Les nanotechnologies appliquées à la médecine, et plus particulièrement à l’oncologie, ont permis le développement d’une nouvelle classe d’entités, appelées communément nanomédicaments ou médicaments vectorisés. Ce projet de recherche a pour objectif d’encapsuler du docétaxel dans un vecteur lipidique unilamellaire furtif, puis de greffer en surface le trastuzumab afin d’en améliorer le profil pharmacocinétique, notamment en optimisant la spécificité de la phase de distribution. Les résultats obtenus montrent qu’il est possible de développer un immunoliposome furtif de 140 nm encapsulant 90 % de docétaxel avec un taux de greffage de trastuzumab de 30 %. L’approche en cytométrie de flux que nous avons développée et appliquée a permis une quantification absolue du nombre d’anticorps présents en surface. In vitro, un double screening en culture 2D et en sphéroïde 3D a démontré la supériorité antiproliférative de l’immunoliposome comparativement à tous les autres traitements, indépendamment du statut Her2 des lignées étudiées. Les études in vivo ont confirmé cette supériorité, y compris comparativement au T-DM1, l’antibody-drug conjugate de référence dans la pathologie. Les études de biodistribution ont montré que l’accumulation de notre forme vectorielle dépendait de la taille et du degré de vascularisation des tumeurs, plus que statut Her2 tumoral. En conclusion, nous avons démontré l’intérêt thérapeutique de développer des formes vectorielles dans la prise en charge du cancer du sein, comparativement aux traitements standard. Une optimisation de la phase de distribution explique la supériorité antiproliférative obtenue avec l’immunoliposome. / The application of nanotechnology in medicine, especially oncology, has allowed for the development of a new class of entities, commonly called nanomedicine or vectorized medicine.This research project aims to encapsulate docetaxel in a stealthy, unilamellar, lipidic vector, then graft trastuzumab onto its surface to improve its pharmacokinetic profile, specifically by optimizing the specificity of the distribution phase.The results show that it is possible to develop a stealthy immunoliposome of 140 nm encapsulating 90% docetaxel and a trastuzumab grafting rate of 30 %. The flow cytometry approach that we developed and applied allowed for an absolute quantification of the number of antibodies present on the surface. In vitro, a double screening in 2D culture and in 3D spheroid showed the antiproliferative superiority of the immunoliposome compared to all the other treatments, regardless of the Her2 status in the cells studied. In vivo studies have confirmed said superiority compared to T-DM1; the benchmark antibody-drug conjugate for this pathology. Biodistribution studies have shown that the accumulation of our vector depends moreover on the size and degree of tumor vascularization than its Her2 status. In conclusion, we have demonstrated the therapeutic value of developing vector forms in the management of breast cancer therapy compared to standard treatments. The optimization of the distribution phase explains the antiproliferative superiority obtained by using the immunoliposome.

Mice with human immune systems, generated by transplanting human CD34+ cells into immunodeficient mice, are essential tools for studying phenomena unique to the human immune system or poorly reproduced in existing mouse models. Human immune tolerance induction, function and autoimmunity have been poorly modeled in conventional murine models, which often have poor predictive value for preclinical development. Models that allow the study of human immune cells with the reproducibility and flexibility of small animal models are required. In our lab, humanized mouse models have been used to study preclinical protocols for human xenotolerance induction and to better understand the immunological underpinnings of human autoimmunity. These are each areas of critical unmet medical need. Xenotolerance-inducing protocols may be necessary to allow long-term survival of a transplanted pig organ in a human patient, and, with more than 113,000 Americans currently waiting for a life-saving organ, the need to expand the pool available for transplantation is urgent. Additionally, clinical options for patients with autoimmune diseases are limited. Currently, most patients with autoimmunity are only diagnosed after significant immune damage of target organs. Predicting who will develop autoimmunity – and who will not – before damage occurs would be very useful but is currently very difficult. Small animal models that can better help us understand how human autoimmunity develops could help us develop protocols for early detection and even prevention. We have developed a personalized immune model to study the development of an individual patient’s immune system in a transplanted mice to better understand immune abnormalities that underlie autoimmunity. We have used existing humanized mouse models to answer important questions related to human xenotolerance induction and autoimmunity, but in the studies described here we have worked to extend our capacity to use these models to study human T cell development and peripheral function. We would like to be able to study both the initial selection of T cell receptors (TCRs) in the thymus based on their ability to recognize antigen in the context of presenting MHC without reacting unduly to self-antigen, as well as in the periphery, where T cells interact with peripheral antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to maintain homeostasis and respond to antigen. First, we have incorporated TCR transgenesis into our humanized mouse models to allow greater precision in studying thymic selection in our humanized mice. Developing a system for this would allow us to study in greater detail mechanisms of human xenotolerance induction, including confirming that a swine thymus can support positive selection of T cells with human-restricted TCRs to allow a future xenotransplantation patient to maintain immune competence, while also robustly tolerizing human T cells expressing pig-reactive TCRs. We will also expand this system to study the thymic selection of human T cells with autoreactive TCRs to better understand mechanisms of central tolerance and understand how they fail in autoimmunity. Finally, while processes of thymic selection are critical for human T cell development and function, peripheral interactions also have a large impact on human T cell function and homeostasis and may contribute to the development of autoimmunity. For these interactions to occur appropriately requires robust engraftment and reconstitution of APCs, especially of myeloid and B cell lineages, in transplanted immunodeficient mice. APC reconstitution tends to be suboptimal in humanized mice and is even more so in mice transplanted with patient-derived CD34+ cells. Better characterization of human APC populations and their progenitors could allow us to develop approaches to improve long-term human APC reconstitution in patient-derived humanized mice, allowing us to more fully model patient peripheral T cell function.

Abstract not available

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 176-216).

Primary esophageal (E) and gastro-esophageal junction (GEJ) cancer xenografts have the potential to become useful pre-clinical models of disease. In this study, we determined that p16 negative tumors that have not been exposed to neo-adjuvant chemo-radiation have higher engraftment chances. Morphological features and expression of certain molecular markers (p53, p16, Ki-67, EGFR, Her-2/neu) suggest that no major changes occur between primary tumors and xenografts or between early passage and late passage xenografts. Global gene expression data supported these results but revealed that approximately 2000 genes differed significantly between passage one xenografts and human tumors. Most of these genes, however, might coincide with stromal signals present in patient tumors but absent in xenografts. Primary E/GEJ cancer xenografts also showed a wide range of chemosensitivities to cisplatin-paclitaxel treatment, confirming the usefulness of these models in drug testing. These models also revealed potential ways to interrogate tumor initiating cell (TIC) dynamics after chemotherapy.

Primary esophageal (E) and gastro-esophageal junction (GEJ) cancer xenografts have the potential to become useful pre-clinical models of disease. In this study, we determined that p16 negative tumors that have not been exposed to neo-adjuvant chemo-radiation have higher engraftment chances. Morphological features and expression of certain molecular markers (p53, p16, Ki-67, EGFR, Her-2/neu) suggest that no major changes occur between primary tumors and xenografts or between early passage and late passage xenografts. Global gene expression data supported these results but revealed that approximately 2000 genes differed significantly between passage one xenografts and human tumors. Most of these genes, however, might coincide with stromal signals present in patient tumors but absent in xenografts. Primary E/GEJ cancer xenografts also showed a wide range of chemosensitivities to cisplatin-paclitaxel treatment, confirming the usefulness of these models in drug testing. These models also revealed potential ways to interrogate tumor initiating cell (TIC) dynamics after chemotherapy.

Thesis (M.Sc.)--University of Alberta, 2009. / A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta. Title from pdf file main screen (viewed on July 28, 2009). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alberta, 2009. / A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery. Title from pdf file main screen (viewed on August 29, 2009). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005. / Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center; full text release delayed at author's request until 2006 Nov 29

Bovine bone grafts (BBX) require protein removal as part of the manufacturing process to reduce antigenicity and, in consequence, to be safely used in humans. Deproteinisation may have direct effects on the characteristics of the bone material and on in vivo material performance. This research aimed to comprehensively study the physicochemical and mechanical properties of BBX processed at low deproteinisation processing temperatures. Cubes of bovine bone (8 mm3) were treated with temperatures between 100 °C and 220 °C at 30 °C intervals and with pressures ranging from 1.01 to 24.58 Bar. The samples were characterised topographically and mechanically using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and uniaxial bending tests. The organic content and the chemical composition were determined using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and FTIR were also used to quantitatively determine the specimen crystallinity. Increasing temperature/pressure was associated with decreasing protein levels and compressive strength and increasing surface irregularities and crystallinity. The findings suggest that low-temperature processed bone is likely to exhibit a rapid in vivo degradation rate. The deproteinisation temperature can be adjusted to tailor the graft properties for specific applications.