Social security of women during pregnancy and maternity The purpose of thesis is to analyse social security of women during pregnancy and maternity in the current legislation. The thesis is composed of introduction, main part and conclusion. The main part is divided into six chapters. Chapter one describes historical development of social security of women during pregnancy and maternity in the Czech republic. Folowing two chapters focuse on social security of pregnat women and parents of small children in connection with membership of the Czech republic in international organisations and the European union. Chapter four characterises system of sickness insurance and benefits that are provided in case of maternity (maternity benefits, pregnancy and maternity compensation benefits, sick pay, care benefits). Chapter five analyzes system of state social support with benefits provided to pregnant women and parents (parental allowance, birth grant, child allowance). Last - sixth chapter complements the subject of the thesis with protection of pregnant women and parents with small children in labour-law. Conclusion summs up social security of women during pregnancy and maternity. Social benefits are above standarts and system is functional. Drawback is seen in wrong understanding of system by some parents...

L’intégration hétérogène de circuits électroniques sur un interposeur silicium offre de nouvelles perspectives dans l’élaboration de systèmes complexes pour les applications nécessitant de grandes bande-passantes. L’assemblage vertical de puces à très haute densité sur cette plate-forme silicium de grande taille pose néanmoins d’importants défis technologiques. Le cœur de cette étude se concentre plus particulièrement sur les problématiques thermo-mécaniques qui affectent le processus de fabrication de l’interposeur à de multiples échelles. À l’échelle macroscopique, la courbure importante découlant des contraintes dans les couches diélectriques minces complexifie l’assemblage. La caractérisation de ces déformations par une technique de "shadow moiré" sert à définir et valider une solution de compensation de la courbure via le dépôt de diélectriques en face arrière. Une stratégie de mesure des contraintes mésoscopiques par des capteurs de contraintes en rosette est ensuite déployée. L’étude montre l’adéquation des capteurs piézorésistifs pour la mesure des interactions puces-puces dans les assemblages de circuits tridimensionnels. Enfin, les contraintes thermomécaniques microscopiques induites par les vias de cuivre traversant l’interposeur sont cartographiées à grande échelle par nano-diffraction d’un rayonnement synchrotron. Ces mesures débouchent sur l’élaboration d’un modèle numérique prédictif et l’estimation des variations de mobilité des porteurs de charge autour des vias. Les principales barrières à l’adoption de l’interposeur ont été finalement identifiées et un panel d’outils a été développé afin de garantir une faisabilité de réalisation de futurs prototypes. / The heterogeneous integration of microelectronic chips on a silicon interposer offers new perspectives in the manufacturing of complex systems for high bandwidths applications. However, the high density vertical assembly of several chips on this silicon platform has proven to be technologically challenging. This study is especially focused on the thermo-mechanical issues which affect the manufacturing of the interposer at multiple scales. At macroscopic scale, the high curvature of the die, induced by stress in thin films, has a negative impact on various assembly processes. By using a thermal shadow moiré technique, the characterization of the thermo-mechanical deformations aims to define and validate a strategy of curvature compensation through the deposition of thin dielectric layers on the back-side of the die. The integration of stress sensors to depict the mesoscopic local stress in 3D assemblies is then investigated. The study demonstrates the ability of piezoresistive based sensors to measure chip/package interactions in a typical interposer assembly flow. Eventually, the thermo-mechanical stress at microscopic scale induced by the copper through silicon vias in a silicon interposer are mapped thanks to a nanodiffraction technique using synchrotron radiation. Corresponding experimental investigations allow to validate a predictive numerical model and estimate the mobility variations of charge carriers in silicon around the vias. Eventually, the main barriers to silicon interposer adoption have been identified and several tools were developed to ensure the feasibility of future prototypes.

<p>Käppala wastewater treatment plant situated on the island of Lidingö northeast of Stockholm is running a project during 2004 and 2005 with the purpose to map out the capacity of anaerobic digestion in the digesters that treat primary and excess sludge. The purpose of this thesis work, which is part of that project, was to characterize the present anaerobic digestion process and to investigate its capacity to treat other organic wastes such as restaurant waste and waste from water works. To decide the potential of both methane and biogas production from different substrates batch laboratory tests were carried out. To imitate the anaerobic digestion process at Käppala continuous tests with small scale reactors were carried out. These reactors were later fed with restaurant waste.</p><p>The batch laboratory tests showed that primary sludge had a potential biogas and methane production of 0,62 and 0,35 Ndm3/g VS respectively after 40 days of digestion. After 15 to 20 days of digestion (average retention time in the digester at Käppala wastewater treayment plant that treats primary sludge) the biogas production was between 0,55 and 0,60 Ndm3/g VS, which is within the range of the production at the digester that treats the primary sludge. This leads to the conclusion that the digestion of primary sludge is well functioning at the plant.</p><p>Batch laboratory tests showed that excess sludge had a potential biogas and methane production of 0,31 and 0,16 Ndm3/g VS respectively after 40 days of digestion.</p><p>Batch laboratory tests with restaurant waste showed a potential biogas and methane production of 0,81 and 0,38 Ndm3/g VS respectively after 47 days of digestion. This means that the total production of methane gas can increase with 7-8 per cent with an annual load of 3500 tonnes of restaurant waste (estimated amount of available restaurant waste). Tests to imitate transport of restaurant waste with influent wastewater showed that 35-60 per cent of the increase of gas production would be “washed out” if the waste was tranported this way to the plant.</p><p>Batch laboratory tests with waste from water works showed that no gas was produced from this substrate.</p><p>The continuous tests with small scale reactors which were fed with restaurant waste resulted in an increase of biogas production with 12 per cent (corresponding to an annual load of 3500 tonnes of restaurant waste) compared to the present process.</p> / <p>Avloppsreningsverket Käppalaverket på Lidingö driver under år 2004-2005 ett projekt med syftet att kartlägga rötningskapaciteten i den befintliga anläggningen där primär- och överskottsslam behandlas i två rötkammare. Syftet med examensarbetet, som är en del av kartläggningsprojektet, var att karakterisera Käppalaverkets nuvarande rötningsprocess och undersöka processens kapacitet att behandla organiskt avfall i form av restaurangavfall och vatttenverksslam. För att bestämma potentialen hos olika substrat har satsvisa utrötningar genomförts. För att efterlikna processen på Käppalaverket har kontinuerliga försök med små reaktorer bedrivits. Till dessa reaktorer har sedan restaurangavfall tillsats.</p><p>De satsvisa utrötningarna av primärslam visade en potentiell bio- respektive metangasproduktion om 0,62 respektive 0,35 Ndm3/g VS efter 40 dagars utrötning. Efter 15-20 dagars utrötning (som är den genomsnittliga uppehållstiden i Käppalaverkets rötkammare där primärslammet behandlas) var biogasproduktionen mellan 0,55 och 0,60 Ndm3/g VS, vilket är inom samma intervall som vid den verkliga driften av rötkamrarna vid Käppalaverket. Detta betyder att utrötningen av primärslammet fungerar bra vid Käppalaverket.</p><p>De satsvisa utrötningarna av överskottsslammet visade en potentiell bio- respektive metangasproduktion om 0,31 respektive 0,16 Ndm3/g VS efter 40 dagars utrötning.</p><p>För restaurangavfallet visade de satsvisa utrötningarna på en potentiell bio- respektive metangasproduktion om 0,81 respektive 0,38 Ndm3/g VS efter 47 dagars utrötning.</p><p>Detta innebär att den totala metangasproduktionen vid Käppalaverket skulle kunna ökas med 7-8 procent om 3500 ton restaurangavfall skulle tas emot årligen (uppskattad mängd restaurangavfall som finns att tillgå). Försök att efterlikna transport av restaurangavfallet via avloppsledningsnätet visade dock att 35-60 procent av den ökade metangasproduktionen skulle ”tvättas ur” om avfallet fördes till verket via avloppsledningsnätet.</p><p>Försöken med satsvis utrötning av vattenverksslam visade att detta substrat inte bidrar med någon produktion av biogas eller metangas.</p><p>De kontinuerliga försöken med tillsats av restaurangavfall (motsvarande en årlig belastning med 3500 ton) resulterade i en ökning av biogasproduktionen med 12 procent.</p>

Käppala wastewater treatment plant situated on the island of Lidingö northeast of Stockholm is running a project during 2004 and 2005 with the purpose to map out the capacity of anaerobic digestion in the digesters that treat primary and excess sludge. The purpose of this thesis work, which is part of that project, was to characterize the present anaerobic digestion process and to investigate its capacity to treat other organic wastes such as restaurant waste and waste from water works. To decide the potential of both methane and biogas production from different substrates batch laboratory tests were carried out. To imitate the anaerobic digestion process at Käppala continuous tests with small scale reactors were carried out. These reactors were later fed with restaurant waste. The batch laboratory tests showed that primary sludge had a potential biogas and methane production of 0,62 and 0,35 Ndm3/g VS respectively after 40 days of digestion. After 15 to 20 days of digestion (average retention time in the digester at Käppala wastewater treayment plant that treats primary sludge) the biogas production was between 0,55 and 0,60 Ndm3/g VS, which is within the range of the production at the digester that treats the primary sludge. This leads to the conclusion that the digestion of primary sludge is well functioning at the plant. Batch laboratory tests showed that excess sludge had a potential biogas and methane production of 0,31 and 0,16 Ndm3/g VS respectively after 40 days of digestion. Batch laboratory tests with restaurant waste showed a potential biogas and methane production of 0,81 and 0,38 Ndm3/g VS respectively after 47 days of digestion. This means that the total production of methane gas can increase with 7-8 per cent with an annual load of 3500 tonnes of restaurant waste (estimated amount of available restaurant waste). Tests to imitate transport of restaurant waste with influent wastewater showed that 35-60 per cent of the increase of gas production would be “washed out” if the waste was tranported this way to the plant. Batch laboratory tests with waste from water works showed that no gas was produced from this substrate. The continuous tests with small scale reactors which were fed with restaurant waste resulted in an increase of biogas production with 12 per cent (corresponding to an annual load of 3500 tonnes of restaurant waste) compared to the present process. / Avloppsreningsverket Käppalaverket på Lidingö driver under år 2004-2005 ett projekt med syftet att kartlägga rötningskapaciteten i den befintliga anläggningen där primär- och överskottsslam behandlas i två rötkammare. Syftet med examensarbetet, som är en del av kartläggningsprojektet, var att karakterisera Käppalaverkets nuvarande rötningsprocess och undersöka processens kapacitet att behandla organiskt avfall i form av restaurangavfall och vatttenverksslam. För att bestämma potentialen hos olika substrat har satsvisa utrötningar genomförts. För att efterlikna processen på Käppalaverket har kontinuerliga försök med små reaktorer bedrivits. Till dessa reaktorer har sedan restaurangavfall tillsats. De satsvisa utrötningarna av primärslam visade en potentiell bio- respektive metangasproduktion om 0,62 respektive 0,35 Ndm3/g VS efter 40 dagars utrötning. Efter 15-20 dagars utrötning (som är den genomsnittliga uppehållstiden i Käppalaverkets rötkammare där primärslammet behandlas) var biogasproduktionen mellan 0,55 och 0,60 Ndm3/g VS, vilket är inom samma intervall som vid den verkliga driften av rötkamrarna vid Käppalaverket. Detta betyder att utrötningen av primärslammet fungerar bra vid Käppalaverket. De satsvisa utrötningarna av överskottsslammet visade en potentiell bio- respektive metangasproduktion om 0,31 respektive 0,16 Ndm3/g VS efter 40 dagars utrötning. För restaurangavfallet visade de satsvisa utrötningarna på en potentiell bio- respektive metangasproduktion om 0,81 respektive 0,38 Ndm3/g VS efter 47 dagars utrötning. Detta innebär att den totala metangasproduktionen vid Käppalaverket skulle kunna ökas med 7-8 procent om 3500 ton restaurangavfall skulle tas emot årligen (uppskattad mängd restaurangavfall som finns att tillgå). Försök att efterlikna transport av restaurangavfallet via avloppsledningsnätet visade dock att 35-60 procent av den ökade metangasproduktionen skulle ”tvättas ur” om avfallet fördes till verket via avloppsledningsnätet. Försöken med satsvis utrötning av vattenverksslam visade att detta substrat inte bidrar med någon produktion av biogas eller metangas. De kontinuerliga försöken med tillsats av restaurangavfall (motsvarande en årlig belastning med 3500 ton) resulterade i en ökning av biogasproduktionen med 12 procent.

Purpose: The purpose of this degree project was to compare the differences in energy demand for three different sizes of smaller, detached one-family houses in Sweden, and to investigate the advantages and challenges of living in a significantly smaller house than the typical Swedish one-family house. Method: The comparison was made between one typical sized detached one-family house and two significantly smaller houses of the same technical standard. The differences in energy demand for the three houses focused on heat losses, passive heat gain and the demand for active heating. To investigate the advantages and challenges of living in significantly small houses information was gathered through different sources of literature and from other people’s experiences. Results: The result showed that the smallest of the three houses had 87 percent lower demand for active heating than the largest house, and the second smallest house had 59 percent lower demand for active heating than the largest house. In addition, the heating season for the smallest houses was three months shorter per year than for the other two houses. The advantages of living in a significantly smaller house than the typical Swedish one-family house was mainly economically and environmentally based. The challenges were mainly the limited space that a smaller living area entails. Conclusions: The project concluded that there is a significant amount of energy that can be saved by choosing to live in a smaller house than the typical Swedish one-family house, and that the advantages of living in a smaller house was greater than the challenges.

The diploma thesis named "How is the parents' life on parental leave in the Czech republic?" identifies and analyzes the conditions of Czech parents, who are taking the leave to take care of their children, i.e. the parental leave, and the coherent allowance. Their situation is reviewed from three angles. From the economical point of view, the thesis identifies worsened financial situation of parents on parental leave, compensated only with the parental allowance. The comparison of the leave and the allowance in various European countries indicates different configurations due to their sociocultural context and historical background. In the research in childcare services is pointed out that the offer is insufficient and that the parents, who use them temporarily, are at disadvantage. In the other hand, the diploma thesis introduces new and more suitable services being provided. In the prevention of social isolation of parents with small children, numerous services provided by non-governmental organizations (in contrast with the governmental and commercial sectors) are described, considering also the disproportional geographical configuration of these subjects. The stakeholder analysis refers about interest, influence and attitude of people, communities and organizations involved. The conclusion of...