”The singer is always working through a text that in some way or another inspired the vocal line and its texture,” wrote American pianist, pedagogue, and author Thomas Grubb. But exactly how does a text inspire a composer to create this synergy between words and music? During the course of my studies at the Royal College of Music in Stockholm, I gradually began to deepen my knowledge and awareness of Henry Purcell and Franz Schubert. I was at once astounded by their ability to seemlessly amalgamate the chosen texts to their music, and decided that this connection required greater research. The purpose of this study was thus to gain a deeper understanding of how Purcell and Schubert approached the relationship between text and music by studying the two pieces Music for a while and Erlkönig. I also wished to discover any similarities and differences between the composers’ approaches to word painting, in addition to discerning the role of the accompaniment to further illustrate the narrative. I began by reading literature about the two composers as well as John Dryden and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, the poets whose texts were set to music. Once a greater understanding of them had been attained, I proceeded to analyze the texts and music for a greater comprehension of Purcell’s and Schubert’s methods. For early inspiration, I listened to numerous versions of the pieces by different musicians on YouTube. Both Purcell and Schubert used various tools in their compositional arsenals to accomplish their effortless combination of text and music. Amongst others, Purcell employed tonal ambiguity, unexpected harmonies, and repetition, while Schubert made use of vivid imagery, inventive treatment of chromaticism, and unmistakable rhythmic motifs. The analysis demonstrated that, while both composers painted lively and dramatic pictures in their compositions, their methods were strikingly different. The role of the accompaniment in Music for a while leaves much to the individual taste and ability of the instrumentalist(s) performing to assist the singer in setting the scene. In contrast, Schubert instructs the pianist in Erlkönig explicitly how they are to play, while additionally the piano personifies the fifth character in the story, the horse. Indeed, the role of the singer in the two pieces is equally at variance with the other. With Purcell, the singer portrays a priest, while the singer in Erlkönig personifies four different voices, each with their own melody, character, and tessitura. I hope this study will inspire others to delve deeper into the material with which they work to offer a more profound understanding to themselves and, ultimately, the listener.

Previous research has found significant effects of gender, race, and age on sentencing decisions made by state and local court judges (e.g. Johnson, 2003; Mustard, 2001; Steffensmeier, Ulmer, & Kramer, 1998). The current study used criminal district court data from two counties in western North Carolina to further research of the effects of the aforementioned variables on sentencing. Using knowledge acquired from past studies, the hypotheses for the current study asserted that younger offenders, male offenders, and nonwhite offenders would be more likely to be found guilty of their offense and receive fines than their respective offender counterparts. The results of the binary regression analysis models did not support many of the proposed hypotheses; however, significant relationships unsupervised probation, supervised probation, and active time were found with defendants who used privately retained counsel. Implications are discussed, as well as limitations and research recommendations for the future.

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Texting is ubiquitous; the International Association for the Wireless Telecommunications Industry reported that 4.1 billion text messages were sent per day in the first half of 2009. In isolation, texting does not injure individuals; however, when combined with driving, lives have changed for the worse. The National Safety Council estimates that 1.6 million crashes per year can be attributed to distracted drivers either talking on cell phones or texting while driving and nearly 28 percent of all crashes in the United States can be ascribed to these behaviors. An increasing number of texting while driving fear appeal campaigns are being utilized in the media. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to create and test theoretically-based messages aimed at discouraging texting while driving. Formative research along with the Extended Parallel Process Model was used for guidance in the creation of the fear appeal messages. No low threat message was used for the main study after repeated message validations failed. For the study, three high threat messages varied only by a single paragraph which targeted beliefs about benefits, mastery, and ubiquity of texting while driving. 155 undergraduates at Texas A & M University completed a pretest, read the high threat message, and answered a posttest. Need for cognition and sensation seeking tendencies were measured in order to understand the effects such personality traits have on message perceptions. Five major outcomes were revealed even though numerous hypotheses were unsupported. There was a significant interaction between perceived threat and sensation seeking tendencies on message realism. There was a significant interaction between perceived threat and need for cognition on message realism. There was a significant interaction between perceived threat and need for cognition on message accuracy. There was a significant interaction between perceived threat and need for cognition on attitudes. There was a significant positive correlation between perceived threat and perceived message sensation value. This project provides support that sensation seeking tendencies and need for cognition do interacted with perceived threat on perceptions of message effectiveness and that perceived message sensation value was positively related to perceived threat. Results also revealed the prevalence of texting while driving behavior and relationships between personality traits and texting while driving. Sensation seeking tendencies were positively correlated with initiating text messages while driving. Need for cognition was negatively correlated with reading and replying to text messages while driving.

This thesis utilizes principles of the systems engineering process discussed by Dennis Buede in â The Engineering Design of Systems: Models and Methods (2nd ed.)â (2009). The systems engineering process is used to create a functional architecture to analyze interagency coordination in support of counterterrorism efforts in the United States European Command area of operation. The resulting functional architecture serve as tools for policymakers as they determine the best ways to create a synchronous whole of government approach to defend United States interests.

Nuclear logging-while-drilling (LWD) measurements acquired in high-angle and horizontal (HA/HZ) wells are influenced by tool, geometrical, and petrophysical effects. Reliable interpretation of petrophysical and geometrical properties from LWD measurements acquired in thinly-bedded formations requires that gamma ray, density, photoelectric (PEF), and neutron measurements be quantitatively integrated with explicit consideration of their effective volume of investigation (EVOI). One of the effects of different tool EVOIs is false gas density-neutron crossovers across thinly-bedded formations. Also, in the presence of tool eccentricity, azimuthally-varying standoff gives rise to an azimuthally-varying effective depth of investigation (EDOI), which introduces errors in the inference of formation dip. Conventional Monte Carlo simulations of nuclear measurements are computationally expensive in reproducing multi-sector LWD responses in HA/HZ wells. Using linear iterative refinement of pre-calculated flux sensitivity functions (FSFs), we introduce a fast method for numerical simulation of LWD nuclear images in the presence of tool eccentricity along any well trajectory. Our investigation of measurement responses from FSFs motivates techniques to explicitly consider the EVOI of LWD nuclear measurements. Simple radial DOI and standoff corrections suffice for interpretation of gamma-gamma images but are inadequate for neutron responses due to larger EVOI and azimuthal aperture. We introduce a new azimuthal deconvolution method of neutron images to improve bed-boundary detection. Neutron DOI varies significantly with porosity, whereby we correct neutron images for penetration length due to changes of porosity along the well trajectory. In addition, we implement a new method of separate linear iterative refinement on neutron thermal group responses to improve the resolution of neutron images across heterogeneous and thinly-bedded formations. The method reduces shoulder-bed effects and false neutron-density gas crossovers. We corroborate these techniques with rigorous Monte Carlo simulations in vertical and deviated wells. A field example of application conclusively indicates that numerical simulation of LWD nuclear measurements is necessary for reliable estimation of petrophysical properties. / text

This research is carried out to better understand the nature of the rock mass and to have a better anticipation of rock fragmentation before blasting the rock mass. Current practices of assessing rock mass usually involve techniques that focus on the surface or outcrop of the rock mass such as scanline surveys, window surveys, photogrammetry and laser scanning etc. These techniques generally lack the ability of providing sufficient information about the rock mass as well as bear various inherent constraints such as safety issues, time requirements, user biasness, equipment requirements and reproducibility of results. Similarly, the rock fragmentation is predicted using different mathematical equations known as fragmentation models. However, these models ignore some key factors that significantly affect the nature of fragmentation such as chargeability of blastholes, drilling information e.g. borehole deviation and require numerous rock parameters which are not well known in most cases. These models are often site-specific and are mostly developed for surface mines. Therefore, their application in underground mining is not so common. The aim of this research is to investigate the possibility of eliminating the constraints and supporting the current practices of rock mass assessment and rock fragmentation prediction. In this regard, drill monitoring technique has been selected as a potential tool for analysing the rock mass and forecast the rock fragmentation. To test the selected technique, measurement while drilling (MWD) data was collected from three different mines. The variations in MWD data were analysed to identify different zones and structures present inside the rock mass. The results were compared to 3D images obtained by close-range terrestrial digital photogrammetry for validation, which showed a close agreement with each other. Similarly, MWD data was used to classify the rock mass into five different classes i.e. solid, slightly fractured, highly fractured, having cavities, and major cavities in a sublevel caving operation. The loading operation of the blasted rock was filmed and digital images of LHD buckets containing blasted rock were extracted from the video recordings. The blasted rock inside the buckets were categorized as fine, medium, coarse and oversize fragmentation based on their median fragment size (X50). A statistical analysis was carried out to see the correlation between MWD based rock mass classes and fragmentation classes. The results showed that fine and medium size fragmentation has better correlation and can be predicted with higher accuracy using MWD data as compared to coarse and oversize fragmentation. The results suggest that the drill monitoring technique has the potential to assess rock mass as well as predict rock fragmentation to some extent. It can be used to differentiate between a weak or strong rock mass or between a fractured or competent rock mass. It can be used to differentiate between joints, cavities or foliations etc. It can also be used to predict finer and medium size fractions of the blasted rock with reasonable accuracy. However, the coarser and oversize fragmentation didn’t have a reliable correlation with MWD data. The potential of using drill monitoring technique for rock mass assessment and rock fragment prediction can be further explored and validated using other established rock mass and fragmentation assessment techniques. It can largely overcome the time, cost and safety constraints associated with the methods already in practice.

1 Einleitung, 2 Formale Theorien für Programmiersprachen, 3 HOARE-Logik für while-Programme, 4 Ausblick

Listening is one of the key skills needed to be proficient in a second language (L2). Some L2 teachers support the development of L2 learners' listening skills by providing input in a different sensory mode (e.g., reading). Nevertheless, developing L2 listening skills using more than one sensory mode, may lead to cognitive overload. In order to provide effective L2 listening instruction, teachers need to know what learning strategies will help students improve their listening skills. This quasi-experimental study examined the benefits of reading a text while listening to it and the effect that reading-while-listening (RWL) has on an L2 learner's listening comprehension. The study was done with intermediate-level, English as a Second Language (ESL) students in two pre-existing classes at the English Language Center (ELC) in Provo, Utah, with one class using a teaching method that included reading and listening together and one class that did no reading, just listening. The results of this study showed that both the control group and treatment group significantly improved their listening comprehension skills over the course of 14 weeks. For the treatment group which had used RWL, however, their listening scores were not significantly different from those of the control group. The pedagogical implications of the findings for second language teachers teaching listening skills are also discussed.

Introduction: With many thousands of deaths still annually attributable to driving under the influence (DUI), it remains imperative that we continually address the problem of producing and sustaining effective countermeasures, and that we subject these efforts to empirical scrutiny. This article presents relevant findings from state-wide datasets. Results: A formula generating a potentially useful metric for assessing aspects of the DUI prosecutorial chain is presented, focusing on the rate of proactive DUI arrests. While in need of cautious interpretation due to issues of inherent inaccuracies in large databases, small numbers of crashes and/or arrests in multiple jurisdictions, and the lack of replication in other states, the analyses show no relationship between the level of DUI arrest activity and DUI-related crashes. This finding brings into question the efficacy of the many millions of dollars devoted each year to targeted DUI enforcement, as it is currently being implemented. Conclusions: Results are discussed in terms of developing adequate disincentives to DUI so as to raise general deterrence via dramatic increases in proactive DUI enforcement and then engaging in pervasive and persistent social marketing of such efforts to maximize the perception that arrest and punishment for DUI is always imminent, that penalties will be swift, certain, and severe. It is echoed that accurate data need to be collected at all levels of the DUI arrest and prosecution process in every jurisdiction within a state, so as to facilitate the empirical assessment of countermeasure efficacy in reducing alcohol-related crashes. Impact on Industry: Given that this work needs to be replicated, the impact on the traffic safety industry is potentially huge. The present data indicate that law enforcement efforts to further abate DUI-related crashes are apparently ineffective, though likely necessary to maintain reductions achieved in the 80s and early 90s. Thus, to attain additional systematic reductions, a dramatic increase in enforcement will be necessary as will a diversification of abatement efforts, including an increase in aggressive social marketing tactics to positively impact our traffic safety culture by making DUI universally unacceptable (for a discussion of this latter issue and on the use of positive reinforcement to change driver behavior, see Dula & Geller, 2007).