The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship among the following variables: occupational opportunities for women, career participation, percentage married by specific age groups, and fertility. The areal units of analysis are the one-hundred largest standard metropolitan statistical areas in the United States in 1970. The independent variables are occupational opportunities for women and career participation of women, and the dependent variables are percentage married by specific age groups and fertility. The objectives are (1) to substantiate earlier findings that there is a negative relationship between occupational opportunities for women and fertility, (2) to include career participation as one dimension of occupational opportunities for women, (3) to compare the relationship and predictive ability of occupational opportunities for women and career participation in terms of the dependent variables of percentage married by specific age groups during regression analysis in order to determine its influence on fertility, and (4) to test propositions concerning the assumption that female labor-force participation does not necessarily inhibit fertility. The findings of the study indicate that there is a negative correlation between occupational opportunities for women and the percentage married by specific age groups and a negative correlation between work opportunities and fertility. Specifically, female-median income acts as a deterrent to marriage and fertility. Career participation does not compete impressively in explaining the variance of marriage or fertility.

Thesis (MTech (Construction Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2008 / The construction industry in South Africa defines a large sector of the economy. The total construction spend in 2002 exceeded R57.5 billion, of which 29.5% came from public sector orders and tenders, 13.6% from public corporations, and 56.9% from the private sector. The size and markets of a construction firm influence its level of professionalism and working practices. Gendering and sexual division of labour are important issues. Presently the construction industry employs a limited number of women at all levels. Additionally there is a low level of participation and representation of women on the committees of the learned societies associated with the industry. The low number of female students majoring in construction management at South African higher education institutions results in a limited number of qualified female construction managers. The consequent gender imbalance suggests a lack of empowerment of women in construction. Historically, job discrimination was institutionalized by law, including job reservation clauses. These laws were abolished following recommendations by the Weihahn Commission of Enquiry in 1979.In South Africa discrimination on the grounds of race and gender constitutes an unfair labour practice. Further, the South African Constitution outlaws discrimination in Section 8.2, but makes provision in Section 8.3 for measures designed to achieve adequate protection and advancement of persons or groups or categories of persons disadvantaged by unfair discrimination. This study explored the factors enhancing or impending career mobility for women in the South African construction industry, with the aim of investigating the factors influencing the choices of careers in construction by South African women. Relevant literature was comprehensively reviewed. Previous relevant research was studied. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods were used to gather data from multiple samples. Key findings included that women had a role to play in the construction industry and that they could build successful construction careers. However, there were various barriers to entry such as, for example, discrimination against women due to gender bias, the work environment on site and lack of sufficient successful role models. These factors impacted negatively on the choices of careers in construction by South African women.

The study period saw a significant increase in the urbanisation of whites and blacks in Port Elizabeth induced by droughts and coercive legislation, but also by burgeoning industrialisation. Industry had been given great stimulus by World War 1 and maintained by protectionist legislation in the 1920s which the local state and industrialists came to endorse. The ethos of the town was overwhelmingly British in terms of the population, the composition of the local council, business interests and the prevailing culture. Whites formed the largest component of the population in Port Elizabeth during the inter-war years. The majority of white women lived in the North End, the industrial hub and a major working class area of the city. Although the provision of housing was initially neglected, economic and subeconomic housing in the 1930s helped to create both racial separation and a sense of community between sectors of the working class. Yet, white working class women did not form a homogenous group, but rather consisted of different ethnic groups, occupations and classes. The Afrikaans speaking sector, formed a significant component of the industrial labour force especially in the leather, food and beverage and clothing industries. In a centre where white labour was favoured and marketed as an advantage to outside investors, they rapidly displaced coloured women. The female workforce was basically young, underpaid (especially in comparison to wages on the Rand) and temporary. While white women were still in evidence in other occupations such as domestic work and in the informal sector, their numbers here steadily diminished as both racial segregation and municipal regulation, were implemented. Against a background of chaotic social conditions, large slum areas and the spread of infectious diseases, the local council did much to improve health services particularly for women and children. Poor relief instituted in 1919 was, however, less forthcoming and female - headed households were often left to rely on the services of local welfare organisations. The extended family, however, was the norm affording support against atomization. Although pressurised by social ills throughout the period, the family was increasingly buttressed by state assistance. Prevailing morality was likewise actively constructed in terms of legislative repression and racial division. This often lead to social aberrations such as infanticide which was only reduced by the increase of state assistance and, in the longer term, social mobility of the whites.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Master of Management Science in Administration and Information Management, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2016. / The purpose of the study was to explore the empowerment of women leadership, focusing on the Durban University of Technology. Statistics around the world have highlighted that women are under-represented in decision-making positions, with a specific focus on the academic sector; this study aims to review these statistics and establish which barriers prevent females from progressing to leadership positions. The target population was comprised of staff members from the Durban University of Technology and ranged from leadership, management, and lecturing, to entry-level employees. The technique of probability sampling was chosen in this research, with a sample size of 100 participants drawn from the population. Questionnaires were designed with both closed-ended and some open-ended questions, and were personally administered to all campuses of the Durban University of Technology, namely Ritson Campus, Steve Biko Campus, ML Sultan Campus, City Campus, Indumiso Campus and Riverside Campus. This study revealed that, although women are still under-represented in Higher Education, there are efforts being made to bridge this gap. This study found female leaders more productive than male counterparts at the Durban University and are able to run their department smoothly and efficiently. The study also found that there are internal respondents agreed that there are hidden difficulties in their department that women face and prevent them from moving into higher positions. Additionally, the study found that there are programs at the Durban University that empower women into leadership. This study contributes to knowledge of gender-based leadership and female empowerment into leadership positions, in the higher education sector. / M

M.A. (Sociology) / This study investigated the effects of female cross border traders’ work on family well-being in the context of economic hardships in Zimbabwe. The research focused on ten Zimbabwean married women, who work as cross border traders between Harare and Johannesburg and it aimed to understand how their work as cross border traders impacted on the economic and emotional well-being of their families as well as on family resilience. Literature on cross border trading shows that the trade is a key livelihood strategy for families and households but the impacts of the traders’ increased mobility and prolonged absence from home on the emotional well-being of family members have rarely been explored. Using detailed data drawn from in depth interviews with the participants, this study sought to address this gap. The findings of the study reveal that cross border trading is no longer merely a survival strategy that meets the basic needs of families but instead, it has elevated the standards of living of the families, enabling traders to acquire highly valued property. Beyond such economic benefits, the women’s work is having significant effects on the emotional well-being of the family members. The women’s relationships with their spouses were found to be generally stable but in some cases were fraught with tensions and disagreements emanating from the trading work. In most instances, cross border trading work compromised the emotional care and the resilience of the children. The regular absence of the women from their homes presented additional responsibilities and burdens on their children. Older children, for instance, have to take care of their siblings in a context were the fathers do not play an active role in child care. The consequences of the women’s trading activities are evident but often overlooked by the families as they focus on increased material provision. The study sheds light on some of the effects of increased migration of Zimbabwean women on the family and calls for more extensive research on the family in Zimbabwe with the continued economic challenges in the country.

LL.D. / This thesis critically evaluates the position of pregnant women (and women who have recently given birth) in the context of South African Labour Law and social security law, from both a comparative and a South African perspective. The fact that women fall pregnant and give birth to children, while men do not, raises issues of theoretical and practical importance in regard to equality issues. Pregnancy has historically been both the cause of and the occasion for the exclusion of many women from the workplace because of the practical difficulties many women face in reconciling the demands of paid work with family responsibilities – although there is no logical reason why women’s giving birth to children necessarily means that they should have primary responsibility for childcare. The underlying premise which underpins the subject matter of this thesis is that pregnant women are unfairly discriminated against in the workplace. While it cannot be denied that men and women are different and that the biological fact of pregnancy is a state unique to women, this “difference” has resulted in gender discrimination, and, more germane to this thesis, in pregnancy discrimination in the jurisdictions to be considered, namely, the United Kingdom, the European Union, SADC and South Africa. This thesis concentrates on various issues pertaining to pregnancy and maternity protection and emphasises the seemingly irreconcilable dichotomy between the desire to recognise and accommodate women’s unique role as child-bearers and the desire to achieve parity between the sexes in regard to conditions of employment, remuneration and general benefits. The central dilemma is whether women can be treated as equal to men in regard to opportunities, entry to the workplace and remuneration, on the one hand, and yet be treated in a special way when it concerns childbearing and childrearing, on the other. In this thesis it is argued that men and women are different and that social justice cannot therefore be achieved by equal treatment. In facing this challenge, legislatures and courts have become ensnared in the dichotomy of equality and distinction, and the question considered here is whether South Africa is fulfilling its constitutional and international obligations regarding the equal treatment, and the granting to them of equal opportunities and reasonable accommodation. This thesis develops an appropriate and relevant paradigm for pregnant women in the workplace. It identifies and highlights the existing deficiencies and lacunae in the South African legal system inherent in both labour law and social security law, and develops proposals for the possible amendment of the existing legislative framework by drawing largely on international, supranational, foreign and regional jurisdictions and by critically evaluating the current South African maternity terrain, particularly in the light of South Africa’s developing constitutional jurisprudence.

Women have fought for their rights to equal opportunity employment for more than a millennium. Even now, in the 21st century the fight continues. Women at Work explores the experiences of three women who work in male-dominated blue-collar jobs and discuses their struggles and successes within their employment. Their career choices have required each to address their individual views on feminism and femininity, as well as views on education and family.

Orientador: Elisabete Doria Bilac / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T04:05:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Favaro_CarlaSabrina_D.pdf: 1721224 bytes, checksum: 814469d6399a9b9bdaff82473afb3f2d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: No contexto das análises sobre a relação entre as dinâmicas familiares e a crescente inserção e permanência das mulheres no mercado laboral, este trabalho tem como objetivo geral o estudo da participação de mulheres unidas no provimento doméstico. De maneira mais específica, a pesquisa procura discutir quais variáveis sociodemográficas seriam importantes para o perfil das mulheres unidas que são provedoras e a maneira como a participação de mulheres e homens unidos no provimento doméstico é afetada pelo modo como se inserem (ou não) no mercado de trabalho. O tempo gasto no trabalho remunerado e nos afazeres domésticos constitui também ponto importante de estudo, já que permite analisar o gasto total de tempo dos indivíduos em um e em outro e como isso pode ou não influenciar a participação no provimento doméstico. Outro objetivo específico da tese foi buscar também analisar a trajetória profissional e familiar do casal, como as mulheres se tornaram provedora e como isso afeta a organização doméstica. Tentou-se entender se o fato de as mulheres unidas serem provedoras ou não alterou de alguma maneira o tempo gasto nos afazeres domésticos e a participação dos parceiros nesses afazeres. Para cumprir tais objetivos, a pesquisa foi realizada em duas etapas: uma, quantitativa, através da análise dos dados das PNADs de 2001 a 2009 para o Estado de São Paulo urbano, e outra, qualitativa, baseada em 42 entrevistas com mulheres unidas. Dessas, nove com não provedoras, 14 com provedoras complementares e 19 com provedoras principais, todas da Região Metropolitana de Campinas. A principal contribuição deste trabalho é mostrar que a participação feminina no provimento doméstico no Estado de São Paulo urbano é algo consolidado e teve um aumento constante no decorrer da década. Outro ponto importante do trabalho foi verificar que homens e mulheres unidos estão inseridos de maneiras diferentes no mercado de trabalho e isso reflete em suas participações no provimento doméstico. Enquanto a grande maioria desses homens é provedor principal, a maioria das mulheres é provedora complementar. Por outro lado, a participação no provimento doméstico não diminui a jornada doméstica de trabalho feminino, fazendo com que as mulheres provedoras ainda tenham muita dificuldade em articular o trabalho remunerado com os afazeres domésticos. Contudo, o mesmo não acontece para os homens. Entre as mulheres que são provedoras principais há um agravante extra, por mais que participar do mercado de trabalho seja importante para que elas adquiram independência quanto à administração do seu dinheiro, a sobrecarga de trabalho ainda é muito grande. Para elas, assumir parte principal ou o total do provimento doméstico se transforma em uma experiência negativa, já que em sua percepção, tal situação desobriga os homens de assumirem suas responsabilidades familiares, tanto no que diz respeito ao provimento doméstico quanto a uma maior participação nas trabalhas domésticas / Abstract: In the context of the analysis about the relation between family dynamics and the increasing participation and retention of women in the labor market, this research aims to study the participation of women in union (married or in a consensual union) in household providing. More specifically, the research discusses which sociodemographic variables would be important for the profile of these women in union who are household providers and how the way women and men in union are inserted (or not) in the labor market. The time spent in paid employment and household chores is also an important point of this research, since it allows analyzing the total time men and women together spend and how it may or may not influence their participation in household providing. The data for the analysis of the professional and familiar career of the couple and the household organization are also important to the household providing analysis and were considered. To accomplish these goals, the research was conducted in two stages: quantitative, through the analysis of data from the PNAD from 2001 to 2009 for the State of São Paulo, and qualitative, based on interviews made with 42 women in union, of which nine were non-providers, 14 were complementary providers and 19 were primary providers. All these women were from the Metropolitan Region of Campinas, SP, Brazil. The main contribution of this research is to show that female participation in household providing in the State of São Paulo is something consolidated and had a steady increase during the decade. Another important point of this research was that men and women that are living together in a stable relationship are placed differently in the labor market and this is reflected in their participation in household providing. While the vast majority of these men are the main providers, most women are complementary providers. Moreover, the participation in household providing does not reduce women's workload and the female providers end up having a hard time articulating paid employment with domestic chores. However, the same is not true for men. Among women who are primary providers there is an aggravating point, even though being in the labor market is important for them to gain independence in the management of their money, the workload is still too large. For these women, taking the main part or the total of the household providing becomes a negative experience, since, in their perception, it frees men of assuming their familiar responsibilities in household providing and in their part of the housework / Doutorado / Demografia / Doutor em Demografia

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