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Nursing is an occupation with high levels of stress. This study aimed to investigate which factors help predict distress in nursing staff in a range of settings within a single hospital. Interviews were conducted with a total of 82 qualified nursing staff from four settings; Accident & Emergency, Intensive Therapy Unit, Orthopaedics and Spinal Injuries. These were chosen for their different ways of working including duration of stay of patients. Questionnaire packs were returned by 60 participants, including information on general mental health, work-specific distress, work environment, coping, self-efficacy and social support. Main stressors as identified from the interviews were high workload / lack of staff, dealing with other professionals, death and dying, and dealing with abusive patients / relatives. Analyses showed that levels of distress were similar across settings and at a similar level to current NHS-wide research, but higher than previous UK normative values. Overall, high levels of distress were associated with low social support, younger age, high workload, low clarity and low task orientation. For general mental health personal system factors were the more important predictors. For work-specific distress (emotional exhaustion) health care system factors were more important. Clinical implications highlighted include particularly supporting younger staff, developing intervention strategies for work environment factors, and positive approaches such as greater acknowledgement of good work. Implications for theory and furniture research are also discussed.

The current trend in the work and family literature is to separate work-family conflict into two distinct dimensions: work interfering with family and family interfering with work. Research suggests that employees who have a high level of demands at work are more likely to experience work-to-family conflict, while employees who have a high level of personal demands are more likely to experience family-to-work conflict. Attributing the conflict to the domain with the higher demands oversimplifies a much more complex interactive process. I hypothesized that work-family conflict results from the two roles interacting and not from a singular direction or primary force and the perceived direction of the conflict is determined by a variety of other factors. The purpose of this study was to examine how role salience, social support, and societal expectations affect the perceived direction of work-family conflict. Data were collected from 100 police and fire station employees to examine what variables relate to the perceived direction of conflict as well as the primary source of conflict: work or family. Results indicated that time demands play a critical role in the perceived direction and source of work-family conflict. Specifically, individuals who spent more time with their family reported the primary source of conflict was their family. Contrary to expectation, the relationship between time demands and the direction of work-family conflict was not moderated by role salience, social support, or societal expectations in the predicted directions. Also contrary to expectation, these variables did not moderate the relationship between time demands and the source of conflict. Results of the study suggest the importance of examining both the level and source of work-family conflict.

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Expatriates are the representative of parent companies in overseas subsidiaries. Expatriates¡¦ stress would impact to both company and their personal life. To help multinational companies decrease work stress of expatriates and manage work stress problem, the objective of this research is to find personal characteristic factors affecting work stress of overseas expatriates in Thailand. The questionnaires were distributed to 120 respondents, valid samples are 105 persons. The finding shows that there is no significantly different in work stress between male and female expatriates, divorced respondents have work stress more than single and married group, elder expatriates more concern with stressors than younger expatriates, and stressor caused stressful to managers more than officers. ¡§Lack of training¡¨ and ¡§reward and compensation¡¨ are stressors respondents most concern. Therefore, supporting and training program are the things that expatriates expect from parent company. To decrease expatriates¡¦ work stress, company should provide pre and post departure program, language training program, and prepare suitable facilities to fit expatriates needs during their overseas assignments.

In the past 30 years, there has been an increase in the number of hours spent in the workforce, and as a result, work stress has been a prominent factor in the increased health problems found in the working population (Briner, 2000). The Job Content Questionnaire (i.e., JCQ) is a self-administered instrument that implements the Demand-Control and Demand-Control-Support models to assess and measure the social and psychological aspects of the work force (Karasek et al., 1998). Thus, the JCQ provides information as to the health of employees. It has been translated and validated in several languages; however each study has only examined the JCQ in terms of Classical Test Theory methods. The current study accumulated validity evidence for the JCQ using Item Response Theory. The results suggested that each of the scales did not contain items that fully measured the latent trait. The analysis also indicated that more items need to be developed. Future research may want to examine other polytomous models, examine males and females separately, and assess the JCQ by the use of Differential Item Functioning (i.e., item bias).

In the past 30 years, there has been an increase in the number of hours spent in the workforce, and as a result, work stress has been a prominent factor in the increased health problems found in the working population (Briner, 2000). The Job Content Questionnaire (i.e., JCQ) is a self-administered instrument that implements the Demand-Control and Demand-Control-Support models to assess and measure the social and psychological aspects of the work force (Karasek et al., 1998). Thus, the JCQ provides information as to the health of employees. It has been translated and validated in several languages; however each study has only examined the JCQ in terms of Classical Test Theory methods. The current study accumulated validity evidence for the JCQ using Item Response Theory. The results suggested that each of the scales did not contain items that fully measured the latent trait. The analysis also indicated that more items need to be developed. Future research may want to examine other polytomous models, examine males and females separately, and assess the JCQ by the use of Differential Item Functioning (i.e., item bias).

Thesis (M.A.)--Bowling Green State University, 2006. / Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 68 p. Includes bibliographical references.

The purpose of this study was to explore the current conditions of personality traits, work stress and coping strategies of the teachers at junior high schools in Kaohsiung County and Kaohsiung City, and to analyze if there was any relationship among them. The study was conducted by means of a questionnaire survey with ¡§Questionnaire on Personality Traits, Work Stress and Coping Strategies of the Teachers at Junior High Schools in Kaohsiung County and Kaohsiung City.¡¨ 577 teachers were randomly sampled from 78 junior high schools in Kaohsiung County and Kaohsiung City. Among the collected questionnaires, 546 copies, which accounted for 94.63 % of all, were valid. The collected data was analyzed by statistical methods, including mean, standard deviation, t-test, one way ANOVA, Pearson¡¦s product-moment correlation, Canonical correlation, and stepwise multiple regression analysis. Based on the analyzed results, the followings were concluded: 1.The overall personality traits of the teachers at junior high schools in Kaohsiung County and Kaohsiung City were high intermediate, with the level of Agreeableness highest. Male teachers with a master¡¦s degree or above felt their overall personality traits were higher. 2.The overall work stress for the teachers at junior high schools in Kaohsiung County and Kaohsiung City was intermediate . The main source of stress originates from the adaptation to change. Single female teachers in middle-sized schools felt a higher degree of work stress. 3.The overall coping strategies of the teachers at junior high schools in Kaohsiung County and Kaohsiung City were high intermediate Among them, the strategy of problem solving got the highest percentage. Teachers who have obtained a master¡¦s degree or graduated from ordinary universities had a higher level of overall coping strategies than those who graduated from normal universities or teachers colleges. 4.Male teachers have a higher degree of emotional stability, extroversion and openness than female teachers. Married teachers outperformed singles with regard to emotional stability and agreeableness. 5.Teachers with a master¡¦s degree or above had better emotional stability than those who graduated from ordinary universities, normal universities or teachers colleges. Teachers with a master¡¦s degree or above had a higher level of agreeableness than graduates from normal universities or teachers colleges. Regarding conscientiousness, the percentage for teachers graduating from ordinary universities was higher than those from normal universities or teachers colleges. 6.Female junior high school teachers perceived more stress than male instructors in terms of teaching management, professional expertise and adaptation to change. Single teachers suffered more work stress related to interpersonal relationships and professional expertise than those who are married 7.There was a higher percentage in the use of the strategy of help seeking for female teachers than for male instructors. 8.The better personality traits of the teachers at junior high schools in Kaohsiung County and Kaohsiung City were, the lower work stress would show. The lower work stress they have, the higher coping strategies would show. 9.Personality traits were predictive to work stress, and the major predictive variable was emotional stability. 10.Work stress was predictive to the overall coping strategies, and the major predictive variable was professional expertise. According to the results and conclusions of this study, the researcher proposes some specific suggestions for the related personnel teachers, school or education administration to do further study.

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