationships that constitute the lives of the participants. These findings suggest implications for our understanding of the co-existence of NWM and Western medicine by Taiwanese people with cancer and the social processes with which they engage.

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The increasingly high costs of health care in the U.S. have led the general public to search for different medical approaches. Since the 1990's, the use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) has radically increased in the U.S. due to its approach to treat physical, mental, and emotional causes of illness. In 2009, the National Health Statistics reported the impact of CAM in the U.S. health care economy, with population expenditures of $14.8 billion out-of-pocket on natural Medicine and $12.4 billion out-of-pocket on visits to CAM providers as a complement to Western Medicine care. CAM interconnects human functions to reach a balanced state, whereas Western Medicine focuses on specialties and body systems. Both Western Medicine and CAM are unlimited sources of knowledge that follow different approaches but that have the common goal of improving patients' well-being. Identifying relationships between Alternative and Western Medicine can open a completely new approach for health care that can increase understanding of human medical conditions, and facilitate the development of new and more cost-effective treatments. However, the abundance and dissimilarity of CAM and Western Medicine data makes knowledge correlation and management an extremely challenging task. The objective of this research is to design the framework for a knowledge management system to organize, store, and manage the abundant data available for Western Medicine and CAM, and to establish key relationships between the two practices for an effective exploration of ideas and possible solutions for medical diagnosis. Three main challenges in the design of the proposed framework are addressed: data acquisition and modeling; data organization, storage and transfer; and information distribution for further generation and sharing of medical knowledge. A framework to relate the diagnosis process in Western Medicine and Traditional Chinese Medicine, as one of the various forms of CAM, is presented based on process-oriented analysis, hierarchical knowledge representation, relational database, and interactive interface for system utilization. The research is demonstrated using a case study on chronic prostatitis, and can be scalable to other medical conditions. The presented system for knowledge management is not intended to provide a definite solution for medical diagnosis, but to enable the exploration and discovery of knowledge for relational medical diagnosis. The results of this research will positively impact information distribution and knowledge generation via interactive medical knowledge systems, development of new skills for diagnosis and treatment, and a broader understanding of medical diseases and treatments.

Cette thèse examine le processus de la médicalisation de la maternité dans la province méridionale chinoise du Guangdong entre 1879 et 1938. En explorant ce phénomène à travers l’œuvre médicale missionnaire menée dans la région, cette analyse tente de voir comment la prise en charge médicale des parturientes, puis des futures et nouvelles mères chinoises a pu se traduire sur le terrain, en parallèle ou en dehors des politiques gouvernementales pour le moins limitées. Elle met particulièrement en lumière les manifestations locales de ce processus et l’appréhende selon la perspective des principales concernées : les femmes.Espérant convertir les populations féminines, les missionnaires chrétiens présents dans le Guangdong, particulièrement ceux appartenant à la mission presbytérienne américaine, ont développé une offre de soins qui répondait à la norme sociale chinoise de la ségrégation sexuelle. Au sein des établissements de santé spécialisés ou adaptés à l’accueil des femmes, ils ont également organisé des maternités, ainsi que des services de santé maternelle et infantile, chargés d’étendre la prise en charge des parturientes en amont et en aval de l’accouchement. Si leurs efforts ont pu être en partie freinés par la double position de subordination qu’occupaient les femmes dans l’organisation sociale confucéenne, il n’en reste pas moins que les missionnaires ont rencontré plus d’une sociétés chinoises dans le sud de la Chine et que certaines de ces particularités locales ont facilité, dans une certaine mesure, leurs efforts de médicalisation. Étant moins soumises à la ségrégation des sexes et plus impliquées dans l’économie familiale, y compris en dehors du foyer, qu’ailleurs en Chine, les femmes du Guangdong ont été relativement nombreuses à compléter des formations médicales et infirmières dans les programmes missionnaires. Par conséquent, la profession médicale a connu une véritable féminisation/sinisation, et cette région du monde s’est révélée être un terrain beaucoup plus propice à l’innovation sociale et à l’émancipation des femmes que bien des pays occidentaux. Principales forces motrices de la médicalisation de la maternité, les femmes, professionnelles comme profanes, soignantes comme patientes, n’ont pas que reçu passivement les normes, les savoirs et les pratiques de la médecine occidentale. Elles ont négociés ce modèle sur la base de leurs repères socioculturels et ont contribué à en redessiner les contours, faisant passer la médicalisation par un réel processus de naturalisation. / This thesis examines the medicalization of maternity in the southern Chinese province of Guangdong between 1879 and 1938. By exploring this phenomenon through the medical missionary work carried out in the region, this analysis tries to understand how the medical care of the Chinese parturients and mothers was implemented on the ground, alongside or outside the limited government policies of the time. It highlights the local manifestations of this process and examine it from the perspective of those who are most involved: the women.The Christian missionaries in Guangdong, especially those belonging to the American Presbyterian Mission, hoped to convert the female population and developed care services that met the Chinese social norms and expectations of gender segregation. In specialized or adapted health facilities, they also organized maternity hospitals, as well as maternal and child health services, which aimed to extend the care before and after delivery. While their efforts may have been partially hampered by the doubly-subordinate position of women in Confucian social organization, the missionaries encountered more than one Chinese society in the south of the country. Some local features may have facilitated their efforts to bring Western medicine to the population.Being less subject to gender segregation and more involved in the family economy than other Chinese women, many women in Guangdong completed medical and nursing training in mission programs. As a result, the medical profession experienced a genuine feminization and sinicization. Moreover, this region of the world proved to be much more conducive to social innovation and women's emancipation than some of the Western countries from which the missionaries came. As the main driving forces in the medicalization of maternity, women (both professionals and non professionals, as caregivers or as patients), did not just passively receive and accept the norms, knowledges and practices of Western medicine. Rather, they negotiated them on the basis of their own socio-cultural values and, by doing so, helped to reshape their contours. In this way, medicalization became, at the same time, a process of naturalization.

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