An X-ray diffraction method has been developed which was able to describe the diffusion zone produced by annealing nickel plated copper specimens at 750 degrees and 850 degrees. The experimental X-ray diffraction data were first corrected for instrumental broadening and then used to compute concentration-penetration curves across the diffusion zone. the experimental curves are in general agreement with a new mathematical analysis and also the diffusion coefficients reported in the literature. / Master of Science

No description available.

Orientador: Mateus Borba Cardoso / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-05T14:11:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vescovi_RafaelFerreiraDaCosta_D.pdf: 72387058 bytes, checksum: 728a9ca57a44975a0fbb2f766a7bbd5c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Resumo: Esta tese apresentará uma introdução a imagens de raios-x e como adquirir e processar imagens usando linhas de luz síncrotron. Apresentará os desafios matemáticos e técnicos para reconstruir amostras em três dimensões usando a reconstrução de Tomografia Computadorizada, uma técnica conhecida como CT. Esta técnica tem seu campo de visão limitado ao tamanho da câmera e ao tamanho da iluminação. Uma técnica para ampliar esse campo de visão vai ser apresentada e os desafios técnicos envolvidos para que isso aconteça. Um \textit{pipeline} é proposto e todos os algoritmos necessários foram empacotados em um pacote python chamado Tomosaic. A abordagem baseia-se em adquirir tomogramas parciais em posiçoes pré definidas e depois mesclar os dados em um novo conjunto de dados. Duas maneiras possíveis são apresentadas para essa mescla, uma no domínio das projeções e uma no domínio dos sinogramas. Experimentos iniciais serão então usadas para mostrar que o método proposto funciona com computadores normais. A técnica será aplicada mais tarde para pesquisar a anatomia de cérebros de camundongo completos. Um estudo será apresentado de como obter informação em diferentes escalas do cérebro completo do rato utilizando raios-x / Abstract: This thesis will present an introduction to x-ray images and how to acquire and thread images using synchrotron beamlines. It will present the mathematical and technical challenges to reconstruct samples in three dimensions using Computed Tomography reconstruction, a technique known as CT. This technique has a field of view bounded to the camera size and the illumination size. A technique to extended this field of view is going to be presented and the technical challenges involved in order for that to happen will be described. A pipeline is proposed and all the necessary algorithms are contained into a python packaged called Tomosaic. The approach relies on acquired partial tomogram data in a defined grid and later merging the data into a new dataset. Two possible ways are presented in order to that: in the projection domain, and in the sinogram domain. Initial experiments will then be used to show that the pipeline works with normal computers. The technique will be later applied to survey the whole anatomy of whole mouse brains. A study will be shown of how to get the complete range of scales of the mouse brain using x-ray tomography at different resolutions / Doutorado / Física / Doutor em Ciências / 163304/2013-0 / 1247445/2013, 1456912/2014 / CNPQ / CAPES

Orientador: Carlos Manuel Giles Antunez de Mayolo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T07:15:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vescovi_RafaelFerreiradaCosta_M.pdf: 7268781 bytes, checksum: aad670a87e535324db78cc83c9c2ab07 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Nos últimos anos houve um rápido desenvolvimento na área de imagens obtidas utilizando radiação coerente de raios-X, especialmente porque fontes coerentes ou parcialmente coerentes têm se tornado disponíveis. A vantagem de se usar um feixe de raios-X coerente está em evidenciar o contraste criado pela variação da fase do feixe ao atravessar a amostra. Mesmo quando a coerência do feixe não é completa ainda é possível obter informação da fase na interferência da onda que se propaga após ter atravessado da amostra. Esse método é chamado de Contraste de Fase por Propagação e ressalta principalmente a diferença do índice de refração (parte real e imaginária) na interface das estruturas internas da amostra. Este trabalho vai apresentar uma revisão do método e descrever a montagem de uma estação experimental para micro tomografias de raios-X utilizando o método de contraste de fase por propagação. Também é descrito como é feita a sincronização do experimento utilizando o software de controle EPICS e como é feito o tratamento, reconstrução e visualização das imagens tridimensionais. Serão apresentados resultados de radiografias e reconstruções tomográficas obtidas nesta estação experimental, ressaltando as melhoras obtidas pelo uso deste método, como a visualização de estruturas moles das amostras e definição das bordas / Abstract: In the last years, there has been a fast development on coherent x-ray imaging, especially because coherent or partially coherent sources are becoming more available. The advantage in using a coherent x-ray beam relies on the enhancement of contrast created by the change in the beam\'s phase after interacting with the sample. Even when the beam is not completely coherent is still possible to obtain phase information on the interference pattern of the wave propagating from the sample. This method is called Propagation Phase Contrast Image and improve the contrast on the difference of refraction index (real and imaginary part) from the sample interior interfaces. This work will show a study of the method and the assembly of an experimental station for x-ray micro tomography using this method. We also show how the experiment synchronization is done using the control software EPICS and how to treat, reconstruct and visualize the tridimensional images. An experiment results of radiographies and tomographic reconstructions obtained from this experimental station, showing the improvements obtained by the use of the propagation method, like the visualization of soft tissue and interface definition / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física

Orientador: Eduardo Granado Monteiro da Silva / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T21:32:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AzimonteBottan_Carla_D.pdf: 5780687 bytes, checksum: c105a917353cb055367bebe92b8875af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Nesta tese de doutorado empregamos a união de diferentes técnicas com intuito de estudar as correlações entre as propriedades magnéticas, elétricas e cristalinas em alguns óxidos de metais de transição de interesse atual. Dentre eles se encontram os compostos da família das perovskitas duplas A2FeReO6 (A = Ba, Ca) e o multiferróico DyMn2O5. Esses materiais apresentam extraordinário potencial para aplicações e otimizações de novos dispositivos baseados nos materiais parentes ferroelétricos e ferromagnéticos. Realizamos medidas de dicroísmo circular magnético de raios-x, difração de raios-x e magnetização-dc. Esses dados, conjuntamente com resultados prévios de difração de nêutrons e cálculos de teoria de banda, mostraram um incipiente ordenamento orbital no sistema meiometal Ba2FeReO6, onde os elétrons de condução se encontram na fronteira da transição metalisolante. Para o composto Ca2FeReO6, a união dessas técnicas nos proporcionou um maior entendimento sobre a transição metal-isolante (TMI ~ 150 K), levando à proposta de um mecanismo até então nunca descrito para uma transição deste tipo, onde há competição entre um estado colinear otimizando a interação de Dupla Troca e um estado não colinear e localizado estabilizado pela energia magnetocristalina do Re. No multiferróico DyMn2O5, as medidas de difração anômala de raios-x com aplicação de campo elétrico, fundamentadas na teoria dos pares de Friedel, possibilitaram pela primeira vez a verificação experimental do deslocamento atômico médio dos íons de Mn nessa estrutura que leva à ferroeletricidade, até então não identificado por medidas convencionais de difração de raios-x ou nêutrons. De maneira geral, o trabalho descrito nesta tese esteve focado no estudo dos acoplamentos magnetocristalino e magnetoelétrico em materiais meio-metálicos que apresentam magnetoresistência de tunelamento e em multiferróicos. O desenvolvimento desta área é condição básica e necessária para viabilizar uma nova geração de dispositivos relacionados à spintrônica / Abstract: In this doctoral thesis, different techniques were employed to study the correlations between electrical, magnetic and crystalline properties in some transition metal oxides of current interest, such as the double perovskite family A2FeReO6 (A = Ba, Ca) and the multiferroic DyMn2O5. These materials offer extraordinary potential for the application and optimization of new devices based on ferroelectric and ferromagnetic related materials. X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD), x-ray diffraction and dc-magnetization measurements were performed. These data, associated with previous neutron results and band structure calculations, show an incipient orbital order in half-metallic Ba2FeReO6 where the conduction electrons are in the proximity of a metal-insulator transition. For the Ca2FeReO6 compound, the combination of these techniques provided insight into the metal-insulator transition (TMI ~ 150K), leading to the proposal of a new mechanism for this type of transition, according to which a competition between a double-exchange-like collinear state and a localized non-collinear state stabilized by the Re magnetocrystaline energy takes place. In the multiferroic DyMn2O5, anomalous x-ray diffraction experiments with the application of electric fields, and an interpretation based on Friedel pairs theory, allowed us to see, for the first time, the experimental confirmation of Mn ferroelectric atomic displacements in this structure leading to the ferroelectricity, so far unidentified by conventional x-ray diffraction and neutron diffraction experiments. In summary, the research described in this thesis was focused in the study of the magnetocrystalline and magnetoelectric coupling in half-metallic materials with tunneling magnetoresistance, as well as in multiferroics. Further development of this area is a basic and necessary condition to bring life to a new generation of devices related to spintronics / Doutorado / Física da Matéria Condensada / Doutor em Ciências

Orientador: Carlos Manuel Giles Antunez de Mayolo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T10:39:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mardegan_JoseRenatoLinares_D.pdf: 36952737 bytes, checksum: f4575564084534b7dbe8742d9ea0a7b8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Nesta tese foram investigados as propriedades eletrônicas e magnéticas de diversos compostos que apresentam suas estruturas formadas por gaiolas na qual estas apresentam átomos hospedes no seu interior. Os compostos estudados foram o clatrato tipo-I Eu8Ga16Ge30, o composto fase cúbica de Remeika Eu3Ir4Sn13 e por m os compostos de GdT2Zn20 com T = Fe e Co. As propriedades destes materiais foram investigadas através do uso de medidas macroscópicas como resistividade elétrica, susceptibilidade magnética e também por medidas microscópicas como técnicas de absorção e espalhamento de raios-X e difração de nêutrons. O clarão Eu8Ga16Ge30, formado por dois tipos de gaiolas (X20 - dodecaedral e X24 - tetrakaidecaedral), foi principalmente investigado por difração e absorção de raios-X. Essas técnicas foram conciliadas com a aplicação de altas pressões na qual observou-se uma transição de fase irreversível cristalina-amorfa ao redor de Pa = 18 GPa. Concomitantemente a mudança estrutural, observou-se também através do dicroísmo circular magnético um colapso do ordenamento ferromagnético (FM) sob pressão. A diminuição do sinal magnético em altas pressões pode ser explicado por um estado paramagnético ou de "spin glass\", já que o íon de Eu permanece com valência 2+. Essa transição de fase estrutural foi vinculada a uma instabilidade mecânica das gaiolas devido a anisotropia criada pelo o íon hospede de Eu que esta deslocado cerca de 0.44 A do centro da gaiola X24. Além disso, a baixa pressão para que o material se transforme amorfo (~18 GPa) em comparação com outros clatratos isoestruturais confirma que o íon hospede no interior das gaiolas tem um forte papel na instabilidade mecânica das gaiolas. A estrutura e o magnetismo do composto tipo fase cúbica de Remeika Eu3Ir4Sn13 foi investigada através do uso do espalhamento de raios-X e nêutrons. A partir dos dados de espalhamento pudemos determinar que a anomalia ocorrida em T* ~ 57.1K observada no calor especifico e na resistividade elétrica e originaria de uma mudança estrutural. Esta distorção causa uma perda de simetria fazendo com que a nova célula unitária seja dobrada em duas direções, na qual pode-se observar picos com um vetor de propagação do tipo q = (0; 1/2 ; 1/2 ) em medidas com monocristais. A distorção estrutural está relacionada com uma forte hibridização dos ons presentes na gaiola de Ir(Sn2)6 o que aumenta a densidade eletrônica mudando a banda próximo do nível de Fermi e é fortemente dependente do metal de transição presente na amostra. A estrutura magnética do composto foi investigada através da difração de nêutrons, na qual abaixo de TN = 10.1 K observaram-se picos magnéticos do tipo ? = (0; 1/ 2 ; 1 /2 ). Com o refinamento das reflexões magnéticas encontramos que os momentos magnéticos dos ons de Eu estão apontados ao longo das direções [110] e [111]. Os compostos cúbicos de GdT2Zn20 com T = Fe e Co também foram investigados a partir de técnicas de difração e absorção de raios-X. Esses materiais tem importantes propriedades e muitas delas são decorrentes das interações que ocorrem entre os elementos terras raras mediadas pelos metais de transição. Tanto os ons de Gd quanto os ons de Co e Fe têm seus primeiros e segundos vizinhos formados por Zn. O composto de GdCo2Zn20 apresentou uma transição de fase de um estado paramagnético (PM) para um estado antiferromagnético (AFM) com uma temperatura de Néel ao redor de TN = 5.72 K. Utilizando a técnica de espalhamento magnético ressonante nos determinamos que os momentos dos ons de Gd estão alinhados perpendicularmente a direção [111], i.e., a representação magnética ?5. Essa direção do momento magnético tem forte influência da simetria do cristal e do fato do Gd ter momento angular nulo. Quando o metal de transição foi substituído por T = Fe, o composto de GdFe2Zn20 apresentou um ordenamento FM com uma alta temperatura crítica ao redor de TC = 86 K. As medidas de dicroísmo circular magnético realizadas ao redor das bordas de absorção L\'s do elemento terra rara e ao redor da borda K dos metais de transição (Fe e Zn) revelaram que tanto os ons de Gd quanto os ons de Zn apresentam momento magnético, entretanto, nenhum sinal magnético foi observado nos ons de Fe. O sinal magnético na borda do Zn ocorre devido à forte polarização entre as bandas 4sp do Zn com as bandas 5spd do íon de Gd. Acreditamos que a alta temperatura de ordenamento observada no composto FM esta correlacionada com uma alta densidade de estados próximo ao nível de Fermi devido aos ons de Fe, já a indução do momento magnético nos ons de Zn se deve a uma forte interação de troca entre os ons de Gd que polariza o meio / Abstract: In this thesis we have investigated the electronic and magnetic properties of several compounds in which they have the structure compose by cages. The compounds studied in this work were the clathrate type-I Eu8Ga16Ge30, the Remeika cubic phase Eu3Ir4Sn13 and the compounds GdT2Zn20 with T = Fe and Co. The electronic and magnetic properties of these materials were investigated using macroscopic measurements such as electrical resistivity and magnetic susceptibility measurements as well as microscopic techniques, such as X-ray absorption and scattering, and also neutron diffraction. The clathrate compound Eu8Ga16Ge30 formed by two types of cages (X20 ¿ dodecahedral X24 - tetrakaidecahedral) was mainly investigated by diffraction and X-rays absorption measurements. To better understand the eletronic and magnetic properties, the compound was investigated under high pressure in which we observed an irreversible crystalline-amorphous phase transition around Pa = 18 GPa. Simultaneously with structural change, it was observed by magnetic circular dichroism a collapse of the ferromagnetic (FM) ordering. This phase transition was associated with a mechanical instability in the cages due to an anisotropy created by the Eu ions rattling and displaced o center. Furthermore, this low pressure amorphization for the Eu8Ga16Ge30 compared with other isostructural clathrate compound confirms that the guest ion inside the cages has a strong role in the electronic and magnetic properties. The structure and magnetism of the Remeika cubic phase Eu3Ir4Sn13 was investigated by X-rays and neutrons scattering measurements. From these measurements we gured out that the anomaly at T 57.1 K observed in the specific heat and electrical resistivity measurements is related to a structural distortion. This distortion causes a loss of symmetry, in which one can observe new structural reflections with a propagation vector type q = (0; 1/2 ; 1/2 ). The structural distortion is related to a strong hybridization between the Ir and Sn2 ions in the Ir(Sn2)6 cages. This hybridization increases the electronic density of states near the Fermi level and it is strongly dependent on the transition metal. The magnetic structure was investigated by neutron diffraction, in which we observed magnetic Bragg peaks with a propagation vector type ? = (0; 1/2 ; 1/2 ) below TN = 10.1 K. Using several magnetic reflections we can determine the magnetic structure. From the refinement we found that the magnetic moments of Eu ions are pointing out along the [110] and [111] directions. The GdT2Zn20 cubic compound with T = Fe and Co were also investigated with diffraction and X-rays absorption measurements. These two compounds have interesting properties and many of them are due to the rare earth and transition metals elements are immersed in a sea of Zn ions. Both rare earth as well as the transition metals (Co and Fe) have the first and second neighbors formed by Zn ions. The GdCo2Zn20 compound showed a phase transition from a paramagnetic state (PM) to an antiferromagnetic state (AFM) with a Neel temperature around TN ~ 5.72 = K. Using x-ray resonant magnetic scattering technique we solved the magnetic structure and we found the magnetic moments of the Gd ions aligned perpendicular to the [111] direction, i.e., IR ?5. When the transition metal was replaced by T = Fe, the GdFe2Zn20 compound has a FM ordering with a remarkably high-temperature ferromagnetic (TC = 86 K) state. The X-ray magnetic circular dichroism measurements performed at the L2;3 absorption edges of the rare earth element and at the Fe and Zn K edges showed that only the Gd and Zn carry magnetic moment in this compound. The magnetic signal at the Zn K edge is due to the strong hybridization between the Zn 4sp states with the Gd 5d states. We believe that the high ordering temperature is related to a high density of states near the Fermi level and the magnetic moment induced at the Zn ions is due to the strong interaction among the Gd ions / Doutorado / Física / Doutor em Ciências

Dental radiography is one of the most frequent types of diagnostic radiological investigations performed. The equipment and techniques used are constantly evolving. However, dental healthcare has long been an area neglected by radiation safety legislation and the medical physicist community, and thus, the quality assurance (QA) regime needs an update. This project aimed to implement and evaluate objective tests of key image quality parameters for intra-oral (IO) X-ray images. The image quality parameters assessed were sensitivity, noise, uniformity, low-contrast resolution, and spatial resolution. These parameters were evaluated for repeatability at typical tube current, voltage, and exposure time settings by computing the coefficient of variation (CV) of the mean value of each parameter from multiple images. A further aim was to develop a semi-quantitative test for the correct alignment of the position indicating device (PID) with the primary collimator. The overall purpose of this thesis was to look at ways to improve the QA of IO X-rays systems by digitizing and automating part of the process. A single image receptor and an X-ray tube were used in this study. Incident doses at the receptor were measured using a radiation meter. The relationship between incident dose at the receptor and the output signal was used to determine the signal transfer curve for the receptor. The principal sources of noise in the practical exposure range of the system were investigated using a separation of noise sources based upon variance. The transfer curve of the receptor was found to be linear. Noise separation showed that quantum noise was the dominant noise. Repeatability of the image quality parameters assessed was found to be acceptable. The CV for sensitivity was less than 3%, while that for noise was less than 1%. For the uniformity measured at the center, the CV was less than 10%, while the CV was less than 5% for the uniformity measured at the edge. The low-contrast resolution varied the most at all exposure settings investigated with CV between 6 - 13%. Finally, the CV for the spatial resolution parameters was less than 5%. The method described to test for the correct alignment of the PID with the primary collimator was found to be practical and easy to interpret manually. The tests described here were implemented for a specific sensor and X-ray tube combination, but the methods could easily be adapted for different systems by simply adjusting certain parameters.

Context. KQ Vel is a peculiar A0p star with a strong surface magnetic field of about 7.5 kG. It has a slow rotational period of nearly 8 years. Bailey et al. (AandA, 575, A115) detected a binary companion of uncertain nature and suggested that it might be a neutron star or a black hole. Aims. We analyze X-ray data obtained by the Chandra telescope to ascertain information about the stellar magnetic field and/or interaction between the star and its companion. Methods. We confirm previous X-ray detections of KQ Vel with a relatively high X-ray luminosity of 2 × 1030 erg s-1. The X-ray spectra suggest the presence of hot gas at > 20 MK and, possibly, of a nonthermal component. The X-ray light curves are variable, but data with better quality are needed to determine a periodicity, if any. Results. We interpret the X-ray spectra as a combination of two components: the nonthermal emission arising from the aurora on the A0p star, and the hot thermal plasma filling the extended shell that surrounds the "propelling"neutron star. Conclusions. We explore various alternatives, but a hybrid model involving the stellar magnetosphere along with a hot shell around the propelling neutron star seems most plausible. We speculate that KQ Vel was originally a triple system and that the Ap star is a merger product. We conclude that KQ Vel is an intermediate-mass binary consisting of a strongly magnetic main-sequence star and a neutron star.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering / William L. Dunn / Dense Plasma Focus (DPF) devices are multi-radiation sources of X rays, neutrons (when working with deuterium), ions, and electrons in pulses typically of a few tens of nanoseconds. The Kansas State University device (KSU-DPF) was commissioned to be used as a radiation source with the Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering Department. The device is operated by a 12.5 µF capacitor which can be charged up to 40 kV storing an energy of 10 kJ. The static inductance and resistance of the device L[subscript]0 and r[subscript]0 were measured to be 91±2 nH and 13±3 mΩ. Experiments have shown that the KSU-DPF device produces 2.45 MeV neutrons with a neutron yield of ~2 × 10^7 and 1.05 × 10^7 n/shots in both axial and radial directions. Ions up to 130 keV were measured using a Faraday Cup. The measured hard X-ray spectrum shows an X-ray emission in the range from 20 to 120 keV with a peak at 50 keV while the average effective energy was estimated, using a step filter method, to be 59±3 keV. The KSU-DPF device was used as a pulsed hard X-ray source for material interrogation studies using the signature-based radiation-scanning (SBRS) technique. The SBRS technique uses template matching to differentiate targets that contain certain types of materials, such as chemical explosives or drugs, from those that do not. Experiments were performed with different materials in cans of three sizes. Nitrogen-rich fertilizers and ammonium nitrate were used as explosive surrogates. Experiments showed 100% sensitivity for all sizes of used samples while 50% specificity for 5 and 1- gallon and 28.57% for quart samples. Simulations using MCNP-5 gave results in good agreement with the experimental results. In the simulations, a larger number of materials, including real explosives were tested. To ensure the feasibility of using the DPF devices for this purpose a second device was simulated and the results were encouraging. Experimental and simulation results indicate that use of DPF devices with simple, room-temperature detectors may provide a way to perform rapid screening for threat materials, especially for places where large number of packages need to be investigated.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Physics / Dean A. Zollman / In this study we explored students' transfer of learning in the X-ray medical imaging context, including the X-ray-based computer-assisted tomography (or CAT). For this purpose we have conducted a series of clinical and teaching interviews. The investigation was a part of a bigger research effort to design teaching-learning materials for pre-medical students who are completing their algebra-based physics course. Our students brought to the discussion pieces of knowledge transferred from very different sources such as their own X-ray experiences, previous learning and the mass media. This transfer seems to result in more or less firm mental models, although often not internally consistent or coherent. Based on our research on pre-med students' models of X-rays we designed a hands-on lab using semi-transparent Lego bricks to model CAT scans. Without "surgery" (i.e. without intrusion into the Lego "body") students determined the shape of an object, which was built out of opaque and translucent Lego bricks and hidden from view. A source of light and a detector were provided upon request. Using a learning cycle format, we introduced CAT scans after students successfully have completed this task. By comparing students' ideas before and after teaching interview with the groups of 2 or 3 participants, we have investigated transfer of learning from basic physics and everyday experience to a complex medical technology and how their peer interactions trigger and facilitate this process. During the last phase of our research we also introduced a CAT-scan simulation problem into our teaching interview routine and compared students' perception of this simulation and their perception of the hands-on activity.