Through calculations as well as a literature study the purpose of this work was to apply modern energy efficiency measures on an old existing building and on the same time take economical aspects and thermal inside climate into account. The work also carries out a case study on the existing building Lådberga 1:78. The calculations that has been carried out acknowledges a change of the building’s thermal transmittance for each measure that has been simulated as well as a change of the buildings active heating. In order to carry out the comparison between the buildings active heating, before and after applying the modern building measures, the buildings current energy consumption was calculated.  To examine the proposed actions from an economical point of view, the payback method was used. When applying actions that include additional interior insulation, diffusion calculations was used. The energy efficiency action that was calculated to be most financially viable for the building was exchange of the heat system. This action included a change from an existing pellet boiler to a more efficient geothermal heat pump as well as the exchange of four radiators.  The second-best alternative was to add insulation to the attic. Also, one simple yet effective action that could be done in the building to improve the thermal inside climate was to mount sealing stripes around the existing windows. The energy efficiency actions that was found to be least financially viable was exchange of windows, doors as well as adding insulation to the walls. Calculations was carried out through derivatives that has been acknowledged for during the current study. The results that has been reported has been chosen regarding the general understanding of the study as well as the relevance it has on the final results in order to clearly answer the questions at issue. Keywords:   Energy efficiency, active heating, passive heating, transmission, total heat loss, building technics, diffusion, solar heat gain. / Tillgång till energi är i dagens samhälle en viktig del i vardagen. Energi nyttjas bland annat för att värma upp tappvarmvatten och bostäder samt för att förse byggnader med den energi som behövs för att dessa ska uppnå deras planerade funktioner. Krav på tillåten energianvändning finns för nybyggnationer och vid ändring av befintliga byggnader, dock gäller inte dessa krav för byggnader som väsentligt inte ska ändras. I och med detta har äldre byggnader i många fall en högre energianvändning än yngre byggnationer vilken kan minskas genom byggnadstekniska och installationstekniska åtgärder. Då byggnader energieffektiviseras sänks Sveriges totala energianvändning, kostnaderna för byggnadens aktiva uppvärmning minskar och den termiska komforten i en äldre byggnad kan förbättras. Genom beräkningar samt litteraturstudier är syftet med arbetet att i teorin energieffektivisera en äldre befintlig byggnad med hänsyn till ekonomi och avgränsad termisk komfort. Arbetet bygger på en empirisk studie vilken innefattar en fallstudie som har utförts på villan Lådberga 1:78 samt litteraturinsamling. Den datainsamling som har nyttjats för arbetet är fältmätningar, observationer samt dokumentanalyser. De energieffektiviseringsåtgärder som har undersökts i arbetet har valts ut med hjälp av arbetets litteraturstudie och för att undersöka hur olika energieffektiviseringsåtgärder påverkar den aktiva uppvärmningen i Lådberga 1:78 har beräkningar utförts. De beräkningar som har utförts uppvisar förändringar av byggnadens värmegenomgångskoefficienter vid respektive åtgärd samt en förändring av byggnadens aktiva uppvärmning. För att möjliggöra en jämförelse mellan byggnadens aktiva uppvärmning innan utförda åtgärder samt efter utförda åtgärder har även byggnadens energianvändning innan energieffektivisering beräknats. För att undersöka åtgärderna ur ett ekonomiskt perspektiv med hänsyn till återbetalningstid har Payback-metoden nyttjats. Vid åtgärder vilka innefattar tilläggsisolering har diffusionsberäkningar utförts. De åtgärder som har undersökts i arbetet är byggnadstekniska åtgärder i klimatskalet samt byte av värmesystem. Den åtgärd som har beräknats vara den mest lönsamma energieffektiviseringsåtgärden i byggnaden är byte av värmesystem. Åtgärden inkluderar byte från en pelletspanna till en bergvärmepump inklusive byte av fyra radiatorer. Denna åtgärd medför ett inbetalningsöverskott på cirka 18 100 kr/år och återbetalningstiden har beräknats till 10 år. Installationens livslängd har uppskattats vara mellan 20 till 40 år beroende på installationsdel. Den näst mest effektiva energieffektiviseringsåtgärden är tilläggsisolering av byggnadens vindsbjälklag. Denna åtgärd medför ett inbetalningsöverskott på cirka 2700 kr/år och har återbetalningstiden 14 år. Åtgärdens livslängd har uppskattats till minst byggnadens livslängd. Nackdelarna med åtgärderna är att båda leder till en minskad mängd värme till byggnadens kallvind vilket kan leda till fuktproblem, installation av en bergvärmepump påverkar även byggnadens självdragsventilation. De åtgärder som inte är lönsamma vid energieffektivisering av Lådberga 1:78 är byte av fönster, byte av dörrar samt tilläggsisolering av byggnadens träregelytterväggar då dessa åtgärder har återbetalningstider mellan 61 år till 92 år. Ytterligare en åtgärd som inte bör genomföras är tilläggsisolering av byggnadens betongytterväggar inifrån, detta på grund av att den relativa luftfuktigheten mellan isoleringen och betongen blir 100 %. De byggnadsdelar i byggnadens klimatskal vilka inte har undersökts via beräkningar är byggnadens krypgrund samt byggnadens betongplatta på mark. Byggnadens aktiva uppvärmning innan energieffektivisering är enligt beräkningar . För att förbättra den termiska komforten i byggnaden finns det möjlighet att utföra mindre förändringar av byggnadsdelarna i byggnadens klimatskal. Exempel på simpla åtgärder vilka kan utföras i Lådberga 1:78 är montering av tätningslister samt isolerglas på byggnadens fönster samt noggrann drevning runt av byggnadens fönster och dörrar. Nyckelord: Energieffektivisering, aktiv uppvärmning, passiv uppvärmning, transmission, total värmeförlust, diffusion, solenergitillförsel, tilläggsisolering.

Purpose: The purpose of this degree project was to compare the differences in energy demand for three different sizes of smaller, detached one-family houses in Sweden, and to investigate the advantages and challenges of living in a significantly smaller house than the typical Swedish one-family house. Method: The comparison was made between one typical sized detached one-family house and two significantly smaller houses of the same technical standard. The differences in energy demand for the three houses focused on heat losses, passive heat gain and the demand for active heating. To investigate the advantages and challenges of living in significantly small houses information was gathered through different sources of literature and from other people’s experiences. Results: The result showed that the smallest of the three houses had 87 percent lower demand for active heating than the largest house, and the second smallest house had 59 percent lower demand for active heating than the largest house. In addition, the heating season for the smallest houses was three months shorter per year than for the other two houses. The advantages of living in a significantly smaller house than the typical Swedish one-family house was mainly economically and environmentally based. The challenges were mainly the limited space that a smaller living area entails. Conclusions: The project concluded that there is a significant amount of energy that can be saved by choosing to live in a smaller house than the typical Swedish one-family house, and that the advantages of living in a smaller house was greater than the challenges.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to present the economic, environmental impact, and energy saving benefits of replacing an electric boiler to a bedrock heat pump or district heating. Furthermore, the impact of additional insulation will also be presented. Method: The technical, environmental, and economical aspects of the various heat sources in this study are gathered through websites and reports from agencies, industry organisations and corporations. A case study on a family house built in 1971, heated with a combination of electric boiler and air-to-air heat pump has been made. The study investigates the impact of replacing the existing heat sources with newer and better alternatives along with additional insulation. Results: The results present the energy demand for active heating, economic analysis, environmental impact, and the impact of additional insulation. Moreover, a comparison between the heat sources and the additional insulation is presented to show the difference between them. The case study objects demand for active heating includes passive heating, heat losses through the building envelope, heat losses due to ventilation. With all these factors combined, the family house has an annual active heating demand of 11 700 kWh. The energy consumption of the electric boiler combined with air-to-air heat pump (COP 4) have an annual consumption of 7 500 kWh. The required energy from the district heating goes up to 11 700 kWh and the bedrock heat pump (COP 3) have the lowest energy consumption of 3 900 kWh. However, the amount of electricity needed is 400 kWh for district heating compared to the other alternatives that require 7 500 kWh and 3 900 kWh. For the economic aspects, the installation and operating costs for the electric boiler combined with the air-to-air heat pump, district heating and the bedrock heat pump are concluded. This shows that, on one hand the bedrock heat pump is the most expensive heat source to install but on the other hand, the cheapest to operate. Furthermore, this study compares the emissions of carbon dioxide equivalents from the production of district heating and electric energy. Due to the clean electric energy in Sweden, district heating has the highest negative impact on the greenhouse effect as it uses energy resources that have high emission of carbon dioxide equivalents. The environmental impact of the electric boiler, air-to-air heat pump and the bedrock heat pump vary depending on the energy source used to generate electricity and can in the worst case be higher than for district heating. New values with the additional insulation suggest that the improved building envelope will have a positive impact on the operation costs, energy saving and emissions. As an example, the demand for active heating can be reduced with up to 30%. Conclusions: The conclusion is that the comparison of heat sources contains many uncertain variables. Consequently, the result of this study does most likely not apply directly to other study objects. The results may vary if, for example, the geographical location or electricity agreement is changed.

Purpose: This study aims to see how the total active heating demand and the indoor climate for a school in Vasteras can improve from two different energysaving-investments. The two measures that will be investigated are windows with an improved U-value and an exchange of the ventilation unit with a heat exchanger. The result of the investments will be connected to a value-added study which investigates its impact on social, economy and environmental aspects. Method: To accomplish this, a literature study has been made to gather information to support the calculations and compare our results with previous studies. A case study which consists of calculations, a study visits to the school and a documentation analysis to strengthen the accuracy of the results. Results: The yearly total active heating for the school was 426 MWh with a heat demand of 191 kWh/m2 which is bad compared to equal buildings which normally use between 120-180 kWh/m 2. The exchange of the ventilation unit and the implement of a heat exchanger decreased the yearly active heating demand with 105 MWh which is equal to 144 kWh/m2. This is a much better value and now in the category of equal buildings. By investing in windows with a U-value of 1.3 W/m2 K from 3.0 W/m2 saved the building 29 MWh every year to 178 kWh/m2 which is just under the maximum value of 180 kWh/m 2 . Conclusions: Investing in a new ventilation unit with a heat exchanger showed to be the best investment for the school at this moment in time. The new heat exchanger contributes to a large energy saving and the investment cost had a payback time between 9 - 18 years depending on the kWh price. The study got similar results in the value-added study where the ventilation unit showed a greater impact on almost all of FN: s global goals. Windows did not show as impressive results as the ventilation unit did and is why it contributed less to the global goals in the value-added study.