A estrutura do vento varia de acordo com as características do terreno e com a rugosidade da superfície terrestre, desacelerando proporcionalmente sua intensidade de acordo com a proximidade do solo, o que determina a constituição da camada limite atmosférica (C.L.A.). As características do escoamento sobre e no entorno de características topográficas obtusas tais como morros são de grande interesse em muitas aplicações, especialmente aquelas ligadas à engenharia de vento. Esta pesquisa foca a investigação da C.L.A. sobre terrenos complexos, analisando a estrutura do escoamento turbulento, a separação e a recomposição do mesmo. Para tanto, dois métodos são empregados e comparados na presente investigação para identificar a influência da orografia complexa sobre o escoamento do vento: padrões ou códigos de carga de vento e análises experimentais em túnel de vento. Nove modelos experimentais de morros isolados, sendo quatro simétricos bidimensionais, quatro simétricos tridimensionais e um assimétrico, todos com a consideração de dois tipos de terreno, categoria I – plano e categorias III-IV – medianamente rugosas são analisados. A partir de uma simulação experimental da camada limite em túnel de vento, é possível parametrizar os efeitos do vento sobre terrenos complexos (MILLER, 1995). A definição de variáveis, tais como: o perfil de velocidade do vento, a intensidade de turbulência, os efeitos topográficos na velocidade do vento constituem-se em elementos fundamentais para cálculos estruturais de edificações situadas no entorno. Foram desenvolvidas simulações experimentais no túnel de vento de camada limite Prof. Joaquim Blessmann, da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Na superfície do modelo assimétrico, na radial principal do mesmo, foram localizados nove perfis de medição, contendo cada um, vinte alturas de investigação. Os demais modelos tiveram como foco de análise o cume dos mesmos, também com perfis definidos nas mesmas alturas. As medições da velocidade do vento e da intensidade da turbulência foram procedidas por um sistema de anemometria de fio quente. Os dados obtidos em túnel de vento foram confrontados com expressões empíricas calculadas para os mesmos pontos segundo cinco códigos ou padrões de carga de vento, pontuando também as correlações entre os mesmos e entre estes com a norma brasileira NBR 6123 (1988). Os modelos, códigos ou padrões analisados foram: Jackson e Hunt (1975) e Davenport, Surry e Lemelin (1988), models e as normas a seguir nominadas:Norma Brasileira: cargas de vento em Edificações - NBR 6123 (1988); European Standard:Eurocode1: Basis of Design and Actions on Structures, CEN TC 250: 2002; Australian/New Zealand Standard: Minimum Design Loads on Structures, AS/NZS 1170.2: 2002; Architectural Institute of Japan AIJ: 2004; American Society of Civil Engineering Standard, ASCE 7-95 (ASCE 7-95), Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures;National Building Code of Canada, 2005, (NRCC 2005). Além do estudo comparativo acerca da resposta estimada pelos códigos nominados, esta pesquisa constitui-se em um banco de dados de medições em pontos localizados nos morros nominados, em túnel de vento. O comparativo entre os padrões mostra a inexistência de uma harmonização entre os mesmos para a consideração dos parâmetros a serem empregues para o cálculo de cargas de vento. Estas diferenças na definição dos parâmetros básicos para o carregamento de vento em estruturas determinam grandes dificuldades na unificação de formatos recomendados na previsão das cargas de vento. Comparativamente aos dados experimentais, os padrões, em geral, mostram-se conservadores para os dois tipos de morros analisados, simétrico e assimétrico, para os dois tipos de terreno, tanto considerando-se análises em 2D ou 3D. / The structure of the wind varies with the characteristics of the terrain and roughness land surface, slowing its intensity proportionally according to the surrounding terrain, which determines the onset of boundary layer (ABL). The characteristics of the flow over and around topographic features such as hills are of great interest in many applications, especially those related to wind engineering. From an experimental simulation of the boundary layer wind tunnel, it is possible to parameterize the effects of wind over complex terrain (MILLER, 1995). The definition of variables, such as the profile of wind speed, the turbulence intensity, the topographic effects on wind speed are key elements in structural calculations for buildings situated around the area. This research focuses on the investigation of the ABL complex terrain conditions, analyzing the structure of turbulent flow and characterization of separation and reattachment of the flow. Experimental simulations were developed in the wind tunnel of the atmospheric boundary layer Prof. Joaquim Blessmann, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul in nine models of hills, four symmetrical two-dimensional, four- symmetrical threedimensional and one asymmetrical, all considering two types of terrain, category I - plan and Category III-IV- moderately rough. The surface of the asymmetric model was measured in nine profiles ploted on the main radial of the hill, with twenty heights each, and the other models were examined at top of the hill. The measurements were performed with a system of hot wire anemometry to measure the wind velocity and intensity of turbulence. The identification of the data obtained in the wind tunnel were confronted with empirical expressions for the same points, in order to establish the correlations between patterns and among these with NBR 6123 (1988). Two models and five codes of wind loads are analyzed: Jackson and Hunt (1975) and e Davenport, Surry e Lemelin (1988) Models and Brazilian Association of Technical Standards: Wind Load on Buildings, NBR 6123 (1988); European Standard: Eurocode1: Basis of Design and Actions on Structures, CEN TC 250: 2002; Australian/New Zealand Standard: Minimum Design Loads on Structures, AS/NZS 1170.2: 2002; Architectural Institute of Japan AIJ: 2004; American Society of Civil Engineering Standard, ASCE 7-95 (ASCE 7-95), Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures; National Building Code of Canada, 2005, (NRCC 2005) codes. This study focuses not only the comparison of the response estimated by international codes nominees, but also a data bank of wind tunnel data to validate this tool based on empirical expressions. The comparison of the patterns shows a lack of consideration for international harmonization of the parameters to be employed for the calculations of wind loads. These differences in defining the basic parameters for the wind loading on structures determines difficulties to unify the formats recommended in the prediction of wind loads. Compared to the experimental data, the patterns will generally show up conservative for both types of mounts analyzed, symmetrical and asymmetrical, for both types of terrain, both considering 2D or 3D.

A estrutura do vento varia de acordo com as características do terreno e com a rugosidade da superfície terrestre, desacelerando proporcionalmente sua intensidade de acordo com a proximidade do solo, o que determina a constituição da camada limite atmosférica (C.L.A.). As características do escoamento sobre e no entorno de características topográficas obtusas tais como morros são de grande interesse em muitas aplicações, especialmente aquelas ligadas à engenharia de vento. Esta pesquisa foca a investigação da C.L.A. sobre terrenos complexos, analisando a estrutura do escoamento turbulento, a separação e a recomposição do mesmo. Para tanto, dois métodos são empregados e comparados na presente investigação para identificar a influência da orografia complexa sobre o escoamento do vento: padrões ou códigos de carga de vento e análises experimentais em túnel de vento. Nove modelos experimentais de morros isolados, sendo quatro simétricos bidimensionais, quatro simétricos tridimensionais e um assimétrico, todos com a consideração de dois tipos de terreno, categoria I – plano e categorias III-IV – medianamente rugosas são analisados. A partir de uma simulação experimental da camada limite em túnel de vento, é possível parametrizar os efeitos do vento sobre terrenos complexos (MILLER, 1995). A definição de variáveis, tais como: o perfil de velocidade do vento, a intensidade de turbulência, os efeitos topográficos na velocidade do vento constituem-se em elementos fundamentais para cálculos estruturais de edificações situadas no entorno. Foram desenvolvidas simulações experimentais no túnel de vento de camada limite Prof. Joaquim Blessmann, da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Na superfície do modelo assimétrico, na radial principal do mesmo, foram localizados nove perfis de medição, contendo cada um, vinte alturas de investigação. Os demais modelos tiveram como foco de análise o cume dos mesmos, também com perfis definidos nas mesmas alturas. As medições da velocidade do vento e da intensidade da turbulência foram procedidas por um sistema de anemometria de fio quente. Os dados obtidos em túnel de vento foram confrontados com expressões empíricas calculadas para os mesmos pontos segundo cinco códigos ou padrões de carga de vento, pontuando também as correlações entre os mesmos e entre estes com a norma brasileira NBR 6123 (1988). Os modelos, códigos ou padrões analisados foram: Jackson e Hunt (1975) e Davenport, Surry e Lemelin (1988), models e as normas a seguir nominadas:Norma Brasileira: cargas de vento em Edificações - NBR 6123 (1988); European Standard:Eurocode1: Basis of Design and Actions on Structures, CEN TC 250: 2002; Australian/New Zealand Standard: Minimum Design Loads on Structures, AS/NZS 1170.2: 2002; Architectural Institute of Japan AIJ: 2004; American Society of Civil Engineering Standard, ASCE 7-95 (ASCE 7-95), Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures;National Building Code of Canada, 2005, (NRCC 2005). Além do estudo comparativo acerca da resposta estimada pelos códigos nominados, esta pesquisa constitui-se em um banco de dados de medições em pontos localizados nos morros nominados, em túnel de vento. O comparativo entre os padrões mostra a inexistência de uma harmonização entre os mesmos para a consideração dos parâmetros a serem empregues para o cálculo de cargas de vento. Estas diferenças na definição dos parâmetros básicos para o carregamento de vento em estruturas determinam grandes dificuldades na unificação de formatos recomendados na previsão das cargas de vento. Comparativamente aos dados experimentais, os padrões, em geral, mostram-se conservadores para os dois tipos de morros analisados, simétrico e assimétrico, para os dois tipos de terreno, tanto considerando-se análises em 2D ou 3D. / The structure of the wind varies with the characteristics of the terrain and roughness land surface, slowing its intensity proportionally according to the surrounding terrain, which determines the onset of boundary layer (ABL). The characteristics of the flow over and around topographic features such as hills are of great interest in many applications, especially those related to wind engineering. From an experimental simulation of the boundary layer wind tunnel, it is possible to parameterize the effects of wind over complex terrain (MILLER, 1995). The definition of variables, such as the profile of wind speed, the turbulence intensity, the topographic effects on wind speed are key elements in structural calculations for buildings situated around the area. This research focuses on the investigation of the ABL complex terrain conditions, analyzing the structure of turbulent flow and characterization of separation and reattachment of the flow. Experimental simulations were developed in the wind tunnel of the atmospheric boundary layer Prof. Joaquim Blessmann, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul in nine models of hills, four symmetrical two-dimensional, four- symmetrical threedimensional and one asymmetrical, all considering two types of terrain, category I - plan and Category III-IV- moderately rough. The surface of the asymmetric model was measured in nine profiles ploted on the main radial of the hill, with twenty heights each, and the other models were examined at top of the hill. The measurements were performed with a system of hot wire anemometry to measure the wind velocity and intensity of turbulence. The identification of the data obtained in the wind tunnel were confronted with empirical expressions for the same points, in order to establish the correlations between patterns and among these with NBR 6123 (1988). Two models and five codes of wind loads are analyzed: Jackson and Hunt (1975) and e Davenport, Surry e Lemelin (1988) Models and Brazilian Association of Technical Standards: Wind Load on Buildings, NBR 6123 (1988); European Standard: Eurocode1: Basis of Design and Actions on Structures, CEN TC 250: 2002; Australian/New Zealand Standard: Minimum Design Loads on Structures, AS/NZS 1170.2: 2002; Architectural Institute of Japan AIJ: 2004; American Society of Civil Engineering Standard, ASCE 7-95 (ASCE 7-95), Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures; National Building Code of Canada, 2005, (NRCC 2005) codes. This study focuses not only the comparison of the response estimated by international codes nominees, but also a data bank of wind tunnel data to validate this tool based on empirical expressions. The comparison of the patterns shows a lack of consideration for international harmonization of the parameters to be employed for the calculations of wind loads. These differences in defining the basic parameters for the wind loading on structures determines difficulties to unify the formats recommended in the prediction of wind loads. Compared to the experimental data, the patterns will generally show up conservative for both types of mounts analyzed, symmetrical and asymmetrical, for both types of terrain, both considering 2D or 3D.

La modélisation inverse de la dispersion atmosphérique consiste à reconstruire les caractéristiques d’une source (quantité de polluants rejetée, position) à partir de mesures de concentration dans l’air, en utilisant un modèle direct de dispersion et un algorithme d’inversion. Nous avons utilisé dans cette étude deux modèles directs de dispersion atmosphérique SIRANE (Soulhac, 2000; Soulhac et al., 2011) et SIRANERISK (Cierco et Soulhac, 2009a; Lamaison et al., 2011a, 2011b). Il s’agit de deux modèles opérationnels de « réseau des rues », basés sur le calcul du bilan de masse à différents niveaux du réseau. Leur concept permet de décrire correctement les différents phénomènes physiques de dispersion et de transport de la pollution atmosphérique dans des réseaux urbains complexes. L’étude de validation de ces deux modèles directs de dispersion a été effectuée après avoir évalué la fiabilité des paramétrages adoptés pour simuler les échanges verticaux entre la canopée et l'atmosphère, les transferts aux intersections de rues et la canalisation de l’écoulement à l’intérieur du réseau de rues. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé des mesures en soufflerie effectuées dans plusieurs configurations académiques. Nous avons développé au cours de cette thèse un système de modélisation inverse de dispersion atmosphérique (nommé ReWind) qui consiste à déterminer les caractéristiques d’une source de polluant (débit, position) à partir des concentrations mesurées, en résolvant numériquement le système matriciel linéaire qui relie le vecteur des débits au vecteur des concentrations. La fiabilité des résultats et l’optimisation des temps de calcul d’inversion sont assurées par le couplage de plusieurs méthodes mathématiques de résolution et d’optimisation, bien adaptées pour traiter le cas des problèmes mal posés. L’étude de sensibilité de cet algorithme d’inversion à certains paramètres d’entrée (comme les conditions météorologiques, les positions des récepteurs,…) a été effectuée en utilisant des observations synthétiques (fictives) fournies par le modèle direct de dispersion atmosphérique. La spécificité des travaux entrepris dans le cadre de ce travail a consisté à appliquer ReWind dans des configurations complexes de quartier urbain, et à utiliser toute la variabilité turbulente des mesures expérimentales obtenues en soufflerie pour qualifier ses performances à reconstruire les paramètres sources dans des conditions représentatives de situations de crise en milieu urbain ou industriel. L’application de l’approche inverse en utilisant des signaux instantanés de concentration mesurés en soufflerie plutôt que des valeurs moyennes, a montré que le modèle ReWind fournit des résultats d’inversion qui sont globalement satisfaisants et particulièrement encourageants en termes de reproduction de la quantité de masse totale de polluant rejetée dans l’atmosphère. Cependant, l’algorithme présente quelques difficultés pour estimer à la fois le débit et la position de la source dans certains cas. En effet, les résultats de l’inversion sont assez influencés par le critère de recherche (d’optimisation), le nombre de récepteurs impactés par le panache, la qualité des observations et la fiabilité du modèle direct de dispersion atmosphérique. / The aim of this study is to develop an inverse atmospheric dispersion model for crisis management in urban areas and industrial sites. The inverse modes allows for the reconstruction of the characteristics of a pollutant source (emission rate, position) from concentration measurements, by combining a direct dispersion model and an inversion algorithm, and assuming as known both site topography and meteorological conditions. The direct models used in these study, named SIRANE and SIRANERISK, are both operational "street network" models. These are based on the decomposition of the urban atmosphere into two sub-domains: the urban boundary layer and the urban canopy, represented as a series of interconnected boxes. Parametric laws govern the mass exchanges between the boxes under the assumption that the pollutant dispersion within the canopy can be fully simulated by modelling three main bulk transfer phenomena: channelling along street axes, transfers at street intersections and vertical exchange between a street canyon and the overlying atmosphere. The first part of this study is devoted to a detailed validation of these direct models in order to test the parameterisations implemented in them. This is achieved by comparing their outputs with wind tunnel experiments of the dispersion of steady and unsteady pollutant releases in idealised urban geometries. In the second part we use these models and experiments to test the performances of an inversion algorithm, named REWind. The specificity of this work is twofold. The first concerns the application of the inversion algorithm - using as input data instantaneous concentration signals registered at fixed receptors and not only time-averaged or ensemble averaged concentrations. - in urban like geometries, using an operational urban dispersion model as direct model. The application of the inverse approach by using instantaneous concentration signals rather than the averaged concentrations showed that the ReWind model generally provides reliable estimates of the total pollutant mass discharged at the source. However, the algorithm has some difficulties in estimating both emission rate and position of the source. We also show that the performances of the inversion algorithm are significantly influenced by the cost function used to the optimization, the number of receptors and the parameterizations adopted in the direct atmospheric dispersion model.

A reinforced fiber-glass model of a NACA 4412 wing profile is designed and set-up in the Minimum Turbulence Level (MTL) wind tunnel facility at KTH. The model has 65 pressure taps orifices, and the set-up includes two mounting panels designed to allow for particle image velocimetry (PIV) and hot wire anemometry (HWA) measurements of the boundary layer (to be performed in a future campaign). In a first experimental campaign pressure scans are conducted at three angles of attack of interest (5,10 and 12 degrees), and at four different Reynolds numbers based on chord length and inflow velocity (200,000, 400,000, 1,000,000, and 1,640,000). The preliminary results show good agreement with DNS and LES data, however, the effective angle of attack of the wing is affected by the interference of the test section. In order to obtain proper flow conditions for future campaigns inside the test section, wall inserts are designed using 2D k-omega SST simulations. The side-walls are streamlined and the final geometry is corrected to account for the boundary-layer growth over them. The inserts are shown to avoid early separation near the trailing edge at higher angles of attack (10 and 12 degrees), but the 2D simulations fail to capture the aforementioned angle-of-attack issue affecting the pressure distributions. Future extensions of the present insert design should include both 3D simulations of the test-section and a robust optimization procedure to prescribe the resulting pressure distribution. / En NACA 4412 vingprofilsmodel av förstärkt glasfiber utformas och installeras enligt Minimum Turbulence Level (MTL) i vindtunnelanläggningen på KTH. Modellen har 65 tryckluftsöppningar, och uppsättningen innehåller två monteringspaneler som är utformade för att möjliggöra mätningar av particle image velocimetry (PIV) and hot wire anemometry (HWA) hos gränsskiktet (som ska utföras i en framtida kampanj). I en första experimentell kampanj utförs tryckskanningar vid tre anfallsvinklar av intresse (5, 10, och 12 grader) samt vid fyra olika Reynolds-nummer (200 000, 400 000, 1 000 000 och 1 640 000). De preliminära resultaten visar god överensstämmelse med DNS- och LES-data, men den effektiva anfallsvinkeln på vingen påverkas av störningar från testsektionen. För att tillhandahålla korrekta flödesförhållanden för framtida kampanjer i testdelen är vägginsatser konstruerade med 2D k-omega SST-simuleringar. Sidoväggarna är strömlinjeformade och den slutliga geometrin korrigeras för att ta hänsyn till gränsiktets tillväxt. Insatserna undviker den tidig separation som sker nära bakkanten vid högre anfallsvinklar (10 och 12 grader), men 2D-simuleringarna misslyckades med att fånga det ovan nämnda anfallsvinkelproblemet som påverkar tryckfördelningarna.

This thesis investigates the turbulent flow in the wake of the wing-body junction of the NASA Common Research Model to further reveal its complex vortical structure and to contribute to the reference database used for Computational Fluid Dynamics validation activities. Compressible flows near two wall-boundary layers occurs not only at the wing-body junction but at every control surface of an airplane, therefore increased knowledge about this complex flow structure could potentially improve the estimates of drag performance and control surface efficiency, primarily for minimizing the environmental impact of commercial flight. The airplane model is modified by adding an inboard flap to investigate the influence from the deflection on the vorticity and velocity field. Future flap designs and settings are discussed from a performance improvement point of view, with the investigated flow influence in mind. The experimental measurements for this thesis were collected using a Cobra Probe, a dynamic multi-hole pressure probe, for Reynolds numbers close to one million based on the wing root chord. A pre-programmed three-dimensional grid was used to cover the most interesting parts of the junction flow. The facility used for the tests is a 120 cm by 80 cm indraft, subsonic wind tunnel at NASA Ames Research Center’s Fluid Mechanics Lab, which provides an on-set flow speed of around Mach 0.15, corresponding to approximately 48 m/s. / Den här avhandlingen undersöker det turbulenta flödet runt övergången mellan flygplanskropp och vinge på en NASA Common Research Model för att vidare utforska den komplexa, tredimensionella strukturen av flödet och bidra till NASA’s officiella databas för jämförelser med simulerade flöden. Kompressibla flöden nära tvåväggsgränsskikt uppkommer inte bara vid övergången mellan flygplanskropp och vinge utan även vid varje kontrollyta på ett flygplan. Ökad kunskap om flödets beteende vid sådana områden kan därför bidra till en bättre uppskattning av prestanda och effektivitet av kontrollytorna och flygplanet i sin helhet, vilket kan bidra till minskad miljöpåverkan från kommersiell flygtrafik. Flygplansmodellen är modifierad genom montering av en vingklaff på den inre delen av vingen, detta för att undersöka hur olika vinklar på klaffarnas nedböjning påverkar flödets struktur och hastighetsfält. Framtida klaffdesigner och inställningar för ökad prestanda diskuteras även utifrån denna påverkan. Mätningarna i vindtunneln gjordes med en Cobra Probe, ett dynamisk tryckmätningsinstrument, speciellt designad för turbulenta och instabila flöden. Reynoldsnumren som generades av den subsoniska, indrags-vindtunneln var ungefär en miljon baserad på vingrotens längd, vilket motsvarar knappt en tiondel av normala flygförhållanden för samma flygplansmodell.

<p>This work is a five-article-based collection of published and to-be-published research articles that explore a novel combination of inlet conditions, wind turbine design, and non-flat topography by performing scaled-down experiments in a wind tunnel.</p>

When it comes to design a wind turbine rotor, several parameters have to be taken into account. The present work focuses on the inclination of the blades with respect to the rotor plane, namely the pich angle. The main goal of the project was to design a small-scale wind turbine rotor for wind tunnel tests and in this thesis the optimization of a first prototype is presented. The characterization of the performances was carried out by coupling two different approaches: an experimental and a numerical one. For the experimental part, a proper setup was built and the wind turbine model was tested in a wind tunnel. The results were compared with a Blade Element Momentum theory code developed in Python, that involved also CFD simulations to assess the aerodynamic properties of the blade sections. The analysis characterized the performances at variable collective pitch in terms of power and thrust coefficient, showing that the intitial blade design was not the optimal one. Therefore, the optimal pitch angle that maximize the power porduction was found for variable conditions. The second part of the experiments focused on the case of pitch unbalanced and the potential risks connected to it. As a result, the analysis demonstrated that any kind of pitch unbalance generates losses in the power production and may lead to a possible increase of the thrust. To compare the results, a modified BEM code was developed by assuming an axisymmetric axial induction factor. Finally, an additional analysis on the wind turbine oscillations was made, finding a connection between lateral vibrations and rotor unbalance and revealing the resonance frequency of the structure.

Le contrôle actif d’écoulement est actuellement étudié dans le but d’améliorer les performances aérodynamiques des véhicules aériens ou terrestres. La diminution de la traînée permettrait de réduire la consommation de carburants fossiles et donc l’émission des gaz à effet de serre des véhicules. Les actionneurs fluidiques sont utilisés comme dispositifs de contrôle depuis une quinzaine d’année. Le contrôle par jet synthétique semble être le plus adapté à une application sur un véhicule de série dans la mesure où l’actionneur ne doit pas être alimenté en fluide. Le travail présenté dans cette thèse combine l’expérimentation physique et la simulation numérique. Elle s’intéresse tout particulièrement au contrôle de l’écoulement autour d’un corps de Ahmed à culot droit à l’aide d’un actionneur de type jet synthétique. Les essais en soufflerie ont été essentiellement utilisés pour caractériser l’écoulement autour du corps de Ahmed et dans son sillage. L’écoulement autour de cette géométrie simplifiée de véhicule terrestre a été caractérisé par des pesées aérodynamiques, des mesures de pressions pariétales, des acquisitions des fluctuations de vitesse par anémomètrie à fil chaud et des mesures de champs de vitesse par Vélocimétrie par Images de Particules. Les grandeurs moyennes et instationnaires de l’écoulement ont ainsi pu être caractérisées. Les simulations numériques à l’aide du code de calcul elsA ont ensuite été réalisées sur une configuration similaire. Les résultats des simulations de l’écoulement non contrôlé ont été confrontés aux résultats expérimentaux. Dans le but d’agir sur la traînée, le contrôle à l’aide d’un actionneur de type jet synthétique a été réalisé sur la même géométrie. Les paramètres de contrôle tels que la quantité de mouvement, la fréquence d’actionnement et l’orientation des jets synthétiques ont été testés numériquement. Le contrôle à l’aide des paramètres testés, a entrainé une augmentation de la traînée qui est due à une réduction de la longueur de la zone de recirculation associée à une diminution de la pression pariétale au niveau du culot de la maquette. Il ressort de ce travail que le contrôle par jet synthétique à basse fréquence orienté selon le sens principal de l’écoulement semble être une voie à explorer. / Active flow control is currently studied in order to improve aerial or ground vehicle aerodynamics. Diminishing aerodynamic drag leads to a reduction of fuel consumption and so in greenhouse gas emissions of vehicles. Fluidic actuators have been used as control devices for about fifteen years. Considering the fact that the actuator does not need external fluid supply system, synthetic jet control seems to be the most suitable solution that can fit on production vehicles. This thesis combines experimental tests and numerical simulations. It tackles with the flow control around a square back Ahmed body with synthetic jet actuator. Wind tunnel tests have essentially been used to characterize the flow around and in the wake of the Ahmed body. Flow around this simplified geometry of ground vehicle has been characterized using hot wire anemometry, flush mounted pressure taps and two components Particular Image Velocimetry. The steady and unsteady features of the wake flow have thus been characterized. Simulations of this flow have been performed with the computation code elsA. Results of the simulations of the natural flow around the square back Ahmed body have been compared to experimental results. With a view to modifying the drag, flow control thanks to a synthetic jet actuator has been tested on a square back Ahmed body. Parameters of the flow control, such as momentum coefficient, actuation frequency and orientation of the synthetic jet have been numerically investigated. Results show a decrease of the circulation length leading to a diminution of the base pressure and hence to an increase of the drag. Flow control by using a low frequency with slots oriented along the mainstream seems to be a path to explore.

<p dir="ltr">Transportation and energy production industries strongly rely on improvements in gas turbine performance. The quantification of these improvements is dependent on the accuracy of the measurements performed during testing. An increase of 0.5\% in efficiency is sufficient to secure a new development program worth millions of dollars, but in the case of temperature measurements, uncertainties below 0.5 K are required, which presents a challenge. This work selects heat flux estimation and total temperature measurement uncertainties as major contributors for efficiency uncertainty.</p><ul><li>Heat flux measurements are critical to evaluate the impact on the efficiency. Additionally, thermal fatigue in turbine airfoils defines the life cycle of the engine core. This work performs an estimation of the heat transfer via a simplified numerical model that uses infrared (IR) measurements in the surface of the casing to predict the temperature of the passage wall. The model is validated with real cool-down data of the turbine to yield results within a 10\% of the actual temperature.</li><li>Total temperature measurement suffers from errors due to heat transfer effects in the probe. Two dominant sources of errors are convection and conduction between the thermocouple wires, the probe support, and the flow. These effects can be treated in two different categories: the velocity error, created by a non-isentropic reduction of the flow velocity upstream the thermocouple junction, and the thermal equilibrium effects between the junction and the probe support, involving heat transfer through the wire to the shield and the probe stem due to temperature differences between each component (the so-called \emph{conduction error}). An open jet stand is used to evaluate the effects of velocity error at various Mach numbers. The conduction error is addressed with the design and manufacturing of dual-wire thermocouple probes. The readings from two wires with different length-to-diameter ratios are used to correct for the flow total temperature. This probe yielded a recovery factor of 0.99 +/- 0.01 at Mach 0.6.</li></ul><p></p>