An experimental study was carried out to determine the effect of compaction on arching of wheat flour in storage. A model bin 475 mm in height and 600 mm × 375 mm in cross-section was used to conduct tests and wheat flour at moisture contents (MC) of 8.6% and 14.2% was tested. Direct shear tests were performed to determine the angle of internal friction and cohesion of wheat flour subjected to various compaction pressures. It was observed that the internal friction angles were about the same for the wheat flour at two moisture contents (37.1 vs. 37.5), but cohesion for 14.2% MC was 32% higher than that for 8.6% MC. The flowability of wheat flour decreased with increasing compaction pressure sharply at the initial stage of compaction. Compaction led to a 64% increase in required hopper opening for arching-free flow for flour at 8.6% MC, and 49% at 14.2% MC. However, compaction pressure had little effect on arch formation after it reached above 5 kPa.

An experimental study was carried out to determine the effect of compaction on arching of wheat flour in storage. A model bin 475 mm in height and 600 mm × 375 mm in cross-section was used to conduct tests and wheat flour at moisture contents (MC) of 8.6% and 14.2% was tested. Direct shear tests were performed to determine the angle of internal friction and cohesion of wheat flour subjected to various compaction pressures. It was observed that the internal friction angles were about the same for the wheat flour at two moisture contents (37.1 vs. 37.5), but cohesion for 14.2% MC was 32% higher than that for 8.6% MC. The flowability of wheat flour decreased with increasing compaction pressure sharply at the initial stage of compaction. Compaction led to a 64% increase in required hopper opening for arching-free flow for flour at 8.6% MC, and 49% at 14.2% MC. However, compaction pressure had little effect on arch formation after it reached above 5 kPa.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T11:52:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-08-27Bitstream added on 2015-03-03T12:06:56Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000806708_20151231.pdf: 795208 bytes, checksum: 2ad1b7f4489aeed9a2757b25a536b2dd (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2016-01-04T10:26:44Z: 000806708_20151231.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-01-04T10:28:35Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000806708.pdf: 1652255 bytes, checksum: 30f1ec1eea04ae1fad0ee3f652522b10 (MD5) / O trigo é um dos mais nobres alimentos e responde atualmente por cerca de 30% da produção mundial de grãos. Desoxinivalenol (DON) é uma micotoxina produzida principalmente por Fusarium graminearum e é conhecida como vomitoxina, possui vários efeitos dentre os quais: redução de consumo alimentar, irritação na pele, diarréia, hemorragias múltiplas e os efeitos imunossupressores. Pertencem ao grupo dos Tricotecenos. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram otimizar e validar o método analítico QUECHERS para a determinação de desoxinivalenol em farinha de trigo e avaliar a ocorrência da micotoxina em amostras de farinha do trigo produzido em algumas regiões brasileiras. A partir dos delineamentos de Palckett & Burman e Composto Central Rotacional foi possível obter um novo método analítico para a determinação de desoxinivalenol em farinha de trigo. QUECHERS é método analítico de fácil execução, economicamente viável, rápido e com menor geração de resíduos orgânicos. Os parâmetros de desempenho do método analítico avaliado indicaram seletividade para a micotoxina desoxinivalenol, linearidade, efeito de matriz significativo, exatidão e precisão, com limite de detecção de 50 ?g.kg-1 e limite de quantificação de 100 ?g.kg-1. O método apresentou porcentagens de recuperação de 86 a 96%. Verificou-se que das amostras provenientes do Rio Grande do Sul, 15% (3) apresentaram contaminações que variaram de 1700 a 3689 ?g. kg-1, com média de 2753 ?g. kg-1, portanto em desacordo com as legislações brasileira (1750 ?g.kg-1). Das amostras provenientes do estado do Paraná, 1 (10%) apresentou contaminação de 877 ?g. kg-1 e nenhuma amostra mineira apresentou contaminação detectável, indicando a qualidade destas amostras para estes parâmentros. Do total das amostras brasileiras avaliadas, 14% apresentaram contaminações que variaram de 147 a 3688 ?g. kg-1 e 6% apresentaram média de 2753 ?g. kg-1, ... / Wheat is a noble grain and corresponds for about 30% of world grain production. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin produced mainly by Fusarium graminearum and is known as vomitoxin, has several effects among which are: reduction of food intake, skin irritation, diarrhea, hemorrhages and multiple immunosuppressive effects. Belong to the group of Trichothecenes. The aims of this study was to optimize a analytical method QuEChERS for determination of the deoxynivalenol in wheat flour, as well validate the method and then evaluate the occurrence of deoxynivalenol in samples of wheat flour grown in some Brazilian regions. From Palckett & Burman and Rotational Central Composite designs was obtained a analythical method for determination of the deoxynivalenol in wheat flour. An easy, cheap and fast method, wich employs a minimum amount of organic solvents. The analytical method performance parameters showed selectivity for the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol, linearity, significant matrix effect, accuracy and precision, with detection limit of 50 ?g.kg-1 and limit of quantification of 100 ?g.kg-1. The method recovery evaluated was percentages of 86-96%. The contamination by deoxynivalenol was observed in approximately 14% of the 50 samples analyzed. Among total of twenty samples analyzed from the Rio Grande do Sul, 15% (3) showed contamination ranging 1700-3689 mg. kg-1, with mean level of 2753 mg. kg-1. Among total of ten samples analyzed form Paraná state one (10%) of samples were contaminated by deoxynivalenol showed contamination of 877 mg. kg-1 and no detectable contamination in the samples from Minas Gerais. Of total Brazilian samples evaluated, 14% showed contamination ranging 147-3688 mg. kg-1 and 6% had average 2753 mg. kg-1, exceeding the limits allowed by Brazilian legislation. Because the natural contaminant of wheat, DON exerts great impact on human and animal health, so the occurrence of mycotoxin demonstrates the importance of ...

Master of Science / Department of Grain Science and Industry / Finlay I. MacRitchie / Ozone, a triatomic form of oxygen with a Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) status from the U. S. Food and Drug Administration, is a strong antimicrobial and sanitizing agent with numerous potential applications in the food industry. One of them is the improvement of wheat flour baking qualities, by replacement of the actual chlorination treatment. Following recent developments realized by the company Goemar (France) which invented and patented an ozone treatment device for wheat grain and a method for making flour from ozone-treated grains, this study aims to determine the effect of ozone treatment on wheat grain and on wheat flour, and to compare them. Three different ozone concentrations with different application times rendering three quantities of absorbed ozone have been investigated. Rheological, physicochemical and baking properties of soft wheat flours stemming from both treatments were evaluated and compared to untreated flour. Results were overall significant and showed that the treatment of flour gives more marked results than the treatment on grain for retention capacity in sucrose and volume of cakes but decreases the [alpha]-amylase activity. On the other hand, action of ozone on grain augments the maximum viscosity of the flour. Bread volume was found to be increased by both treatments in similar proportions. The treatments were also analyzed in particular and showed specific characteristics. A single treatment has not been determined to enhance all characteristics of the flour. Hence, the modification of precise features of the flour has to be related to a specific treatment.

Doctor of Philosophy / Food Science Institute / Finlay I. MacRitchie / Ozonation was studied as an alternative to chlorination for cake flour. Ozone treatment in a wooden tumbler at room temperature was conducted. Unchlorinated flour was treated with ozone at the rate of 0.06 L/min for 10 and 36 min using 5 lb of flour. Ozonation of cake flour decreased pH and increased the lightness (L value) of flour. Baking studies using a high-ratio white layer cake formulation showed that the volume of cakes significantly increased (p< 0.05) as ozonation time increased and cakes were softer than those made with chlorinated or control flours. The cell brightness and number of cells measured by image analysis (C-Cell) of cakes from ozone treated flour for 36 min exhibited similar values to those from chlorinated flour. Cakes made from flours after lipid extraction and after lipid extraction plus ozonation had low volume, indicating that lipids play a role in cake performance. Identification of volatile compounds that contribute to the odor of ozone treated flour was conducted. Volatile compounds of chlorinated, unchlorinated, defatted control, and ozonated defatted flours were analyzed using a purge and trap instrument and GC-MS. Aldehydes, alcohols, hydrocarbons and other compounds were found in unchlorinated and chlorinated flours while the volatile compounds present in ozone treated flours were mainly aldehydes and ketones. A rapid reduction in volatile compounds was detected when ozone treated flours were stored uncovered in a fume hood. Ozonation of defatted soft wheat flour produced less volatile aldehydes than ozone treated whole flour. The optimum temperature and time for ozone treatment in a metal tumbler using a response surface methodology design was studied. Time (5, 15, and 25 min) and temperature (25, 35 and 45 [degrees]C) was used with three response parameters. The optimum ozonation time was about 8 to 11 min with the temperature range between 36 and 46 [degrees]C. Ozone treatment for 5 to 25 min at room temperature showed an increase in unextractable polymeric protein, indicating a shift of protein to a higher molecular weight. Increase in Mixograph peak time, peak viscosity, and water retention capacity were observed as ozonation time increased. The ozone treatment did not affect the transition temperature and enthalpy change of the flour samples.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Grain Science and Industry / Hulya Dogan / Jon M. Faubion / The overall hypothesis underlying this study is that the nature and extent of bran interactions with the gluten protein matrix play a dominant role in both 'in-process' dough and final product quality of whole grain baked goods. Therefore, the purposeful manipulation of those interactions should be able to minimize adverse processing or product characteristics resulting from bran inclusion/presence. The approach we took was to study the effects of bran milled to different particle sizes on dough development during and after dough mixing using fundamental rheology combined with traditional cereal chemistry approaches and x-ray microtomography (XMT). The research outcomes were used to create a better picture of how the bran is effecting the dough development and to suggest strategies that allow for the control of that effect. Study-I focused on characterization of the chemical properties, empirical rheological properties and baking performance of flours and dough with different bran contents from different sources. The development of dough microstructure and the resulting crumb texture in the presence of different bran were studied using XMT. HRW and SW bran additions resulted in higher water absorptions (WA) irrespective of the flour type and bran source. Fine bran caused slightly higher WA followed by coarse and as is bran. Both HRW and SW bran decreased the dough stability of HRW flour, while it improved the stability of SW flour doughs. Macro and microstructure of baked products were significantly affected both bran type and addition level. HRW bran added to HRW flour resulted in 8-23% decrease in loaf volume while SW bran added at the same level caused 3-11% decrease. XMT indicated that bran decreased the total number of air cells significantly. SW flour resulted in harder crumb texture than that of HRW flour breads. Overall, SW bran had less detrimental effects on mixing and baking performance of HRW flour. Study-II focused on specific bran particle size and composition on small and large deformation behavior of strong and weak flour doughs. Small deformation behavior was characterized using frequency and temperature sweep tests, while the large deformation behavior was studied using creep–recovery and uniaxial extensional testing. The results revealed that the rheological behavior of bran-enriched doughs depend on type of base flour, bran type, bran replacement level (0, 5, 10%), and the dough development protocol. Weak flour doughs benefited from inclusion of bran as inherently low peak height and stability of these doughs improved in the presence of bran. Temperature sweeps indicated a slight decrease in Gʹ and G" until around 55-60°C. In the same temperature range, presence of bran increased the moduli of composite four compared to that of the control flours. Creep compliance parameters indicated that both bran source and bran replacement had significant effect on maximum compliance (J[subscript max]) and elastic compliance (J[subscript e]). Finally, the bran type affected uniaxial extensional properties, maximum resistance (R[subscript max]) and elasticity (E), significantly independent from the type of base flour.

The acceptability of whole grain flours during storage varies widely, as does the estimated shelf life of such flours, in part because acceptability is typically determined using subjective human sensory testing. Research is needed to establish more objective measures of acceptability. This study correlated the quantitative results of a descriptive odor sensory panel with volatile compounds determined by solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS). Whole wheat flour and quinoa flour were held at 40°C for up to 24 weeks to accelerate changes occurring during storage. Samples were collected every 4 weeks and placed in frozen storage. Thawed samples were then evaluated using SPME-GC-MS and descriptive sensory odor analysis. Significant correlations were found between 1-hexanol, 2-pentylfuran, phenol, hexanoic acid, and hexanal volatiles of whole wheat flour and the odor descriptor cardboard/stale. This indicates that SPME-GC-MS can be used as a less expensive, less time-consuming, more precise method to determine the acceptability of whole wheat flour during storage. Significant correlations were not present in the quinoa flour data, suggesting that SPME-GC-MS may not be preferable to human sensory odor analysis in determining acceptability of stored quinoa flour.

Nine 1B/1R translocated soft red winter wheat (SRWW) varieties and six non-1B/1R varieties from two crop years (1995-1996 and 1996-1997), grown in two Virginia locations (Warsaw and Blacksburg), were studied to evaluate the effects of the 1R rye chromosome on soft wheat flour quality and baking performance. The presence of the 1B/1R chromosomal translocation in wheat has been reported to provide disease resistance, but produce sticky doughs. The 1995-1996 and 1996-1997 SRWW flours were subjected to farinograph analysis and dough stickiness testing. Dough stickiness was determined by the Schwarzlaff-Shepherd Dough Stripping Method. Wheat samples from 1995-1996 were also analyzed for protein, ash, and moisture content, alkaline water retention capacity (AWRC), cookie diameter, tensile stress and strain, and by ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (¹³C-NMR) spectroscopy techniques. Significant (p = 0.0001) negative correlations were found between AWRC and cookie diameter of SRWWs grown in Warsaw and Blacksburg. Location was found to exert a significant effect on AWRC, cookie diameter and stickiness (p < 0.05). Farinograph data revealed that mixing characteristics of SRWW were affected significantly by variety, crop year and location (p < 0.05). In some cases the 1B/1R varieties had lower breakdown rates, longer departure times (DT) and lower mixing tolerance index (MTI), than their non-1B/1R counterparts. There was a significant difference (p = 0.0133) in the stickiness of 1B/1R and non-1B/1R samples from Blacksburg. However no such difference was found in the corresponding Warsaw samples (p = 0.9826), indicating that location exerted a significant effect on stickiness. Two flour samples exhibiting stickiness (one with and one without 1B/1R) and two non-sticky samples (one with and one without the 1B/1R) were fractionated into gluten, starch and water-solubles (WS) in order to determine if the sticky dough factor resided in the 1B/1R and / or non-1B/1R WS. The peel time of the interchanged samples, as in the case of 'Massey' flour combined with the WS from VA52-22, increased to 79 seconds from the 30 seconds originally observed in the Massey flour. However when gluten and starch fractions from a non-sticky, non-1B/1R sample,VA54-21, were mixed with WS from VA54-211 (sticky, 1B/1R), the peel time went from 18 in the original flour to 8 seconds. Tensile measurements showed dough stress was not significantly affected by the presence or absence of 1B/1R (p = 0.7057). However, dough strain was lower in 1B/1R translocated SRWWs (p = 0.0048). A ¹³C-NMR spectra failed to show differences amongst selected 1B/1R and non-1B/1R dough samples. Proton relaxation time (T1-rho-[H]) - a ¹³C-NMR technique, indicated that water did not exert a significant influence on the molecular dynamics within the dough samples of Massey (non-1B/1R), VA54-211 (1B/1R) and VA52-22 (1B/1R). However, the non-sticky, non-1B/1R sample (VA54-21) had a higher proton relaxation time at 62 ppm which may indicate the size of starch-protein particles in VA54-21 doughs were larger and less flexible than in the other three doughs. / Ph. D.

This study aimed to quantify resistant starch (RS) beta-glucans (BG) and fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) in Indian and Canadian wheat varieties and in chapaties made from these; and to assess the effects of soy flour on the levels of these components and its effects on the sensory and functional properties of the wheat-soy chapaties. Seven wheat varieties (Indian / Canadian) were milled into flour; supplemented with 0 % (control), 10 %, 20 % or 30 % defatted soy flour and made into chapaties. Flours and chapaties (freeze-dried, pulverized) were assayed for BG, FOS, RS and simple sugars (glucose / sucrose). Sensory evaluation was carried out by (9 point) hedonic rating of chapaties by 20 untrained Indian panelists. Flour water-holding capacity and water absorption indices (WAI) were determined. RS content of flours ranged from 7.1 g/100 g to 12.6 g/100g, but decreased when made into chapaties, (< 1 g/100 g), and decreased further with soy flour addition. BG content in flours ranged from 0.8 g/100 g to 1.4 g/100 g, while FOS content ranged from 1.3 g/100 g to 2.3 g/100 g. Minimal changes were observed in BG and FOS content when made into chapaties. Simple sugars were minimal in flours and chapaties. WAI of wheat flour was increased with addition of soy bean flour. Addition of up to 30 % soybean flour elevated the sensory acceptability of chapaties. While there is a decrease in RS with chapati making, the levels of BG and FOS are largely unchanged with processing. / Master of Science

This was a university/industry research cooperation with focus on how organic fillers affect the properties of phenol-formaldehyde resole (PF) resins that are formulated for veneer applications like plywood and laminated veneer lumber. The PF formulations studied in this work used fillers that were derived from walnut shell (Juglans regia), alder bark (Alnus rubra), almond shell (Prunus dulcis), and corn cob (furfural production) residue. The chemical composition of all fillers was measured and compared to published data. The basic rheological behavior of the formulations was determined and used to develop an adhesive tack measurement based upon lubrication theory. In this work, the probe-tack test was adapted to a typical stress-controlled rheometer by using the normal force and displacement system to compress the adhesive between parallel plates. By employing a simple power law to describe the complex rheology of adhesives and a lubrication approximation for the viscous force, squeeze flow of adhesives between two flat, impermeable steels and between steel and porous wood can be successfully modeled. However, deviations from theory were encountered as related to the method of adhesive application. Both meniscus force in consequence of the surface tension of adhesive pull around the edge of plate and viscous force due to the viscosity of adhesive operate inside the meniscus when adhesive was spread on the entire surface by a hard roller. manufacture where viscosity and surface tension effects were both involved. Last but not Such is probably the case when wood veneer is cold-pressed (pre-pressed) in plywood least, rheological behavior and alkali modification of wheat flour was determined by rheological and infrared studies, respectively. / Master of Science