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The Electronic Government (E-Government) is via the information network systems, connecting the government agencies, the citizen, and the information, establishing a real-time interactive system, which leads to the convenient and faster access to government information and services, making the convenient services to the citizen a reality. Based on the E-Commerce application models, there are four types of E-Government. They are Government to Citizen (G2C), Government to Business (G2B), Government to Government (G2G) and Government to Employee (G2E). The purpose of the G2G application model is to establish the information exchanges and integration application among the agencies so that the government can provide faster and convenient services to the citizen. This study uses the property management of the lands owned by the City of Kaohsiung as an example. The property management agency of Kaohsiung municipal government desperately needs the shared information provided by other agencies to resolve the complicated issues of property management. However, the municipal government does not have a standard process for the agencies to follow. If the negotiation between the information supplier and information consumer falls through, or there is no negotiation channel at all, the information cannot be shared among the agencies. Currently because of the following reasons: (1) no central mechanism in charge of the planning and management of the whole information business for the municipal government, (2) self-centered and conservative attitude of the agencies which own the information, (3) no mechanism for negotiation and assessment, (4) no sufficient budget and man power, the information integration and resources circulation is not a reality just yet. The municipal government does not take advantage of the available Internet resources and, therefore it is not able to provide the services of better quality to the people. In the continuing development stages of the E-Government, information sharing and integration application is the goal for the current important administration overhaul of the government. How to effectively execute information sharing among the government agencies is, as a matter of fact, the centerpiece of this study. The purpose of this study is through the exploration of shorter work flow due to the land information management and the current inter-agencies information sharing integration services, to provide an innovative thinking direction, hoping the execution can achieve the following: (1) Establish a standard work flow for the operation of information sharing among the municipal government agencies so that the information supplier and consumer agencies can follow. (2) Speed up the information sharing and messages circulation among the municipal agencies; simplify the internal administrative procedures of the agencies reaching the goal of efficiency and effectiveness of the services to citizen. Through the in-depth interviews, research, and analysis, there are some findings. To have information sharing among the government agencies, these need to be done: (1) set up a commission for propelling information sharing, (2) implement a standard work flow of information sharing for the City of Kaohsiung, (3) build up a mechanism for the inter-agencies negotiation. These conclusions will integrate the service flows of different agencies, making the execution of E-Government closer to a reality.

In Multi-agent System (MAS), all agents communicate with each other by sending messages to each other in an expressive agent communication language. Agent communication language (ACL) [12], defines type of messages and their meaning that agents can exchange. Messages that agents communicate have semantic meanings which can be proposition, rules or actions [27]. In other words, multi-agent system is an association of synchronized, autonomous agents, which interact with each other in achieving common goals (objectives). On the other hand, Web services are the services in the shape of software components accessible on the internet, which provide useful information to users, businesses and organizations. The Web service model uses WSDL, an XML format responsible for the service interfaces description along with the binding details to specific protocols. UDDI, a protocol responsible for publishing and finding services, services details and descriptions etc. SOAP, an XML message based envelop format which has the bindings to specific protocols (e.g. HTTP, SMTP etc). These services are invoked over the www (World Wide Web) using the SOAP/XMLP protocol. A Workflow can be defined as “The automation of a business process, in whole or part, during which documents, information or tasks are passed from one participant to another for action, according to a set of procedural rules” [21]. It has many advantages like improved efficiency, better process control, improved customer service, flexibility and business process improvement [7]. Due to rapid advancements in technology and growing needs of business environment, there is a need of adaptive workflow, which could accommodate itself with the changes that occur in the business processes. Traditionally, workflow management systems have not been designed for dynamic environments requiring adaptive response. Currently, the need for adaptive workflow is being driven by the demands of e-commerce in both B2B and B2C space. Adaptive workflows respond to changing conditions through adaptive change. The aim of this thesis is to suggest an adaptive work flow model that can help in eliminating problems in e-commerce domain by using agent based approach. In e-commerce there is always a problem of searching the right item (e.g.construction material) in less time without involving the contractors etc who search for the items with the specifications told by the customers, as the current system does not support the good search. The customers search each time for the required items (e.g. construction material) and stop their search when they have found the desired item according to their budget, cost and quality attributes with up to date market cost about the required items to purchase (construction material). In e-commerce workflow system, in purchasing the required items (construction material), there are processes involved (Order Capture, Order Process, Order Fulfillment) which do not address the adaptability attribute in case of exception [38] or when there is a change in business environment which make changes in the business processes, consequences of which can be in the shape of failure of business objective (unsuccessful business transaction). The proposed approach somehow can eliminate the problem described above and suggests an adaptive workflow system by introducing agents with each of the processes (Order Capture, Order, Process, and Order Fulfillment). A proposed way to design adaptive work flow is explained with the help of agents. Some work is done to relate this framework with web services to provide refined search and purchasing in order to take care of user needs. But still there is need of more research to explore this area of e-commerce workflow system.

In the modern wireless communication industry, radio communication equipment vendors not only produce communication hardware, but also produce software. In fact, software revenue is now a large part of the total revenue. As technology has developed and traffic demands increase, more and more functions required to implement the radio system are implemented via software rather than hardware. Today, many hardware functions are actually implemented with reconfigurable and programmable hardware. Therefore, it is often possible to perform an upgrade by loading new software (a software upgrade) rather than needing to change the physical hardware with every technology advance. However, introducing new elements and features in existing (often mature) software may cause unexpected problems. These problems may include new parts malfunctioning and failure or degradation of old functions. To avoid these problems, each version of software has to be thoroughly tested, not only to test the new parts, but also to verify that the old functions still work properly. Testing all the old functions is time and human resource consuming. Thus, there is an increasing demand for automated testing. This thesis will focus on why automated regression testing is necessary and how to implement automated testing in a specific environment. The thesis results show that automated testing can improve the test coverage by at least 40% for one of Ericsson’s WCDMA software releases. This coupled with a reduction in testing time enables more rapid development by significantly reducing the test time without compromising quality. All of these results lead to improved profitability and increased customer satisfaction. / I den moderna trådlösa kommunikationen industrin, radioutrustning leverantörerna inte bara producera kommunikation hårdvara, utan också producera mjukvara. Faktum är programvara inkomster är nu en stor del av de totala inkomsterna. Eftersom tekniken har utvecklat och trafik krav ökar, fler och fler funktioner som krävs att genomföra radiosystem genomförs via mjukvara istället för maskinvara. Många hårdvara fungerar faktiskt genomförs med omkonfigurerbara och programmerbar hårdvara. Därför är det ofta möjligt att utföra en uppgradering av lastning ny programvara (en mjukvaruversionen) snarare än behöver för att ändra den fysiska hårdvaran med varje teknik förväg. Men att införa nya element och funktioner i befintliga (ofta äldre) programvara kan orsaka oväntade problem. Dessa problem kan innehålla nya delar brister och fel eller försämring av gamla funktioner. För att undvika dessa problem, varje version av programvaran måste testas, inte bara att testa de nya delarna, men även för att kontrollera att de gamla funktionerna fortfarande arbete ordentligt. Testa alla gamla funktioner konsumera tid och personal. Således finns det en ökad efterfrågan på automatiserade tester. Den här avhandlingen kommer att fokusera på varför automatiserad regression testning krävs och hur man genomföra automatiserade tester i en viss miljö. Avhandlingen visar att automatiserade tester kan förbättra testbunt täckning med minst 40% för ett av Ericssons WCDMA programversionerna. Detta i kombination med en minskning av provning tid möjliggör en snabbare utveckling av avsevärt minska test tid utan att kompromissa med kvaliteten. Alla dessa resultat leda till bättre lönsamhet och ökat kundvärde belåtenhet.

Studiens syfte är att undersöka om det strukturella stöd som Work Flow (ett event baserat på Pomodorometoden) erbjuder upplevs vara till nytta i en projektmedarbetares vardag. En kvalitativ undersökning belyser varför sju projektmedarbetare söker denna struktur i sin arbetsdag och vilken nytta erfarenheterna upplevs ge. En tematisk analys resulterade i sex teman. Resultatet beskriver hur projektmedarbetares tillgänglighet försvårar fokus på de egna arbetsuppgifterna och beskriver behovet av sammanhang och förståelse i en fri arbetsroll. Därefter beskrivs projektmedarbetares upplevelse av Work Flow. Här framhäver respondenterna den inre bekräftelse, kontroll och känsla av progress som metoden ger. Detta möjliggör prioriteringar både av arbetsuppgifter och aktiva pauser. Slutligen beskrivs arbetsmetodens nytta i vardagen. Administrativa sysslor upplevs passa bättre och upplevelsen av progress i dessa är positiv. Dock finns svårigheter att implementera rutinen i sin vardag. Respondenterna ser stora fördelar med att införa Work Flow i egna projektorganisationens arbetssätt för att skapa arbetsro, samarbeten och bättre resultat. En diskussion kopplad till the Progress Principle belyser resultaten ur motivationssynpunkt. Slutsatsen är att Work Flow har potential att förbättra projektledares och projektgruppers vardag genom att skapa en tydligare känsla av framåtrörelse, en bättre tidsmedvetenhet även i planeringsfasen samt en bättre insikt i övriga teammedlemmars uppgifter. Metoden kan skapa en positiv förbättring både för individen och projektorganisationen genom ökad motivation, arbetsglädje, kreativitet och produktivitet. / The aim of this study is to explore whether the structure provided by Work Flow (an event based on the Pomodoro-method) is perceived as beneficial in the work of a project member. A qualitative study sheds light on why seven project members seek this structure in their work and which benefits they found. A thematic analysis resulted in six themes. The result describes how the project members’ availability is an obstruction to find focus on their own tasks. It also describes the need of personal connections and sense of management understanding in a free role. Thereafter the project members’ experience of Work Flow is described. The interviewees discuss topics concerning self-affirmation, control and sense of progress which makes prioritization possible both concerning tasks and active pauses. Finally, we look into the use of Work Flow in everyday life. The method is considered more suitable for administrative duties and the sense of progress when performing these tasks is very positive. However, the respondents describe some resistance when trying to change their routines at work. In spite of this they predict great advantages if introducing Work Flow in their own project organization as they envision peace to work, improved collaborations and better results. The Progress Principle was used to analyze the results from a motivational point of view. The conclusion is that Work Flow shows potential to improve the everyday life of project managers and project teams by creating a sense of progress, an improved awareness of time, including project planning, and a better understanding of the struggles of other team members. The method may create a positive improvement for both the individual and the project organization through increased motivation, joy of work, creativity and productivity.

Purpose: As of today, the knowledge of lean production, and its development into the construction industry, lean construction, has been well described in most of the necessary aspects. In what way lean could affect the work environment in a construction project, be it good or bad, has to date not been thoroughly documented. In Sweden, lean has been mildly tested in the construction industry but the results concerning the effect it has on the work environment is yet to be found in the literature. Lean itself is a strategy for manufacturing processes. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the knowledge of lean itself and how it, theoretically, could affect the work environment at construction site. Method: To achieve the purpose, documents from the participating company concerning work environment has been analysed in order to visualize what routines the company currently follows. In addition to this, seven interviews were conducted with employees of the company. The persons participating in the interviews were asked about how well they think the work is organized on the construction site right now and furthermore about their thoughts of lean-concept that had been produced, based on the theoretical framework. Findings: Based on the theoretical framework and findings in the empirical data that has been collected, a lean-concept was developed and refined. The concept includes what routines and what documents that are vital when implicating lean in an effective way, and also what needs to be considered in order not to impede the work environment at the construction site. Implications: Implicating a well-structured lean-concept in the construction process of a project would, theoretically, most definitely improve effectiveness within the project. It could also improve the work environment of the project, considering the risk awareness and the easier waste-control that the concept could provide. However, it could also make it worse through the elimination of variance and monotonous work tasks that are needed to improve the effectiveness. Limitations: The most important limitations that the study has had is the fact of it only being a theoretical implication of a lean concept, not a practical case study of the sort. This is due to the defined and limited time that project has had. In addition, the study has also had to limit its’ research to the frame supplement phase of the construction project. This is because of the fact that the work with the theoretical framework and the empirical study would have been too overwhelming, had the study considered the entire production phase of a construction project.

Orientador: Jacques Wainer / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T17:35:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tramontina_GregorioBaggio_D.pdf: 3133482 bytes, checksum: a7ccd2516280148bacc653144b839643 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Os sistemas de workflow são componentes presentes nas empresas de hoje para automatizar e otimizar processos de negócio. Uma das atividades desses sistemas é a de direcionar a execução de tarefas para seus participantes, e quando há um excesso dessas tarefas, uma decisão quanto à ordem de sua execução deve ser tomada. Os sistemas de workflow atuais utilizam principalmente a técnica FIFO (First In First Out) para realizar tal ordenação executando as tarefas na ordem de sua chegada. Mas ganhos mensuráveis podem ser atingidos quando se realiza tal ordenação de maneira diferente. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo aprofundado do comportamento de técnicas de escalonamento em sistemas de workflow e propõe uma metodologia de aplicação destas técnicas de escalonamento em cenários de workflow complexos. Para construir esta metodologia, analisou-se primeiramente o comportamento de técnicas de escalonamento escolhidas em cenários básicos de workflow. Foram usadas tanto técnicas locais de escolha de tarefas quanto algoritmos genéticos, que possuem uma visão global do problema. Os cenários de workflow estudados levam em conta três características importantes: eles são dinâmicos, possuem incertezas quanto ao tempo de processamento das tarefas em suas atividades, e também possuem incertezas quanto à rota que tais tarefas seguem nos desvios condicionais dos processos.Para manipular tais incertezas, o trabalho utiliza a técnica guess and solve, proposta pelos autores em trabalhos prévios. Simulações foram feitas para se gerar os resultados do comportamento das técnicas escolhidas nos cenários básicos de workflow, e tais resultados foram analisados numérica e estatisticamente utilizando ANOVA. Propôs-se então uma metodologia para a aplicação destas melhores técnicas de escalonamento já conhecidas nos componentes mais básicos de cenários mais complexos. Um conjunto de cenários complexos foi submetido a testes de simulação seguindo os mesmos parâmetros dos cenários básicos, utilizando a metodologia proposta, e os resultados mostram que tal metodologia traz ganhos em relação às métricas estudadas na maioria dos casos, quando não se tem execução paralela nos cenários, sendo que no pior caso a metodologia é tão boa quanto as outras, e em seu caso geral, é melhor que o das outras técnicas. Mostram também que quando se adiciona esta execução paralela nos cenários, os resultados se deterioram, apontando em direções futuras de pesquisa. / Abstract: Workflow systems are present in today's companies to automate and optimize their business processes. One activity of these systems is to direct the execution of its tasks to their executors, and when there is an excess of these tasks, a decision must be made regarding the order of execution of these tasks. Current workflow systems use the FIFO (First In First Out) policy to make those decisions, executing the tasks according to their arrival order. But it is possible to achieve measureable gains by doing this task ordering differently. This work presents a study of the behavior of scheduling techniques in workflow systems and proposes a methodology to apply these techniques to more complex workflow scenarios. To build this methodology, the authors analyzed the behavior of selected scheduling techniques in basic workflow scenarios. Both local and global scheduling techniques were chosen, ranging from dispatching rules to a genetic algorithm. The studied workflow scenarios have three important characteristics: they are dynamic, they have uncertainties on the processing time of the tasks in the process, and they also have uncertainties on the route each task follows within its process. To handle these uncertainties, this work uses the guess and solve technique, proposed by the authors in previous works. Simulation experiments were performed to generate the results on the behavior of the scheduling techniques in the basic workflow scenarios, and the mentioned results were analyzed numerically and statistically using ANOVA. The work then proposes a methodology to apply the best scheduling techniques in subcomponents of complex scenarios. The authors applied simulation to the complex scenarios using the proposed methodology, and the results show that it brings improvements when compared to the other tested techniques. When there is no parallel execution in the process, the worst case of the methodology is that it is no worse then the others, and its general case brings measureable improvements. When there is parallel execution, the methodology has its results deteriorated, which points to future research in the field. / Doutorado / Doutor em Ciência da Computação

Orientador: Jacques Wainer / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T21:43:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tramontina_GregorioBaggio_M.pdf: 3206412 bytes, checksum: 9ccea673a2b1b8b2c73ebbd7deb75647 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: A ordenação das instancias de processos (casos) em um sistema de workow pode trazer beneficios como a diminuição do numero de casos atrasados e a minimização do tempo de processamento dos casos, entre outros. Publicações recentes em workflow reconhecem uma lacuna na pesquisa relacionada com este tema, e apontam para a literatura de escalonamento como uma possivel solução. Este trabalho visa utilizar tecnicas de escalonamento em um ambiente dinamico de workflow e avaliar o desempenho dessas tecnicas frente a regra FIFO (First In First Out), a politica de alocação de trabalho mais utilizada nos sistemas de workflow atuais. Discute-se problemas relacionados a esta pratica, e ataca-se dois deles: as incertezas quanto ao tempo de execução das atividades de workflow e as incertezas quanto as rotas que os casos seguem dentro das suas definições de processo. Para mapear essas incertezas uma nova tecnica e proposta, chamada de "guess and solve", que consiste em prever os tempos de execução e rotas das atividades e resolver o problema de escalonamento deterministico resultante com uma tecnica adequada, por exemplo regras de prioridade e algoritmos geneticos. Simulações cuidadosas sao conduzidas e os numeros mostram que e quase sempre mais vantajoso utilizar outra tecnica que não FIFO, e que o / Abstract: Ordering cases within a worklfow can result in a signi¯cant decrease on the number of late cases and the cases' mean processing time, for example. Recent publications on workflow recognize the lack of research in this topic and points to the literature on scheduling as a possible solution. This work applies scheduling techniques to a dynamic workflow scenario and evaluates their performance in relation to the FIFO (First In First Out) rule, the most used work allocation principle in today's workflow systems. Problems related to this approach are discussed and two of them are tackled: the uncertainties regarding the activities' processing times and the cases' routes within their process definition. A new technique to map these uncertainties, called "guess and solve", is proposed. It consists of making a guess on the activities' processing times and cases' routes and then solving the resulting deterministic scheduling problem with a suitable technique, for example priority rules and genetic algorithms. Careful simulation is performed and the numbers show that it is almost always advantageous to use ordering techniques other than FIFO, and that the " guess and solve", at least when its error is bound by 30%, gives very satisfactory results / Mestrado / Ciência da Computação / Mestre em Ciência da Computação

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