The topic of this thesis is divided in two main parts. The first is about the “tool/workpiece pair” method and the second is related to wear monitoring. The entire project will be about drilling and tapping operations done in SNECMA Vernon. In fact, the part is very expensive so they have to be closely controlled to avoid a maximum scrap pieces. Two software will be used to control it. Firstly, the “tool/workpiece pair” will be done through AMC3 (software developed at the ENSAM). And secondly the wear monitoring will be ensured by the software CTM Visu (developed by ARTIS). My task will be to learn how to use those software and then to implement them in the company.

This thesis is titled "A Framework for Enhancing the Accuracy of Ultra Precision Machining." In this thesis unwanted relative tool / workpiece vibration is identified as a major contributor to workpiece inaccuracy. The phenomenon is studied via in situ vibrational measurements during cutting and also by the analysis of the workpiece surface metrology of ultra precision diamond face turned aluminum 6061-T6. The manifestation of vibrations in the feed and in-feed directions of the workpiece was studied over a broadband of disturbance frequencies. It is found that the waviness error measured on the cut workpiece surface was significantly larger than that caused by the feed marks during cutting. Thus it was established that unwanted relative tool / workpiece vibrations are the dominant source of surface finish error in ultra precision machining. By deriving representative equations in the polar coordinate system, it was found that the vibrational pattern repeats itself, leading to what are referred to in this thesis as surface finish lobes. The surface finish lobes describe the waviness or form error associated with a particular frequency of unwanted relative tool / workpiece vibration, given a particular feed rate and spindle speed. With the surface finish lobes, the study of vibrations is both simplified and made more systematic. Knowing a priori the wavelength range caused by relative tool / workpiece vibration also allows one to extract considerable vibration content information from a small white light interferometry field of view. It was demonstrated analytically that the error caused by relative tool / workpiece vibration is always distinct from the surface roughness caused by the feed rate. It was also shown that the relative tool / workpiece vibration-induced wavelength in the feed direction has a limited and repeating range. Additionally, multiple disturbance frequencies can produce the same error wavelength on the workpiece surface. Since the meaningful error wavelength range is finite given the size of the part and repeating, study then focussed on this small and manageable range of wavelengths. This range of wavelengths in turn encompasses a broadband range of possible disturbance frequencies, due to the repetition described by the surface finish lobes. Over this finite range of wavelengths, for different machining conditions, the magnitude of the waviness error resulting on the cut workpiece surface was compared with the actual relative tool / workpiece vibrational magnitude itself. It was found that several opportunities occur in ultra precision machining to mitigate the vibrational effect on the workpiece surface. The first opportunity depends only on the feed rate and spindle speed. Essentially, it is possible to force the wavelength resulting from an unwanted relative tool / workpiece vibration to a near infinite length, thus eliminating its effect in the workpiece feed direction. Further, for a given disturbance frequency, various speed and feed rate combinations are capable of producing this effect. However, this possibility exists only when a single, dominant and fixed disturbance frequency is present in the process. By considering the tool nose geometry, depth of cut, and vibrational amplitude over the surface finish lobe finite range, it was found that the cutting parameters exhibit an attenuating or filtering effect on vibrations. Thus, cutting parameters serve to mitigate the vibrational effect on the finished workpiece over certain wavelengths. The filter curves associated with various feed rates were compared. These filter curves describe the magnitude of error on the ultra precision face turned workpiece surface compared with the original unwanted tool / workpiece vibrational magnitude. It was demonstrated with experimental data that these filter curves are physically evident on the ultra precision diamond face turned workpiece surface. It was further shown that the surface roughness on the workpiece surface caused by the feed rate was reduced with relative tool / workpiece vibrations, and in some cases the feed mark wavelength was changed altogether. Mean arithmetic surface roughness curves were also constructed, and the filtering phenomenon was demonstrated over a broadband of disturbance frequencies. It is well established that a decrease in the feed rate reduces the surface roughness in machining. However, it was demonstrated that the improved surface finish observed with a slower feed rate in ultra precision diamond face turning was actually because it more effectively mitigated the vibrational effect on the workpiece surface over a broadband of disturbance frequencies. Experimental findings validated this observation. By only considering the effect of vibrations on the surface finish waviness error, it was shown that the workpiece diamond face turned with a feed rate of 2 {tm / rev has a mean arithmetic surface roughness, Ra , that was 43 per cent smaller than when a feed rate of 10 μm / rev was used. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Der vorliegende Beitrag behandelt die kinematische und statische Analyse eines Biglide-Getriebes mit fünf Gliedern und zwei Schubantrieben zur Führung eines Punktes in der x-y-Ebene. Als mathematische Hilfsmittel werden die beiden Programme PTC Mathcad Prime 3.1 und GeoGebra 5.0 eingesetzt, die sich einander in hervorragender Weise ergänzen. Dabei ist Mathcad hier vorwiegend für Matrizenrechnungen und GeoGebra besonders anschaulich für geometrische Grundaufgaben mit Animationen zuständig. Die Effizienz der vorgestellten Algorithmen und Hilfsmittel wird anhand zweier Anwendungsbeispiele aufgezeigt.

This master‘s thesis is focused on the design of manipulator for crankshaft handling in flexible production lines. The first part describes the types of production lines and possible ways of inter-operative manipulation. With regard to the suitability of their use, a suitable variant is selected, which is then conceptually processed and verified by technical calculations. The final conclusion is the verification of the design in terms of safety. Part of the master‘s thesis is technical drawing documentation.

This diploma thesis focuses on the application of measuring probes in the machining process. The main goal of the thesis is to create sample procedures for measuring cycles and functions in a CNC machining process using MCV 1210 and selected measuring software. In the first part of the thesis available methods of machine measurement are outlined with a great emphasis on the description of measurement principles, construction, and measurement signal transmission methods between tool probes and the workpiece. The second part of the thesis deals with the application of measuring probes in the machining of the designed test piece using the Productivity+TM and Sinumerik ShopMill softwares. The work also includes an economic evaluation of the profit of an investment in the mentioned measuring equipment.

Die Auswertung von Unfallzahlen an Produktionsmaschinen der vergangenen Jahre zeigt, dass nach Jahren sinkender Unfallzahlen eine Stagnation eintritt (Mödden 2018). Der Unfallstatistik der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (DGUV) ist außerdem zu entnehmen, dass die Ursache für tödliche oder schwere Unfälle sehr häufig freigesetzte Werkstücke sind. In den meisten Fällen lagen mangelhafte Aufspannsituationen vor (Kesselkaul Meyer 2016). Wenn die Möglichkeiten der inhärent sicheren Konstruktion und der technischen Schutzmaßnahmen ausgeschöpft sind und trotzdem Restrisiken verbleiben, muss im Schritt 3 die Benutzerinformation, die als instruktive Sicherheit zusammengefasst wird, darauf hinweisen (Neudörfer 2014, ISO 12100 2011, MRL 2006). Das Problem ist hierbei, dass die Beachtung der instruktiven Sicherheit vom Bediener abhängig ist. Das Vertikal-Drehen auf Fräsbearbeitungszentren ist ein arbeitssicherheitstechnisch besonders kritischer Prozess, weil dafür die Maschine mit vollwertigen Rotationsachsen für das Werkstück ausgerüstet wird. Durch die hohen Drehzahlen der Werkstücke steigen deren kinetische Energie und damit das Gefährdungsrisiko gegenüber der reinen klassischen Fräsbearbeitung stark an. Im Stillstand und bei geringen Drehzahlen hat das Werkstück dagegen in der Regel einen sicheren Stand und vermittelt dem Maschinenbediener unter Umständen eine trügerische Sicherheit. Wird das Werkstück außerdem manuell gespannt, entstehen trotz ausreichender technischer Zuverlässigkeit des Systems 'Werkzeugmaschine-Spannmittel-Werkstück' Unwägbarkeiten, die rein auf das menschliche Handeln also die Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion zurückzuführen sind. Die auf einer bewährten Risikoabschätzung beruhende normungstechnische Konvention erfordert Überwachungsfunktionen und instruktive Sicherheit für die konkrete Werkstückspannung (ISO 16090 2017). Sie setzt also quasi einen idealen und z. B. nicht ermüdenden und immer richtig handelnden Maschinenbediener voraus. Die oben erwähnten Unfallzahlen sind ein Beweis, dass die reale Situation nicht befriedigend ist. Die wesentliche Frage ist: Wie kann die Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion (MMI) als Teil des Maschinendesigns sicherer gestaltet werden? Und auf das konkrete Beispiel bezogen: Wie kann die Instruktion so verbessert werden, dass schwere Unfälle verhindert werden? Um diese Frage zu beantworten, ist es im ersten Schritt notwendig, den Einfluss der menschlichen Unzuverlässigkeit zu quantifizieren, um ihn so sowohl in technisch-physikalische Auslegung als auch in die Bewertung der Maschinensicherheit einfließen zu lassen.

Cutting movement is still one of the main means to obtain the desired machined surface. As the most representative cutting method in subtractive manufacturing, milling is widely used in industrial production. However, the chatter induced by the dynamic interaction between machine tool and process not only reduces the accuracy of the machined workpiece, but also increases the tool wear and affects the rotary accuracy of the spindle. The stability lobe diagram can provide stable machining parameters for the technicians, and it is currently an effective way to avoid chatter. In fact, the dynamic interaction between the machine tool and process is very complicated, which involves the machine tool, milling tool, workpiece and fixture. The induced mechanism of chatter depends on different machining scenarios and is not entirely dependent on the vibration modes of milling tool. Therefore, it is important to obtain stable machining parameters and to know the dynamic surface location error distribution, which can ensure machining quality and improve machining efficiency. In this dissertation, two methods for constructing stability lobe diagram are first introduced, and then two machining scales, macro milling and micro milling, are studied. For the macro-milling scale, the dynamic response of the in-process workpiece with time-varying modal parameters during the material removal process is analyzed. The stability lobe diagrams for thin-walled workpiece and general workpiece with continuous radial immersion milling are established respectively. Besides, the cumulative surface location error distribution is also studied and verified for the general workpiece. For the micro-milling scale, the dynamics at the micro-milling tool point is obtained by means of the receptance coupling substructure analysis method. The stability lobe diagram and surface location error distribution are analyzed under different restricted/free tool overhang lengths. The relationship between measurement results and burrs is further explained by cutting experiments, and the difference between the two milling scales is compared in the end.

Es wird untersucht, ob in Schneckenextrudern verwendete Förderelemente aus Stahl durch das Oberflächenfeinwalzen der schraubförmigen Mantelfläche gleichzeitig geglättet und verfestigt werden können. Steigungsprofile, zu denen auch die Förderelemente zählen, werden bislang oft nach der Hauptformgebung wärmebehandelt und im harten Werkstoffzustand spanend feinbearbeitet. Formgebung, Wärmebehandlung und Feinbearbeitung sind voneinander getrennte Prozessschritte. In dieser Arbeit besteht das Ziel, die Verfahrenseingangsgrößen für die Kombination aus Formgebung und definierter lokaler Werkstoffverfestigung beim Walzen zu erarbeiten. Zu diesem Zweck werden sowohl am Steigungsprofil selbst als auch an einem davon abgeleiteten Rotationsprofil simulative, experimentelle sowie analytische Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Es werden geometrische, kinematische und werkstofftechnische Gesichtspunkte beleuchtet. Aufbauend auf dem Vergleich zwischen Simulationsergebnissen mit der Finite-Elemente-Methode und im Versuch ermittelten Daten werden Haupteinflussfaktoren auf die geometrischen Abweichungen sowie die Härtesteigerung in der Bauteilrandschicht ermittelt. Mit Hilfe eines neu entwickelten sensorischen Werkstückträgers wird die Drehbewegung des Werkstücks erfasst. Aus den analytischen Betrachtungen wird schließlich ein Modell zur qualitativen Beschreibung des Walzkraftverlaufs abgeleitet, das zur Vorauswahl von Verfahrenseingangsgrößen genutzt werden kann. Im Ergebnis wiederholter Messungen wird deutlich, dass mit der geometrischen Gestaltung einer Walzvorform gezielt Einfluss auf Umformgrad und damit Verfestigung im Bauteil genommen werden kann. An den untersuchten hochfesten korrosionsbeständigen austenitischen Stählen ist eine Verdopplung der Halbzeughärte möglich. Die beim Spanen der Vorformen auftretenden Formabweichungen haben großen Einfluss auf die Beschaffenheit der Zielgeometrie sowie die erzielbare Härtesteigerung. Durch Kenntnis der realen Werkstückdrehbewegung während des Walzens lassen sich Rückschlüsse auf die Werkzeuggestaltung und die Walzparameter ziehen. Aufgrund der Untersuchungsergebnisse wird das Verfahren für die Anwendung an korrosionsbeständigen Bauteilen mit mittleren Verschleißschutzanforderungen empfohlen.:1 Einleitung 2 Stand der Technik 3 Zielstellung der Arbeit 4 Beschaffenheit der Werkstücke und Werkzeuge 5 Modellbildung mit Hilfe der FEM 6 Versuchsvorbereitung und Eingangsgrößen 7 Vergleich der Verfahrenskenngrößen in Simulation und Experiment 8 Analytisches Modell zur qualitativen Vorhersage der Walzkraft 9 Bauteileigenschaften nach dem Walzen 10 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick / A combined surface burnishing and mechanical hardening process for steel conveying elements in screw extruders is examined. Helical profiles, that also comprise conveying elements, are often heat treated after shaping followed by fine processing. Shaping, heat treatment and fine processing are sequential process steps. This work deals with the investigation of rolling process parameters that enable both low geometrical deviations and high work hardening of the screw material. For this purpose, helical and axisymmetric profiles are analyzed with simulative, experimental and analytical methods. The investigations highlight geometrical, kinematical and material-related aspects. The main factors with influence on screw geometry and hardness increase in the component subsurface are investigated by means of the comparison between simulative and experimental results. An intelligent workpiece carrier is applied to analyze the part rotation. Based upon analytical observations, a calculation model for the prediction of the rolling force curve over workpiece rotation is developed. This model supports predefining the process input variables. Repeated measurements indicate that the geometrical design of the machined preforms allows for individual strain and hence hardness distributions in the part subsurface. Hardness can be doubled in the investigated corrosion resistant austenitic high strength steels. Form deviations of the part and hardness increase are strongly dependent on geometrical deviations of the preform. Knowledge of part rotation during rolling enables to draw conclusions for tool design and rolling parameters. Based on the results it is suggested to apply the rolling procedure to parts in environments which require high corrosion resistance and moderate wear resistance.:1 Einleitung 2 Stand der Technik 3 Zielstellung der Arbeit 4 Beschaffenheit der Werkstücke und Werkzeuge 5 Modellbildung mit Hilfe der FEM 6 Versuchsvorbereitung und Eingangsgrößen 7 Vergleich der Verfahrenskenngrößen in Simulation und Experiment 8 Analytisches Modell zur qualitativen Vorhersage der Walzkraft 9 Bauteileigenschaften nach dem Walzen 10 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick

Der vorliegende Beitrag behandelt die kinematische und statische Analyse eines Biglide-Getriebes mit fünf Gliedern und zwei Schubantrieben zur Führung eines Punktes in der x-y-Ebene. Als mathematische Hilfsmittel werden die beiden Programme PTC Mathcad Prime 3.1 und GeoGebra 5.0 eingesetzt, die sich einander in hervorragender Weise ergänzen. Dabei ist Mathcad hier vorwiegend für Matrizenrechnungen und GeoGebra besonders anschaulich für geometrische Grundaufgaben mit Animationen zuständig. Die Effizienz der vorgestellten Algorithmen und Hilfsmittel wird anhand zweier Anwendungsbeispiele aufgezeigt.

Ultraprecision single point diamond turning is required to produce parts with sub-nanometer surface roughness and sub-micrometer surface profiles tolerances. These parts have applications in the optics industry, where tight form accuracy is required while achieving high surface finish quality. Generally, parts can be polished to achieve the desired finish, but then the form accuracy can easily be lost in the process rendering the part unusable. Currently, most mid to low spatial frequency surface finish errors are inspected offline. This is done by physically removing the workpiece from the machining fixture and mounting the part in a laser interferometer. This action introduces errors in itself through minute differences in the support conditions of the over constrained part on a machine as compared to the mounting conditions used for part measurement. Once removed, the fixture induced stresses and the part’s internal residual stresses relax and change the shape of the generally thin parts machined in these applications. Thereby, the offline inspection provides an erroneous description of the performance of the machine. This research explores the use of a single, high resolution, capacitance sensor to quickly and qualitatively measure the low to mid spatial frequencies on the workpiece surface, while it is mounted in a fixture on a standard ultraprecision single point diamond turning machine after a standard facing operation. Following initial testing, a strong qualitative correlation exists between the surface profiling on a standard offline system and this online measuring system. Despite environmental effects and the effects of the machine on the measurement system, the capacitive system with some modifications and awareness of its measurement method is a viable option for measuring mid to low spatial frequencies on a workpiece surface mounted on an ultraprecision machine with a resolution of 1nm with an error band of ±5nm with a 20kHz bandwidth. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)