The thesis examines how the social construction of African women in development discourse transformed from the 1970s to the 2000s, focusing in particular on the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). From the 1970s to the 1990s representations of African women were based on women’s economic potential. The mainstreaming of gender in the 1990s resulted in women being represented as agents of change. This approach gave women an opportunity to play roles in decision-making but led to policies that failed to challenge the established institutions. The emphasis on women as agents of change opened doors to some African women but with implications for the women’s movement. Only some middle-class women appear to benefit but their gains have been marginal in comparison to the gender inequalities that persist. The thesis uses secondary sources and interviews with development practitioners in Ottawa to understand the representation of African women as agents of change.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

The aim of this thesis is itroduce to personality of Zdeňka Šemberová which live in years 1841 - 1912 in the context of Czech women's movement. In the first part of thesis is devoted to the development of the women's movement in Bohemia and to the important historical milestones that relate to this movement. The second part is devoted life of Zdeňka Šemberová, her family problems and her subjective view of the company. It was drawn from her personal diary and correspondence. This thesis describes the comparison of life Zdeňky Šemberova with the various stages of Czech women's movement and her contacts with prominent figures of this movement.

United States federal law regulating leaves of absence for maternity-related purposes pales in comparison to other nations' policies, an observation only recently receiving attention from political scientists. Providing an understanding of how maternity leave is handled by individual organizations in the United States only, a quantitative study is conducted that examines local variation in policy formulation. Employee leave due to maternity is primarily a women's issue and its treatment will vary depending on the socio-political context that the policy dictating the leave is found in. Three main determinants of a policy's level of comprehensiveness are identified as being the political representation of women on local legislative bodies, the bureaucratic representation of women in their place of employment, and the level of women's movement activity in the community. Moreover, the gendered context of the organization is considered by comparing two historically distinct institutions on the gender continuum, public education and law enforcement. After analysis involving a national comparison of public school district and police department maternity leave policies, it was found that the presence of the women's movement in a community significantly impacts the dependent variable, policy comprehensiveness. The effects of political and bureaucratic representation, however, seem to differ between police departments and school districts. In consideration of the most comprehensive policies found, it seems police departments are highly influenced by larger proportions of women officers whereas women teachers might be at a disadvantage precisely because of their over-representation in school districts. Seemingly counterintuitive, this finding suggests that gendered institutions are predicated on more than just women's presence. Evidence that maternity leave policy in individual U.S. institutions is a product of the gendered culture of the organization was found by observing the differential impact of political and social variables on police departments and school districts.

A presente dissertação de mestrado desenvolve um estudo comparado sobre os significados de democracia formulados pelo Movimento Feminino pela Anistia, no Brasil, e pelas Mães da Praça de Maio, na Argentina, durante a transição dos regimes autoritários, entre os anos de 1970 e 1980. Busca-se analisar de que maneira e por que razões os dois grupos passaram a tratar de democracia em seus discursos, identificando as relações entre os significados e as reivindicações levantadas por ambas as entidades durante a ditadura. O trabalho pretende também examinar o contexto em que essas ideias foram criadas, comparando com as perspectivas de democracia levantadas por outros grupos políticos e sociais, como os intelectuais. Trata-se, enfim, de investigar a articulação entre direitos humanos e democracia feita pelo Movimento Feminino pela Anistia e pelas Mães da Praça de Maio, reconstituindo o lugar desses dois grupos em um debate em que se definia a construção de democracia nesses países / This dissertation develops a comparative study on the meanings of democracy formulated by the Womens Movement for Amnesty, in Brazil, and the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo, in Argentina, during the transition from authoritarian regimes, between the years 1970 and 1980. Seeks to analyze how and for what reasons the two groups began treating democracy in his speeches, identifying the relationships between the meanings and the claims raised by both parties during the dictatorship. The work also aims to examine the context in which these ideas were created, compared with the prospects of democracy raised by other political and social groups such as intellectuals. It is, finally, to investigate the relationship between human rights and democracy made by the Women\'s Movement for Amnesty and the Mothers of Plaza de Mayo rights, reconstituting the place of these two groups in a debate in which he defined the construction of democracy in these countries

The thesis examines how the social construction of African women in development discourse transformed from the 1970s to the 2000s, focusing in particular on the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). From the 1970s to the 1990s representations of African women were based on women’s economic potential. The mainstreaming of gender in the 1990s resulted in women being represented as agents of change. This approach gave women an opportunity to play roles in decision-making but led to policies that failed to challenge the established institutions. The emphasis on women as agents of change opened doors to some African women but with implications for the women’s movement. Only some middle-class women appear to benefit but their gains have been marginal in comparison to the gender inequalities that persist. The thesis uses secondary sources and interviews with development practitioners in Ottawa to understand the representation of African women as agents of change.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / The aim of the thesis is to use computational stylistics, and in particular the methods pioneered by John Burrows, to explore aspects of the nineteenth-century periodical genre. Published for the most part anonymously, periodical articles were written by an extraordinary range of authors on an incredible variety of topics. The standard of writing in the thousands of articles appearing in the ‘higher’ or ‘literary’ journals has generally been agreed by scholars to be ‘remarkably good’. Beginning in 1802 and flourishing for most of the century, this outstanding genre of writing had all but disappeared by the beginning of the twentieth century. The text collection for the thesis consists of almost two million words by twenty-two authors. My study employs a variety of statistical tests on these texts to examine the effect of such factors as anonymity, commonality, authorial individuality, gender, house-style, text-type and chronology on the periodicals. I begin by taking a broad view of the field: first allowing the articles to ‘speak for themselves’ and to exhibit their commonalities and individual differences; then exploring the significance of both the intra-generic focus of the article – the stance taken in a particular article – and the author’s own idiosyncratic preferences in determining the incidence of function words in these articles. The interplay between these two factors provided an explanation as to why the articles of some authors invariably grouped together while those of other authors displayed marked variability. The use of lists of authorial ‘marker words’ – those words used relatively more or relatively less frequently by individual authors – showed that one can think of this large group of mostly anonymous periodical articles as a set of authorial oeuvres. I also look at the frequently made assertion that authors adapted their writing to the ‘house style’ of particular journals, and come to the conclusion that it does not significantly affect the deeper level of style revealed by function word usage. I then examine the question of whether or not there are differences between men’s and women’s usages of function words, coming to the conclusion that, although differences can be seen to exist, it is not at present possible to come up with sets of ‘marker words’ that reveal gender in the way that is possible with authorship. I use ‘marker words’ to identify the characteristics of one major author, George Eliot, and to show how she modified her stylistic practices when she moved from the periodical essay to fiction. I demonstrate how the techniques of computational stylistics can be used to check the legitimacy of some of the attributions made in the Wellesley Index, and I attribute one much-discussed anonymous group of articles on ‘the woman question’ to Robert Cecil 3rd Marquess of Salisbury and Prime Minister of England.

Submitted by Elesbão Santiago Neto (neto10uepb@cche.uepb.edu.br) on 2018-05-02T20:47:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Nayara de Lima Monteiro.pdf: 96774882 bytes, checksum: e1bb4a39acefa01050e3f4aedaaf5461 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-02T20:47:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Nayara de Lima Monteiro.pdf: 96774882 bytes, checksum: e1bb4a39acefa01050e3f4aedaaf5461 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-10 / CAPES / The research in question has as its general theme the construction of mainstreaming a gender perspective in Mercosur from the action of three actors inside the Meeting of Ministers and High Authorities Woman of Mercosur (RMAAM): national mechanisms for the promotion of gender, the movement of women / feminist and international cooperation. For the success of such construction, throughout history of Mercosur, this happens to be also interpreted as an instrument of political and social integration between their companies and as an independent form of international position. Moreover, the transformations on the world stage for the performance of the feminist movement/women by guaranteeing their rights, the consequences of the Fourth UN World Conference on Women in 1995, the creation of institutional bodies which deal with the themes of woman and Gender influenced, in 1998, the created of Mercosur Specialized Meeting of Women (REM) with the intention to discuss the "equal opportunities" in Mercosur. In 2011, the legal and political status of Meeting of Ministers and High Authorities is achieved by connecting the meeting directly to the Common Market Council, conductor organ of block. Thus, this research aims to present the state of the art on the construction of gender mainstreaming in Mercosur, whose specific objectives are: a) analyzing the importance of the women's movement/feminist internationally and Latin American rights to conquer and transform patriarchal culture to another cultural landmark gender equity; b) presenting the relevance of the inclusion of gender in areas such as Mercosur, to visualize how the "high politics" is not yet open to participation of feminist/women; c) evaluate the relationships of power and domination that bare in mind the political transformation of this integration, when gender equality is to be mainstreamed put in their design and substance. To justify this work, weigh up the scope of the political practice of the women's movement/feminist in the Latin American scene, particularly, and their influence on the mainstreaming of a gender perspective in Mercosur. This research also aims to collaborate with transnational studies and with the inclusion of new actors in international relations and aims to contribute to desmarginalize the area of study of International Relations, that Gender and Feminism research in order to make visible their own epistemology and methodology, showing the relevance of their demands and analysis. That revealed, there will be a tour of the theoretical discussions of international relations to understand the link of internationalist feminist approaches to this field of study. The sense of the international category of feminism will be examined and how Mercosur fits into this scenario. The confluence of International Relations will also be considered with the movements of women/feminist in international scenarios and hispanic, in view of universality secondary category given to females, according to Ortner (1974). Soon after, the state of the art of mainstreaming a gender perspective by RMAAM and the main points of this forum agenda will be presented, from the conformation of this meeting through the advocacy of women's movement/feminist, international cooperation and exchange of experiences between national delegations that are part of the forum. Finally, the challenges and achievements of mainstreaming, from two phenomena that stood out during the study will be analyzed: international cooperation and the participation of women's movements/feminists, since they have a direct connection with the strengthening of RMAAM. As background, the power relations that influence positively and negatively in ranges or not the objectives of the forum will be visualized, it cames to the conclusion that there are already clear advances in the construction of gender mainstreaming and the complexity of actors and political settings involved in that case, the path is still long to achieve a culture of gender equality from the MERCOSUR level work performed. The analysis was done through literature review, desk research, the minutes and documents RMAAM provided on his official page on the web that show how was your constitution and general overview of your activity on the block. In addition, semi-structured interviews with representatives of social organizations that are within the RMAAM and representatives of national gender mechanisms that coordinate the meeting. The scripts were structured questions were asked not to stifle the response of the interviewees in order to increase familiarity the researcher with the social actors who directly participate in research object and proposed to modify/clarify concepts to support the synthesis result of this research. However, to achieve these objectives, we used the feminist epistemology, with the empirical research is concerned in visualizing what is unseen. / A pesquisa em questão tem como tema geral a construção da transversalização da perspectiva de gênero no Mercosul a partir da atuação de três atores dentro da Reunião de Ministras e Altas Autoridades da Mulher do Mercosul (RMAAM): os mecanismos nacionais de promoção de gênero, o movimento de mulheres/feminista e os entes da cooperação internacional. Para o êxito de tal construção, ao longo da história do Mercosul, este passa a ser interpretado também como um instrumento de integração político-social entre as suas sociedades e como uma forma independente de inserção no cenário internacional. Além disso, as transformações no cenário mundial relativas à atuação do movimento feminista/de mulheres pela garantia dos seus direitos, as consequências da IV Conferência Mundial da ONU sobre a Mulher em 1995, como a criação de institucionalidades que tratam sobre os temas de Mulher e Gênero, influenciaram para que, em 1998, fosse criada a Reunião Especializada da Mulher do Mercosul (REM) no intuito de debater as “igualdades de oportunidades” no Mercosul. Em 2011, o status jurídico-político de Reunião de Ministras e Altas Autoridades é alcançado conectando a reunião diretamente ao Conselho Mercado Comum, órgão condutor do bloco. Assim, esta pesquisa objetiva apresentar o estado da arte sobre a construção da transversalidade do gênero no Mercosul, cujos objetivos específicos são: a) analisar a importância do movimento de mulheres/feminista a nível internacional e latino-americano na conquista de direitos e transformação da cultural patriarcal para outro marco cultural de equidade de gênero; b) apresentar a relevância da inclusão do gênero em âmbitos como o Mercosul, para visibilizar como a “alta política” ainda não é aberta à participação feminista/de mulheres; c) avaliar as relações de poder e dominação que travam a transformação política desta integração, quando a equidade de gênero é posta para ser transversalizada no seu desenho e substância. Para justificar este trabalho, ponderam-se os alcances da prática política do movimento de mulheres/feminista no cenário latino-americano, particularmente, e a sua influência para a transversalização da perspectiva de gênero no Mercosul. Esta pesquisa também visa colaborar com os estudos transnacionais sobre a inserção dos novos atores nas Relações Internacionais e pretende contribuir com desmarginalizar a área de estudos das Relações Internacionais que pesquisa Gênero e Feminismo, no intuito de visibilizá-la, a partir de suas epistemologia e metodologia próprias, mostrando a relevância das suas demandas e análises. Posto isto, será feito um percurso pelos debates teóricos das Relações Internacionais para compreender o elo internacionalista das abordagens feministas deste campo de estudo. Será analisado o sentido da categoria internacional dos feminismos e como o Mercosul insere-se nesse cenário. Será considerada, também, a confluência das Relações Internacionais com os movimentos de mulheres/feminista nos cenários internacional e latino-americano, tendo em vista a universalidade de categoria secundária dada ao gênero feminino, segundo Ortner (1974). Logo após, será apresentado o estado da arte da transversalização da perspectiva de gênero pela RMAAM e os principais pontos da agenda deste foro, a partir da conformação dessa reunião por meio da incidência política do movimento de mulheres/feminista, da cooperação internacional e o intercâmbio de experiências entre as delegações nacionais que fazem parte do foro. Por fim, serão analisados os desafios e as conquistas da transversalização, a partir de dois fenômenos que se destacaram no transcorrer da pesquisa: a cooperação internacional e a participação dos movimentos de mulheres/feministas, pois apresentam uma conexão direta com o fortalecimento da RMAAM. Como plano de fundo, serão visibilizadas as relações de poder que influenciam positiva e negativamente nos alcances ou não dos objetivos do foro, chegando-se à conclusão de que já existem avanços nítidos na construção da transversalização e que pela complexidade de atores e cenários políticos envolvidos nesse processo, o caminho ainda é longo para lograr uma cultura de equidade de gênero a partir do trabalho desempenhado a nível Mercosul. A análise foi feita através de revisão bibliográfica, pesquisa documental, pelas atas e documentos da RMAAM, disponibilizados na sua página oficial na web, que mostram como se deu a sua constituição e o panorama geral da sua atividade no bloco. Além disso, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com representantes das organizações sociais que estão dentro da RMAAM e com representantes dos mecanismos de gênero nacionais que coordenam a reunião. Os roteiros de perguntas foram estruturados para não engessar a resposta das entrevistadas com o propósito de aumentar a familiaridade da pesquisadora com os atores sociais que participam diretamente do objeto de pesquisa proposto e modificar/clarificar conceitos para fundamentar a síntese decorrente deste trabalho. Ainda assim, para conseguir tais objetivos, foi usada a epistemologia feminista que, junto à pesquisa empírica, ocupa-se em visibilizar o que é invisível.

A presente dissertação de mestrado desenvolve um estudo comparado sobre os significados de democracia formulados pelo Movimento Feminino pela Anistia, no Brasil, e pelas Mães da Praça de Maio, na Argentina, durante a transição dos regimes autoritários, entre os anos de 1970 e 1980. Busca-se analisar de que maneira e por que razões os dois grupos passaram a tratar de democracia em seus discursos, identificando as relações entre os significados e as reivindicações levantadas por ambas as entidades durante a ditadura. O trabalho pretende também examinar o contexto em que essas ideias foram criadas, comparando com as perspectivas de democracia levantadas por outros grupos políticos e sociais, como os intelectuais. Trata-se, enfim, de investigar a articulação entre direitos humanos e democracia feita pelo Movimento Feminino pela Anistia e pelas Mães da Praça de Maio, reconstituindo o lugar desses dois grupos em um debate em que se definia a construção de democracia nesses países / This dissertation develops a comparative study on the meanings of democracy formulated by the Womens Movement for Amnesty, in Brazil, and the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo, in Argentina, during the transition from authoritarian regimes, between the years 1970 and 1980. Seeks to analyze how and for what reasons the two groups began treating democracy in his speeches, identifying the relationships between the meanings and the claims raised by both parties during the dictatorship. The work also aims to examine the context in which these ideas were created, compared with the prospects of democracy raised by other political and social groups such as intellectuals. It is, finally, to investigate the relationship between human rights and democracy made by the Women\'s Movement for Amnesty and the Mothers of Plaza de Mayo rights, reconstituting the place of these two groups in a debate in which he defined the construction of democracy in these countries