Submitted by Daniella Sodre (daniella.sodre@ufpe.br) on 2015-04-08T13:19:43Z No. of bitstreams: 2 TESE Sérgio Henrique Lira.pdf: 10473188 bytes, checksum: ad39baf570ad4b641f94987468e9d1d0 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-08T13:19:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 TESE Sérgio Henrique Lira.pdf: 10473188 bytes, checksum: ad39baf570ad4b641f94987468e9d1d0 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-21 / CNPq; INCT-FCx. / Nesta Tese são empregadas técnicas analíticas e numéricas para investigar o fenômeno de formação de dedos viscosos entre fluidos imiscíveis confinados quando um destes fluidos é um fluido magnético complexo. Diferentes tipos de esquemas geométricos efetivamente bidimensionais foram investigados. Duas situações distintas são tomadas com relação à natureza da amostra de fluido magnético: um fluido newtoniano usual, e um fluido magneto-reológico que apresenta um yield stress dependente da intensidade do campo magnético. Equações governantes adequadas são derivadas para cada um dos casos. Para obter um entendimento analítico dos estágios iniciais da evolução temporal da interface foi empregada uma análise fracamente não-linear de modos acoplados. Este tipo de análise acessa a estabilidade de uma interface inicialmente perturbada e também revela a morfologia dos dedos emergentes. Em algumas circunstâncias soluções estacionárias podem ser encontradas mesmo na ordem não-linear mais baixa. Nesta situação é feita uma comparação de algumas destas soluções com soluções estáticas totalmente não-lineares obtidas através de um formalismo de vortex-sheet na condição de equilíbrio. Em seguida foi desenvolvido um modelo de phase-field aplicado a fluidos magnéticos que é capaz de simular numericamente a dinâmica totalmente não-linear do sistema. O modelo consiste em introduzir uma função auxiliar que reproduz uma interface difusa de espessura finita. Utilizando esta ferramenta também é possível estudar um complexo problema de dedos viscosos de origem biológica: o fluxo de actina como um fluido ativo dentro de um fragmento lamelar.

Dès les premières utilisations des matériaux cimentaires, l'ajout de fibres a permis de renforcer ces matrices fragiles. Ces fibres, comme pour tout autre type d'inclusions, modifient les propriétés rhéologiques du matériau à l'état frais. Dans un premier temps, nous étudions spécifiquement l'influence de l'ajout des fibres sur le seuil d'écoulement de matériaux cimentaires. Nous considérons des écoulements suffisamment brefs pour que l'orientation des fibres soit négligeable. Nous montrons que, comme dans le cas d'inclusions sphériques, il existe une fraction volumique critique de fibres pour laquelle un réseau percolé de contacts directs entre inclusions se forme. Nous déduisons de ce constat une méthode permettant de prédire la quantité de fibres pour laquelle une augmentation de plusieurs ordres de grandeurs du seuil du matériau a lieu. Nous dérivons de cette étude des critères de formulation utilisables dans la pratique industrielle. Nous étendons dans un deuxième temps notre étude aux systèmes anisotropes de façon à prédire l'évolution de l'orientation des fibres lors de coulages industriels standards. Pour cela nous construisons et comparons des outils expérimentaux, analytiques ou numériques permettant respectivement de mesurer et de prédire l'orientation des fibres en fonction des caractéristiques des fibres, du comportement rhéologique du mélange et du procédé de mise en œuvre. Nous montrons que la majorité des écoulements industriels peut se réduire à des écoulements simples pour lesquels le processus d'orientation est décrit en première approximation par les travaux de Jeffery. Des zones mortes dans lesquelles la contrainte est inférieure au seuil du matériau conservent leur isotropie initiale. Nous montrons qu'à l'échelle d'un coulage industriel, l'orientation des fibres peut être considérée comme instantanée. Les méthodes étudiées s'avèrent capables de prédire l'orientation induite par les écoule ments expérimentaux / Fibers have always been added to cementitious materials in order to reinforce the brittle nature of the matrix. As for any other type of inclusions, fiber addition modifies the rheological behavior of the material in the fresh state. In a first part, we focus on the influence of fiber addition on the yield stress of cementitious materials. We only consider flows which are too short or with no steady streamlines for orientation to affect the behavior of the material. We show that, as for spherical inclusions, a critical fiber volume fraction leads to the formation of a percolation network between all the inclusions. Predictions of this critical volume fraction can be derived from experimental measurements, leading to a sudden increase of several orders of magnitude in yield stress. Industrial mix design criteria are finally proposed. This work is extended in a second part to anisotropic systems. We then focus on the prediction of fiber orientation during standard industrial castings. Tools are built and compared from experimental, analytical and numerical approaches in order to measure and predict fiber orientation as a function of fiber characteristics, suspension rheological behavior and casting process. It is shown that most industrial flows can be considered as simple flows during which fiber orientation process is, as a first approximation, described by the Jeffery theory. In plug flow zones, where stress is lower than the material yield stress, the initial isotropy is conserved. We show that, at the time scale of the casting process, fiber orientation can be considered as instantaneous. It is finally concluded that analytical and numerical methods used in this work enable to predict orientation induced by the flows experimentally validated

Nous étudions le comportement rhéologique de suspensions de bulles dans un fluide à seuil. Des suspensions modèles sont formulées par l'incorporation de bulles d'air monodisperses dans un fluide à seuil modèle, qui se comporte comme un solide visco-élastique pour de faibles déformations et s'écoule en suivant une loi de Herschel-Bulkley si la contrainte appliquée est supérieure à sa contrainte seuil. Nous caractérisons le module complexe, la contrainte seuil et la loi de comportement en écoulement de ces fluides à seuil aérés modèles. Pour des fractions volumiques en gaz inférieures à la fraction critique de percolation des bulles dans le fluide à seuil, la réponse macroscopique des suspensions de bulles est le résultat d'un couplage entre la rhéologie du fluide à seuil interstitiel et la capillarité qui s'exerce à la surface des bulles. Les grandeurs rhéologiques mesurées sur les suspensions décroissent d'autant plus avec la fraction volumique en gaz que les effets capillaires sont faibles. L'introduction de plusieurs nombres capillaires permet de quantifier ce couplage et de comparer les résultats expérimentaux obtenus à une estimation micro-mécanique. Au-delà de la fraction volumique critique de percolation des bulles, le matériau aéré devient une mousse de fluide à seuil dans laquelle le fluide à seuil interstitiel est confiné dans les bords de Plateau. Ce confinement entraîne l'apparition d'effets de taille finie lorsque la mousse de fluide à seuil est cisaillée, et la réponse macroscopique de la mousse dépend de la microstructure du fluide à seuil interstitiel / The rheological behaviour of suspensions of bubbles in yield stress fluids is investigated through experiments on model systems. Model foamed yield stress fluids are prepared by adding monodisperse bubbles in model yield stress fluids, which behave as soft visco-elastic solids for small deformation and flow with a Herschel-Bulkley law above their yield stress. The complex modulus, yield stress and flow curve of those model foamed yield stress fluids is characterised by rheometrical measurements. For gas volume fractions lower than the percolation threshold of the bubbles in the suspending yield stress fluid, the macroscopic behaviour of the bubble suspensions results from the coupling of the fluid rheology to capillarity acting on the surface of the bubbles. The rheological properties of the suspensions decrease all the more with the gas volume fraction as capillarity is weak. This coupling is quantified through capillary numbers which also allow us to compare our experimental results to micro-mechanical estimates. For higher gas volume fractions, beyond the percolation threshold of the bubbles, the aerated material turns into an actual foam of yield stress fluid in which the interstitial fluid is confined in the Plateau borders. This confinement leads to the onset of finite-size effects as the foam is sheared, and the macroscopic behaviour of the foam depends on the micro-structure of the interstitial yield stress fluid

Depuis quelques années, le béton connait une période de mutation. Les tendances actuelles concernant la formulation des bétons à hautes performances et à faibles impacts environnementaux montrent que la fraction volumique solide est de plus en plus élevée. Cette augmentation de la fraction volumique solide est cependant difficilement compatible avec une fluidité importante. La thèse présentée ici a donc pour but de proposer des solutions permettant de contourner le problème de viscosité des ces nouveaux bétons. Nous nous attachons ainsi à identifier les mécanismes d'action de certains polymères à l'origine d'une diminution de la viscosité macroscopique de pâtes de ciment concentrées. Les polymères que nous étudions appartiennent à deux familles différentes : les super plastifiants et les agents entraîneurs d'air. Alors que le chapitre 1 a pour objectif d'expliquer le contexte actuel et de justifier l'intérêt des recherches menées durant cette thèse, le chapitre 2 présente les procédures expérimentales utilisées. Nous proposons des protocoles permettant de faire la distinction entre les effets des polymères étudiés sur la contrainte seuil et leurs effets sur l'autre paramètre du comportement :la viscosité. Dans le chapitre 3, nous mettons en évidence certains mécanismes d'action des polymères adsorbants de type super plastifiants. Nous observons que deux polymères peuvent avoir un effet différent sur la dissipation visqueuse d'une pâte de ciment pour une contrainte seuil donnée. Nous suggérons alors que les molécules de polymère adsorbé modifient l'état de floculation du système, et donc la façon dont le cisaillement se concentre entre les grains. Dans le même temps, les molécules de polymère non adsorbé modifient la viscosité du fluide interstitiel. La viscosité macroscopique résulte alors de la compétition entre ces deux mécanismes. Dans le chapitre 4, nous nous intéressons aux effets des agents entraîneurs d'air. Grâce à des mesures sur pâtes de ciment et mortiers, nous montrons que, suivant la consistance du système étudié, l'entraînement d'air peut diminuer ou non la viscosité. Nous suggérons qu'un tel comportement trouve son origine dans la compétition entre la tension de surface qui tend à empêcher la déformation des bulles et la consistance du système en écoulement qui tend à les déforme / The concrete industry has been undergoing significant change in recent years. Current trends in mix design of high strength and environmentally friendly concretes show that solid volume fraction is progressively increasing. This increase in solid volume fraction is however not compatible with an adequate fluidity. The aim of the work presented here is thus to bring solutions to the high viscosity of these new concretes. We try to identify potential mechanisms of action of some polymers at the origin of a decrease in the macroscopic viscosity of concentrated cement pastes. We focus here on two types of polymers: super plasticizers and air entraining agents. In a first chapter, we explain the current economic, social and industrial situation and justify the need of the research work presented here. In a second chapter, we show the importance of the experimental procedure. We suggest protocols from which the effects of tested polymers on the viscosity parameter can be distinguished from the effects on yield stress. In a third chapter, we show some potential mechanisms of action of adsorbing polymers as super plasticizers. We observe that for the same effect on yield stress, viscous dissipation of cement pastes can be different for the two tested polymers. We suggest that adsorbed polymer molecules modify the flocculation state of the system and thus the way shear concentrates between cement grains. In the same time, non adsorbed polymer molecules modify the viscosity of the interstitial fluid. Therefore, the macroscopic viscosity results from the competition of the two above phenomena. In the fourth chapter, we are interested in the effects of air entraining agents. Thanks to experimental measurements on cement pastes and mortars, we show that according to the system consistency, air entrainment can increase or decrease viscosity. We suggest that such a behaviour finds its origin in the competition between surface tension, which tends to prevent air bubble deformation and the system consistency, which tends to deform the same air bubbles

L'objectif de ce travail est de prédire le gonflement de fûts d'enrobés bitumineux contenant des déchets radioactifs en condition d'entreposage, de transport et de stockage. L'incorporation de radionucléides dans du bitume provoque en effet sa radiolyse et du dihydrogène est ainsi généré dans le matériau. Ce gaz est solubilisé dans la matrice jusqu'à ce que sa concentration atteigne une valeur limite, la saturation. Au-delà de celle-ci, un mécanisme de germination a lieu : des bulles sont formées. Elles vont par la suite croître grâce à l'apport de gaz par radiolyse et migrer sous l'effet de la poussée d'Archimède. Le gonflement du matériau résulte alors de la compétition entre création et évacuation de gaz. Un modèle a été construit pour décrire l'évolution d'une population de bulles. Sa résolution analytique n'étant pas possible, un code numérique a été développé. Les résultats montrent qu'une augmentation de la viscosité du fluide, du terme source de gaz apporté par radiolyse ou de la hauteur du récipient induisent une augmentation du gonflement et qu'une augmentation du coefficient de diffusion du gaz dans la matrice diminue le gonflement. Lorsque le fluide présente un seuil d'écoulement, le comportement de la population de bulles est modifié et l'évacuation de gaz par migration des bulles se fait par à-coups, contrairement au cas d'un fluide newtonien où une évacuation stationnaire est atteinte. Cette dernière a enfin servi à l'optimisation des conditions opératoires. / The aim of this PhD thesis is to predict the swelling of bitumen barrels in which radioactive salts are mixed. The bitumen exposed to radioactivity undergoes a chemical reaction: the radiolys. This implies a generation of dihydrogen. The created is solubilized until the concentration reaches a limit value which is called saturation. Over this limit nucleation of bubbles is observed. Then they will grow thank to the contribution of the gas generated by radiolys and they will be submitted to Archimede's principle so that they will rise in the fluid. The swelling is the result of the competition between generation and evacuation of gas. A model has been built to describe theevolution of a bubble population. Because of it is not possible to solve it analitically, a numerical program was developed. The results show that an increase of the fluid viscosity, the gas generation or the container height lead to an increase of the swelling and that an increase of the diffusioncoefficient contributes to a decrease of the swelling. In the particular case of a yield stress fluid, the behavior of the bubble population is modified and the evacuation of gas is done with several shots, at the opposite of the case of a Newtonian fluid for which a stationary evacuation is reached.

In this work the author presents simulation procedures (mathematical models) with the aim to help determining and analysing the mechanical properties of coating-substrate-systems and finding an “optimal” coating structure which should protect the compound from inelastic deformation under a given range of load conditions. Such procedures may be used as a tool to minimise the search field for experimental work. For this purpose one would need a mathematical model which allows one to calculate the complete elastic field with all its displacement and stress components within a multilayer film on a substrate under given mechanical loading and intrinsic stress conditions. Due to copyright restrictions the author is not allowed to publish the Part II of his habilitation thesis at this place. It concerns the references in meta data. / In der Arbeit werden mathematische Modelle zur Berechnung der mechanischen Eigenschaften geschichtet aufgebauter Materialien unter unterschiedlichsten Lastbedingungen (Kontakt- und intrinsische Beanspruchung) vorgestellt und diskutiert. Auf Grund von Schutzrechtsbestimmungen ist eine Veröffentlichung der in der Habilitation angegebenen Literatur im Teil II an dieser Stelle nicht möglich. Der interessierte Leser wird gebeten die Arbeiten in den entsprechenden Journalen einzusehen. Dies betrifft die in den Metadaten angegebenen Veröffentlichungen des Autors.

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This dissertation establishes a mathematical framework for analyzing a viscoelastic model that displays thixotropic behavior as a model parameter gets very small. The model is the partially extending strand convection model, originally derived for polymeric melts that have long strands that get in the way of fully retracting. A Newtonian solvent is added. The uniaxial and equibiaxial extensional flows are studied using combined asymptotic analysis and numerical simulations. An initial value problem with a prescribed elongational stress is solved in the limit of large relaxation time. This gives rise to multiple time scales. If the initial stress is less than a critical value, the initial elastic elongation is followed by settling to an unyielded state at the slow time scale. If the initial stress is larger than the critical value, then yielding ensues. The extensional flows produce delayed yielding and hysteresis, both associated with thixotropy in complex fluids. / Ph. D.

Cemented paste backfill (CPB) technology is widely used in the mining industry as an effective means of tailings disposal. CPB is a mixture of tailings, binder, water, and additional admixtures when required. It is prepared in a mixing plant on the ground surface and then transported into the mine cavities through pipelines either by gravity and/or using pumps. To ensure efficiency during transportation and avoid pipe clogging (which can cause unnecessary delays and loss of productivity), fresh CPB must have sufficient flowability. To achieve that, high-range water reducing admixtures, also known as superplasticizers, are usually added to the CPB during mixing. These admixtures are widely used in the construction industry due to their ability to improve flowability without undermining other important engineering properties. However, their influence on the rheology, mechanical strength and environmental performance (reactivity and permeability) of CPB is not fully understood. Thus, experimental studies were conducted to investigate the effects of superplasticizers on the performance properties of cemented paste backfill at different curing temperatures. Yield stress and viscosity of fresh CPB cured for 0, 1, 2, and 4 hours were measured using a vane shear device and a Brookfield Viscometer respectively. Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of samples cured for 1, 3, 7, and 28 days was determined in accordance with ASTM - C39. Superplasticizer contents were varied as 0%, 0.125%, and 0.25% of the total weight of the CPB. Preparations and curing of the specimens were performed at controlled conditions of 2, 20, and 35 °C to investigate the effect of ambient or curing temperatures. To have a better understanding of the environmental performance of CPB containing superplasticizer, reactivity, and hydraulic conductivity up to 90 days of curing were also investigated. The reactivity was measured using oxygen consumption test while hydraulic conductivity was measured using flexible wall permeability test. Microstructural analyses (thermogravimetric analyses, X-Ray diffraction, and mercury intrusion porosimetry) and monitoring tests (pH, zeta potential, electrical conductivity, and matric suction) were carried out to understand the principles behind the changes of the observed properties. The obtained results show that superplasticizer dosage and temperature variation have significant effects on the rheology, strength development, hydraulic conductivity and reactivity of the CPB. The polycarboxylic ether-based superplasticizer significantly reduces the yield stress and viscosity by creating strong electrostatic repulsion between the solid particles in the CPB and by steric hinderance. The CPB containing the superplasticizer remains fluid for longer period (as compared with the CPB without superplasticizer) due to the retardation of binder hydration. However, high curing temperature induces faster cement hydration, which thickens the fresh CPB. The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of the CPB containing superplasticizer was observed to be lower in the early age (up to 7 days), which is also attributed to retardation of the binder hydration. At later ages, the superplasticizer improves the mechanical strength as the binder hydration accelerates and the solid particles self-consolidate. Coupled THMC processes in the CPB showed the role played by the changes in electrical conductivity, volumetric water content, matric suction, and temperature on the development of mechanical strength of the CPB containing superplasticizer. Similarly, addition of the superplasticizer in the CPB decreases both the hydraulic conductivity and reactivity of CPB, thus improving its environmental performance. The improvement is largely attributed to enhanced binder hydration and self-consolidation which decrease the porosity of the CPB. Increasing the curing temperature was found to magnify the improvement of the CPB properties by inducing faster binder hydration. The findings from this study will undoubtedly inform the design of CPB structure with better mechanical stability and environmental performance.

<p> A research programme is presented for assessing the capability of Hollow Structural Sections in Plastic Design. This investigation attempts to relate the flange slenderness and yield stress to the rotation capacity of Hollow Structural Sections subjected to both constant moment regions and to moment gradients. </p> <p> An experimental programme was performed on 31 different cross sections to evaluate the moment-curvature relationship which is of fundamental importance in Plastic Methods. The occurrence of local buckling for some sections in the compression flange and the consequent reduction in moment resistance is the critical factor which separates members into compact and non compact categories. </p> <p> The moment-curvature relations from tests are compared with analytical predictions. The plastic hinge rotations delivered by the present test sections are compared with the maximum practical requirements for plastically designed continuous beams. Theoretical elastic and inelastic buckling solutions of plate elements are also presented to relate to possible local buckling of the flats of square and rectangular hollow structural sections. </p> <p> Plate ratios of compression flanges are then selected for use in plastic design of hollow structural sections. Such a separation permits segregation into compact and non compact categories and can be used in working stress or elastic design methods. </p> / Thesis / Master of Engineering (ME)