Cold worked magnesium powder was investigated to determine the effect of annealing on the residual strains and heat of combustion. The residual rms strains, domain size, and fault probabilities were determined by Fourier analysis of X-ray diffraction data. The heat of combustion was determined by using an adiabatic calorimeter. The results of this study revealed a definite reduction in residual rms strain (0. 0008 to 0. 0003), fault probability (0.0014 to 0. 0001%), and heat of combustion (5662 to 5445 cal/gm) with annealing. The domain size showed an increase from 1400 to 7000 A.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306

This study investigated the mobility and trapping of charges and the recombination of x-ray induced charges in a-Se. X-ray induced changes in these parameters were also examined. Prior to exposure to x-rays, the mobilities and deep trapping lifetimes of both holes and electrons were constant. Exposure to x-rays caused no change in the mobility of these charges. Immediately following exposure, the hole deep trapping lifetime would fall ~30% while the electron deep trapping lifetime would only change ~10%. The deep trapping lifetimes continued to change unpredictably several hours after the initial exposure. Following an extended rest period, the charge lifetimes within the a-Se film would return to a stable state, but not necessarily equal to the initial lifetime prior to the x-ray exposure. These changes were proposed to occur because of a relaxation or reordering of the atoms in a-Se, similar to accepted changes thought to occur resulting from exposure to visible light. Analysis of the experimental evidence suggests that intimate valence alternation pair (IVAP) charged defects are created by x-ray irradiation. These defects are relatively unstable, disappearing within two hours after irradiation. Since the hole and electron lifetimes continued to change for at least 12 hours, it was concluded that the traditional view of deep charge trapping into IVAP defects cannot be dominant. A new charge trapping theory, consistent with published optically induced effects, is proposed in this work to explain these observations. The energy required to create a free electron-hole pair in a-Se by exposure to x-rays was measured. This energy was found to exhibit a strong field and temperature dependence, with little dependence on the mean x-ray beam energy. These findings are consistent with the geminate recombination theory, generally agreed to be the dominant charge loss mechanism with optical photons in a-Se. The persistent x-ray photocurrent was found to be thermally activated below ~250 K with an activation energy of 0.16 eV. This does not correspond to the energy level of any known traps in a-Se, and lends further support to the charge trapping theory developed earlier.

No description available.

Nitrochemicals are widely used as explosives, biocides and drugs. In addition, 3-nitro-tyrosine and other nitrated protein residues are important markers for many cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and malignant conditions. Because of the wide presence of the nitrocompounds as toxins, potential nitrogen/carbon sources, and metabolic intermediates, different organisms have evolved to produce enzymes that can biodegrade nitrocompounds. The structural studies of the enzymes, which catalyze the removal of nitro group from nitrochemicals, are of considerable interest for both applied and fundamental reasons. The insights into the reaction mechanism of these enzymes can be used for designing efficient biocatalysts for bioremediation and for developing antibiotics for disease resistant microbes. Nitroalkane oxidase (NAO) produced by

In this work, the CHANDRA ACIS-S3 data of the old classical nova RR Pic (1925) is presented. The source is detected with a count rate of 0.067 (+-0.002) c/s in the 0.3-5.0 keV energy range. The orbital period of the binary system in X-ray wavelengths is detected. X-ray spectrum of RR Pic can be represented by a composite model of bremsstrahlung with a photoelectric absorption, two absorption lines centered around 1.1-1.4 keV and 5 Gaussian emission lines centered at around 0.3-1.1 keV . The best t bremsstrahlung temperature derived from the model ranges from 0.99 to 1.60 keV and the unabsorbed X-ray flux is found to be 2.51 (+0.39 -1.21) erg/cm2/s in the 0.3-5.0 keV range.The absorption lines correspond to several transitions of Fe, Ne and Na. The emission lines correspond to various transitions of S, N, O, C, Ne and Fe / and observations with better spectral resolution are needed to determine the exact transitions. The source spectrum is better explained with photoionized plasma model rather than the cooling flow model. It has also been found that the neutral Hydrogen column density differs for orbital minimum and orbital maximum spectra with values 0.25 (+0.23 -0:18)*10^22 atoms/cm2 and 0.64 (+0.13 -0.14)*10^22 atoms/cm2 respectively at 3 sigma confidence level. The difference of neutral Hydrogen column density between the maximum and minimum phase spectra indicates existence of a warm absorbing region on the disc at the location of the impact zone.

<p>A part of the Ph.D. project focused on growth and characterization of metal multilayers is presented in this licentiate thesis. The main interest in carrying out this research is to develop highly reflective normal-incidence condenser mirrors for soft X-ray microscopy studies in the water window (λ=2.4-4.2 nm) wavelength regime.</p><p>Transition metals like Sc, Ti V, etc. have been considered because of the presence of their 2p-absorption edges within the water window. An anomalous dispersion at absorption edges has been utilized to get enhanced reflectance of soft X-rays. Since a single surface exhibits a very poor X-ray reflectivity, Cr/Sc, Cr/Ti, and Ni/V multilayers were grown in order to coherently add many reflections from several interfaces. The selection of Cr and Ni, as spacer layer, was made on the basis of their X-ray optical contrasts with the above-mentioned transition metals. The multilayer design, i.e., the individual layer thicknesses and the total number of bilayers, directly influences the resultant reflectance and careful determination was therefore made with the aid of computer simulations.</p><p>All multilayers were grown on chemically cleaned Si substrates by ion-assisted dual target magnetron sputtering under high vacuum (~10^-7 Torr) conditions. The effect of low and high ion-flux bombardment of low energy (<50 eV) Ar ions, on growing surfaces was studied for all material systems. Furthermore, a two-stage deposition of each individual layer with modulated ion-energies was applied in order to obtain smooth and abrupt interfaces with as small intermixing as possible. Ion-surface interactions were also theoretically considered for estimating an appropriate ion-flux and ion-energy range desired for sufficient ad-atom mobilities.</p><p>X-ray reflectivity and transmission electron microscopy have been the main probes for multilayer characterization in this work. For the Cr/Ti multilayer designed for normal incidence and grown with optimized two-stage ion-energy modulation, a peak reflectance of 2.1% was achieved at the Ti-2p absorption edge (λ=2.74 nm). For a multilayer mirror designed for the Brewster angle a maximum reflectance of 4.3% was accomplished. These measurements were made at the synchrotron radiation source BESSY in Berlin. Specular reflectivity and diffuse scattering scans were utilized for quantitative and qualitative analysis of the vertical and lateral structure of the multilayers. At-wavelength measurements of a series of Cr/Ti multilayers revealed the accumulation of roughness with increasing number of bilayers (N>100) for this material system. Hard X-ray reflectivity and diffractometry were used for quality checks of the multilayers for rapid feedback to the deposition. In-situ annealing using hard X-ray reflectivity was also performed to assess the thermal stability of Cr/Ti multilayers. It was found that probably due to a strong thermal diffusion the degradation of multilayers (with bilayer period of 1.37 nm) in this material system occurs just above the growth temperature (~40°C). The accumulation of a low spatial frequency "waviness" with increasing number of layers in Cr/Ti multilayers was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. The influence of process conditions on multilayer structure with different periodicities was investigated by TEM analyses of a series of three samples for each of the above-mentioned material system. The Cr/Sc multilayers have shown the most flat and abrupt interface structure without any significant roughness evolution when grown with optimum process parameters.</p> / Report code: LiU-TEK-LIC-2005:48. On the day of the defence data the status of article I was: Accepted.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1999. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 136-142). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1999. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 136-142). Also available on the Internet.

Not available / text

We have performed a series of experiments developing the techniques of volumetric, isochoric heating of matter to high energy density states, and the subsequent probing of the release isentrope. Using ultrafast, ultra intense laser systems with pulse lengths from 100fs - 1ps and pulse energies between 2 J and 100 J, we generated strong secondary radiation, in the form of K[subscript alpha] x-rays and directed proton beams, which we used to rapidly heat a foil sample to temperatures from ~ 1 eV to ~ 25 eV at solid density, thus entering the strongly coupled, partially ionized regime of warm dense matter, in which the equation of state is poorly understood. The first set of experiments examines the possibility of using laser generated K[subscript alpha] x-rays in isochoric heating experiments and concludes that this technique will require the use of higher energies and higher Z materials than were used in this thesis to achieve warm dense matter conditions. In the second set of experiments, we used an ultrafast, lasergenerated proton beam with a temperature of ~ 2 MeV and cutoff energy of ~ 40 MeV to volumetrically and isochorically heat a sample foil to > 20 eV. With singleshot diagnostics, we measured the evolution of the temperature with 3:3 ps resolution over the _rst 35 ps of expansion by streaked optical pyrometry, and measured the evolution of the target expansion over the same timescale with sub-ps resolution by chirped pulse interferometry. In this way we were able to verify the equation of state and ion-balance in the SESAME equation of state tables with a Saha ionization model and distinguish this as more accurate than other, simpler models. This thesis establishes an experimental framework for acquiring equation of state data in the regime of warm dense matter that is distinct and complimentary to that acquired by the techniques of shock heating. / text