Yes / This paper presents a re-evaluation of a cemetery excavated over thirty years ago at Walkington Wold in east Yorkshire. The cemetery is characterised by careless burial on diverse alignments, and by the fact that most of the skeletons did not have associated crania. The cemetery has been variously described as being the result of an early post-Roman massacre, as providing evidence for a `Celtic¿ head cult or as an Anglo-Saxon execution cemetery. In order to resolve the matter, radiocarbon dates were acquired and a re-examination of the skeletal remains was undertaken. It was confirmed that that cemetery was an Anglo-Saxon execution cemetery, the only known example from northern England, and the site is set into its wider context in the paper.

No

No

No

Yes / Landscape geophysical survey around the small upland ‘henge’ at Yarnbury, Grassington, North Yorkshire revealed few anthropogenic features around the enclosure but did identify a small rectangular structure in the same field. Sample trenching of this feature, radiocarbon and archaeomagnetic dating proved it to be an earlier Neolithic post and wattle structure of a type that is being increasingly recognised in Ireland and the west of Britain. It is the first to be recognised in the Yorkshire Dales and it is argued that the Dales may have been pivotal in the Neolithic for east–west trade as well as pastoral upland agriculture.

Yes / Iron Age chariot burials in the UK are rare and restricted in their distribution. Historically it has been suggested that their Arras culture affinities with Continental Europe, particularly with the Paris basin in France, may be indicative of migration. The majority of them are found on chalk and the putative source region is also chalk. This has meant that a study using only strontium isotopes to identify mobile individuals is problematic. Here we present a range of isotope ratio data (strontium, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen and sulphur) for seven chariot burials from Wetwang, Garton Station and Kirkburn. The majority of them are of men and women who were born and lived locally, although the individual from Kirkburn is likely to have spent his childhood elsewhere. They do, however, differ quite subtly from others in the local population, probably in their relationship to a local land-use pattern operating between two distinct biospheres. / The British Academy provided funding (SG-51722)

O Yorkshire Terrier é uma das raças com maior predisposição a doenças cardíacas congênitas e, principalmente, a doenças adquiridas como é o caso da doença mixomatosa da valva mitral (DMVM). Na literatura há apenas um trabalho estabelecendo para a raça os valores de referência ecocardiográficos de estudo de ventrículo esquerdo e de mensuração de aorta (Ao) e de átrio esquerdo (AE) por um método. É frequente observar que animais hígidos (sem doença cardiovascular) da raça em questão apresentem valores de relação átrio esquerdo/aorta (AE/Ao) aumentados, não sendo condizente com a avaliação subjetiva do exame ecocardiográfico realizado. A hipótese é de que os animais da raça Yorkshire Terrier apresentem valores ecocardiográficos diferenciados de mensuração do átrio esquerdo do que é considerado normal para as demais raças de pequeno porte e também para as escalas alométricas atualmente disponíveis para utilização na rotina clínica. Os objetivos do trabalho foram: determinar e padronizar valores de mensuração de AE, utilizando a relação AE/Ao, por meio da ecocardiografia, utilizando quatro métodos bidimensionais relatados na literatura e determinar e padronizar os valores de função atrial e volume atrial esquerdo, pelo método biplanar área-comprimento, em cães sadios da raça Yorkshire Terrier. Realizou-se estudo observacional e transversal com 50 cães adultos (acima de 15 meses e até sete anos) e clinicamente sadios da raça Yorkshire Terrier. Os animais foram submetidos à seguinte avaliação: mensuração de pressão arterial pelo método Doppler, exame físico, exame ecocardiográfico, exame eletrocardiográfico, exames laboratoriais (hematológico e bioquímico) e radiografias torácicas. Foram excluídos 13 animais diagnosticados com DMVM estágio B1. A mensuração da Ao foi feita por três métodos distintos, descritos pelos autores Rishniw, Hansson (método sueco) e Chetboul. O AE foi avaliado pelos três métodos e pela largura septo-lateral no corte longitudinal direito (método longitudinal). A determinação da área e do volume (máximo, pré-contração atrial e mínimo) do AE foi realizada no corte apical duas (2C) e quatro (4C) câmaras. Foram realizadas três determinações de cada parâmetro, avaliados nas diferentes fases do ciclo cardíaco, considerando-se a média dos valores obtidos. Os resultados principais da área e do volume atrial, com a média e o desvio padrão, foram: Vmáx 2185±690 mm3, Vpré 1390±431 mm3, Vmin 728±255 mm3, AAEmáx 4C 58,4±15 mm2/kg, AAEmáx 2C 53,4±12,2 mm2/kg, AAEpré 4C 141±35,2 mm2/kg, AAEpré 2C 38,9±9,6 mm2/kg, AAEmín 4C 27,2±5,82 mm2/kg, AAEmín 2C 26,2±6,63 mm2/kg. As relações AE/Ao encontradas foram: Rishniw 1,55±0,12, Chetboul 1,15±0,10 e longitudinal 1,75±0,15, que são semelhantes aos valores obtidos na literatura, e sueco 1,51±0,16, que é maior do que o relatado, sugerindo que a raça em questão apresente valores de mensuração de AE superiores quando utilizado este método na avaliação. A única variável de função atrial que não apresentou diferença estatística quando comparada às faixas de peso foi a AAEpré. O método sueco apresentou concordância e melhor correlação positiva quando comparado aos demais. Não houve diferença estatística na comparação das relações AE/Ao com relação às faixas de peso previamente estabelecidas (<3kg, 3-4kg, >4kg). / The Yorkshire Terrier is one of the breeds with a greater predisposition to congenital heart disease and, mainly, to acquired diseases such as myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). There is only one study establishing echocardiographic reference values for this breed, including left ventricle, aortic (Ao) and left atrial (LA) measurements (using a single method). It is often observed that healthy Yorkshire dogs (with no cardiovascular disease) have increased left atrial/aortic ratio (LA/Ao) values which are not consistent with the subjective evaluation of the echocardiographic examination performed. The hypothesis is that Yorkshire Terrier dogs have different echocardiographic values for left atrial measurement from what is considered normal for other small breed dogs and also for the allometric scales currently available for use in clinical routine. The objectives of this study were: to determine and standardize LA measurement values, using LA/Ao ratio, employing four two-dimensional echocardiographic methods reported in the literature, and to determine and standardize atrial function and left atrial volume values by the biplane area-length method in Yorkshire Terrier dogs. An observational and cross-sectional study was performed with 50 adult dogs (between 15 months and seven years) and clinically healthy Yorkshire Terrier dogs. The animals were submitted to the following evaluation: measurement of blood pressure by the Doppler method, physical examination, echocardiographic and electrocardiographic examination, laboratory tests (hematological and biochemical) and chest radiographs. 13 animals diagnosed with MMVD stage B1 were excluded. Ao measurement was done by three different methods, described by the authors Rishniw, Hansson (\"Swedish\" method) and Chetboul. LA was evaluated by these three methods and by the septum-lateral width in the right paraesternal axis view (\"longitudinal\" method). The determination of LA area and volume (maximum, pre-atrial contraction and minimum) was performed in the apical two (2C) and four (4C) chambers view. Three determinations of each parameter were performed, evaluated in different phases of the cardiac cycle, considering the average of the obtained values. The main results of the area and atrial volume, with mean and standard deviation, were: Vmax 2185 ± 690 mm3, Vpre 1390 ±431 mm3, Vmin 728 &#177 255 mm3, AAEmax 4C 58,4 &#177 15 mm2/kg, AAEmax 2C 53,4 &#177 12,2 mm2/kg, AAEpre 4C 141 &#177 35,2 mm2/kg, AAEpre 2C 38,9 &#177 9,6 mm2/kg, AAEmin 4C 27,2 &#177 5,82 mm2/kg, AAEmin 2C 26,2 &#177 6,63 mm2/kg. The only atrial function parameter that did not present statistical difference when compared to the weight ranges was AAEpre. The LA/Ao ratios found were: \"Rishniw\" 1,55 &#177 0,12, \"Chetboul\" 1,15 &#177 0,10 and \"longitudinal\" 1,75 &#177 0,15, which are similar to the values obtained on te literature, and \"Swedish\" 1,51 &#177 0,16, which is higher then what is demonstrated on the literature, suggesting that this breed have highers values of LA measurement when this technique is used on evaluation. The Swedish method presented a better positive correlation when compared to the others. There was no statistically significant difference in LA/Ao ratios when compared to previously established weight ranges (<3kg, 3-4kg,> 4kg).

Holderness, the Vale of York, and the Vale of Pickering are three fairly typical marshland areas, and all three were originally wasteland. Medieval reclamation improved the siltlands of each area for arable and pasture, but the peatlands remained waterlogged for three-quarters of the year and were used mainly for summer pasture and as sources of fish, fowl and fuel, until the mid-eighteenth century. Between 176o and 1900 they were drained by the use of large-scale engineering methods. Improvements were greatest in Holderness, while in the other two areas much still remained to be done in the twentieth century. There are various reasons both for the similarities and differences in the drainage history of the three regions, and for the differences between these regions and the other marshland areas of England and Wales. Location, size, the existence or otherwise of a frontage on tidal water and the resulting existence of a 'Court of sewers' - farming systems, patterns of ownership, navigation interests, and the influence of settlements, as well an the physical geography, are all shown to have had an influence both on the pace of improvement and on the pattern of drains developed. The present geography of the three areas shows clear traces of the earlier stages In their history.

Texte remanié de: Th. Ph. D.--Archaeology--Oxford, 1997. / Bibliogr. p. 133-142.

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