The aim of the research was to understand the kind of relationship that exists among officers and other stakeholders in prevention of crime, regarding the purposes of fighting crime in the Zambezi region. This research would want to determine the strength of the relationships and the roles of trust between the police and society to address the research question which exactly refers to what is to be investigated. A qualitative design was used, an approach that involved the analysing and interpreting texts as well as interviews. The study established that there is a poor relationship among stakeholders who actually maintain law and order and that the majority of them were the main contributing factors for the poor implementation of community policing which resulted in poor crime prevention as well. Community policing can only be effectively implemented under the mandate and function of community policing forums as stipulated in the Namibian Police Act 19 of 1990. / Police Practice / M. Tech. (Policing)

Educational Leadership and Management / M. Ed. (Education Management)

The recent high profile flooding events – that have occurred in many parts of the world – have drawn attention to the need for new and improved methods for water resources assessment, water management and the modelling of large-scale flooding events. In the case of the Zambezi Basin, a review of the 2000 and 2001 floods identified the need for tools to enable hydrologists to assess and predict daily stream flow and identify the areas that are likely to be affected by flooding. As a way to address the problem, a methodology was set up to derive catchment soil moisture statistics from Earth Observation (EO) data and to study the improvements brought about by an assimilation of this information into hydrological models for improving reservoir management in a data scarce environment. Rainfall data were obtained from the FEWSNet Web site and computed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Climatic Prediction Center (NOAA/CPC). These datasets were processed and used to monitor rainfall variability and subsequently fed into a hydrological model to predict the daily flows for the Zambezi River Basin. The hydrological model used was the Geospatial Stream Flow Model (GeoSFM), developed by the United States Geological Survey (USGS). GeoSFM is a spatially semi-distributed physically-based hydrological model, parameterised using spatially distributed topographic data, soil characteristics and land cover data sets available globally from both Remote Sensing and in situ sources. The Satellite rainfall data were validated against data from twenty (20) rainfall gauges located on the Lower Zambezi. However, at several rain gauge stations (especially those with complex topography, which tended to experience high rainfall spatial variability), there was no direct correlation between the satellite estimates and the ground data as recorded in daily time steps. The model was calibrated for seven gauging stations. The calibrated model performed quite well at seven selected locations (R2=0.66 to 0.90, CE=0.51 to 0.88, RSR=0.35 to 0.69, PBIAS=−4.5 to 7.5). The observed data were obtained from the National Water Agencies of the riparian countries. After GeoSFM calibration, the model generated an integration of the flows into a reservoir and hydropower model to optimise the operation of Kariba and Cahora Bassa dams. The Kariba and Cahora Bassa dams were selected because this study considers these two dams as the major infrastructures for controlling and alleviating floods in the Zambezi River Basin. Other dams (such as the Kafue and Itezhi-Thezi) were recognised in terms of their importance but including them was beyond the scope of this study because of financial and time constraints. The licence of the reservoir model was limited to one year for the same reason. The reservoir model used was the MIKE BASIN, a professional engineering software package and quasi-steady-state mass balance modelling tool for integrated river basin and management, developed by the Denmark Hydraulic Institute (DHI) in 2003. The model was parameterised by the geometry of the reservoir basin (level, area, volume relationships) and by the discharge-level (Q-h) relationship of the dam spillways. The integrated modelling system simulated the daily flow variation for all Zambezi River sub-basins between 1998 and 2008 and validated between 2009 and 2011. The resulting streamflows have been expressed in terms of hydrograph comparisons between simulated and observed flow values at the four gauging stations located downstream of Cahora Bassa dam. The integrated model performed well, between observed and forecast streamflows, at four selected gauging stations (R2=0.53 to 0.90, CE=0.50 to 0.80, RSR=0.49 to 0.69, PBIAS=−2.10 to 4.8). From the results of integrated modelling, it was observed that both Kariba and Cahora Bassa are currently being operated based on the maximum rule curve and both remain focused on maximising hydropower production and ensuring dam safety rather than other potential influences by the Zambezi River (such as flood control downstream – where the communities are located – and environmental issues). In addition, the flood mapping analysis demonstrated that the Cahora Bassa dam plays an important part in flood mitigation downstream of the dams. In the absence of optimisation of flow releases from both the Kariba and Cahora Bassa dams, in additional to the contribution of any other tributaries located downstream of the dams, the impact of flooding can be severe. As such, this study has developed new approaches for flood monitoring downstream of the Zambezi Basin, through the application of an integrated modelling system. The modelling system consists of: predicting daily streamflow (using the calibrated GeoSFM), then feeding the predicted streamflow into MIKE BASIN (for checking the operating rules) and to optimise the releases. Therefore, before releases are made, the flood maps can be used as a decision-making tool to both assess the impact of each level of release downstream and to identify the communities likely to be affected by the flood – this ensures that the necessary warnings can be issued before flooding occurs. Finally an integrated flood management tool was proposed – to host the results produced by the integrated system – which would then be accessible for assessment by the different users. These results were expressed in terms of water level (m). Four discharge-level (Q-h) relationships were developed for converting the simulated flow into water level at four selected sites downstream of Cahora Bassa dam – namely: Cahora Bassa dam site, Tete (E-320), Caia (E-291) and Marromeu (E-285). However, the uncertainties in these predictions suggested that improved monitoring systems may be achieved if data access at appropriate scale and quality was improved.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Republic of Namibia situated at the South West of Africa near Atlantic Ocean is a country in Sub-Saharan Africa region. It was divided into fourteen political administrative regions during the delimitation committee of 2013. Namibia has a population of 3 million according to the census report of 2011 (Census report 2011). The prevalence rate of HIV in Zambezi Region is higher than in other thirteen regions of Namibia. Zambezi Region is geographically located between the four SADC countries such as Zambia, Angola, Botswana and Zimbabwe. Trans–Caprivi high way is believed to contribute to the high prevalence rate of 37.7 % according to the sentinel survey report of pregnant women of 2012.The traditional beliefs and customs are affecting HIV/AIDS programmes that are implemented in the region by stakeholders and the Ministry of Health and Social Services. Namibia as a country since 1992 to 2014 has conducted sentinel surveys among pregnant women and National testing days from 2008 to find out how to address HIV and AIDS epidemic in the country. Zambezi Region according to the sentinel survey reports has the highest HIV prevalence rate among pregnant women than the other thirteen regions. The reasons that are causing the high prevalence rate of HIV in this part of the country are not yet know to the citizens. The researcher in this research has used the qualitative approach method, to investigate the perceptions of community members regarding reasons of higher HIV prevalence rate in Zambezi Region. Sampling was conducted using purposive sampling in all six constituencies of the region in which 30 participants of 15 females and 15 males were interviewed. The semi - structured interview qualitative method was used to collect data from respondents. This study is the eye opener as the reasons that are contributing to the high HIV prevalence rate in Zambezi Region have been discovered. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Nie beskikbaar

Large river water basins play a critical role in the economic, health, and biodiversity conditions of a region. In some basins, such as the Zambezi River Basin, extreme weather events introduce cycles of drought and heavy rainfall that can have extreme impacts on local communities vulnerable to environmental shifts. Annual flood pulse dynamics drive ecological dynamics in the system. In the dry season, water dependent wildlife in northern Botswana concentrates along the Chobe River- Floodplains. Elephant concentration, in particular, is matched to surface water quality declines. These flood pulse events have been linked to diarrheal disease outbreaks in the local population, the magnitude of which is associated positively with flood height. Modeling these interactions can advance our ability to predict events and develop mitigation and prevention actions. However, many challenges hinder this development including availability of data in regions that lack resources and the difficulties in create models for such large basins that account for overland water movement. This thesis presents work focused on addressing these challenges. Chapter 2 reports the development of a freely available Large Basin Data Portal (LBDP) that can be used to identify and create critical inputs for hydrodynamic models. This portal was used to create a hydrological model of the Upper Zambezi River Basin model (Chapter 3), a hydrodynamic model of the one of the three subbasins of the Zambezi River. The model was used to calculate downstream river discharges entering the Chobe-Zambezi Floodplains based on upstream rain events. The Upper Zambezi River Basin model was integrated with another more detailed model of the Chobe- Zambezi Floodplains (Chapter 4) that is designed to model the Chobe River and flood water movement in the floodplains. The models were created using the set of MIKE modeling software. The models were used to study various scenarios including water reductions that might occur due to climate change or drought and water increase that might be associated with extreme weather events. / Doctor of Philosophy / River water plays a key role in the livelihood of people and wildlife especially in region of the world suffering chronic economic challenges. The areas surrounding the Zambezi River in Africa is home to one of the most diverse ecological systems in the world. Extreme weather conditions bring cycles of drought and flooding especially in the Upper Zambezi region where wildlife, including the largest population of African elephants in the world, move closer to the Chobe River, a tributary of the Zambezi River, seeking water in the dry seasons. This research is focused on building a set of tools and models to enable studying the linkage between these events and aid in predicting the extent of the floods in the Chobe River Floodplain system based on rainfall in the Angolan high lands and other landscape features. Understanding how these dynamics are linked and the outcome in the downstream system provides a lead time for potential action.

This study examined the varying roles of individual members of the teaching practicum triad, comprising the university supervisor, the student teacher and the school support teacher, during the practicum component of primary teacher education at the University of Namibia’s Katima Mulilo Campus. The research sought to establish the perceptions of the school support-teachers, university students and university lecturers about the effectiveness of pre-deployment preparedness of trainee teachers before their attachment to schools for teaching practice and to establish the facets of the school participation within the triad which are most effective in supporting trainee teachers throughout their school based practicum. The practicum partnership matrix, as well the pre-teaching campus-based studies and pre-deployment preparations by the university, were closely examined. Suggestions from practicum schools, trainee teachers and the University of Namibia’s Faculty of Education were collated in efforts to develop effective partnership models. This study thus posits a view that school-based teaching practica should provide the pre-service trainee teachers with opportunities to be exposed to the realities of teaching and other related professional activities through the development of sustainable norms and a continuum of realistic practicum partnerships which should take on board all stakeholders. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / D. Ed. (Curriculum Studies)

To capture the ‘real world’ experience of institutions and policy within the Zambezi rural basin, the study highlights differences in perceptions of the policy and institutions of the water sector between those involved in management of the water sector and those using water for their livelihoods. The study is situated within the qualitative paradigm; its unit of analysis is the participants (members of households, policy makers and members of the Village Water Committee). The study has applied a grounded theory methodology (semi-structured interviews). Forty participants were interviewed in the Zambezi rural basin. The research highlights that, the National Water Supply and Sanitation Council as a national regulatory institution has not yet fully provided support in terms of regulatory framework that would enable the rural water sector to sustain the demand of the Zambezi rural basin of Zambia. Despite this, the National Water Supply and Sanitation Council have made some key progress in developing the suitable guidelines within the regulatory framework significant in the management of water sector. The study indicates that institutions such as the Village Water Committee are considered to be crucial for strengthening the water sector in the Zambezi rural basin if given a suitable legal status for its operational water activities. Furthermore, water supply and demand disparity among households in the Zambezi rural basin remains a challenge to be addressed. The study further highlights policy and institutions in terms of their effects on the quality of water and health status of households remain a major concern for the citizens.

This study examined the varying roles of individual members of the teaching practicum triad, comprising the university supervisor, the student teacher and the school support teacher, during the practicum component of primary teacher education at the University of Namibia’s Katima Mulilo Campus. The research sought to establish the perceptions of the school support-teachers, university students and university lecturers about the effectiveness of pre-deployment preparedness of trainee teachers before their attachment to schools for teaching practice and to establish the facets of the school participation within the triad which are most effective in supporting trainee teachers throughout their school based practicum. The practicum partnership matrix, as well the pre-teaching campus-based studies and pre-deployment preparations by the university, were closely examined. Suggestions from practicum schools, trainee teachers and the University of Namibia’s Faculty of Education were collated in efforts to develop effective partnership models. This study thus posits a view that school-based teaching practica should provide the pre-service trainee teachers with opportunities to be exposed to the realities of teaching and other related professional activities through the development of sustainable norms and a continuum of realistic practicum partnerships which should take on board all stakeholders. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / D. Ed. (Curriculum Studies)

Magister Artium (Sport, Recreation and Exercise Science) - MA(SRES) / Childhood obesity and its associated major health risk factors such as dyslipidaemia, type II diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, is a growing problem across the globe, with physical inactivity being considered a major contributing factor. At present it appears that we are losing the fight against inactivity and obesity in young people. According to some researchers we are raising the most sedentary and unhealthy generation in history. However, the existence of Physical Education in schools is under continuous threat. An overview of the literature on the global status of Physical Education highlights the nonexistence of the subject in many parts of the world especially in developing regions, while some national governments proposed either the removal of Physical Education from the curriculum or a reduced curriculum time allocation. Therefore, the overall aim of the study is to assess the current status of Physical Education in the Zambezi region of Namibia and to assess the attitudes of senior secondary school learners towards the subject. Quantitative and qualitative research approaches were used to obtain information about the official status of Physical Education in Namibia and the Zambezi region in particular; whether it is offered and taught; barriers (facilities; teacher qualifications; time-tabling, etc.) and learners' experiences, feelings, beliefs and perceptions on the status of the subject in the region. Questionnaires and focus group discussions were used to gather the data. The study population consisted of all the PE teachers and Grade 11 and 12 learners from all 10 senior secondary schools in the Zambezi region. Learners' and teacher's responses to each item in the questionnaires were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences V22 (SPSS) software programme. The study was conducted according to ethical practices pertaining to human subjects, as specified by the Faculty of Community and Health Sciences Research Ethics Committee of the UWC. A lack of qualified teachers was found to be one of the factors that cause low status of Physical Education in schools in the region. The study further found that lack or shortage of facilities was established to be a major crisis in all schools across the Zambezi Region. The 'non-educational' status of Physical Education come forth when earners were accorded time to express their feelings by answering the questions: "Do you consider Physical Education to be an important subject at a school?" and "Do you consider Physical Education to be as important as other subjects like Mathematics?" The findings too revealed that learners felt Physical Education is not as important as Mathematics, because Physical Education is a non promotional subject with no examinations written, while Mathematics is a promotional subject with examinations. Physical Education was found to be offered to both boys and girls without discrimination based on gender or cultural background. Girls and boys differed on all items tested. Boys were found to be a lot more negative about Physical Education. The study further found that monitoring, supervising and inspection of Physical Education in schools were inadequate. There were no inspectors from the regional education offices to oversee whether the subject was being taught according to the national standards outlined in the curriculum. Both phases of the study found that the school curriculum's goals and objectives were clearly stated in some of the schools' syllabi, though it was not fully emphasised or given effect to in the implementation phases. This was also one of the factors contributing to the low status of Physical Education in schools in which learners established that the curriculum was uninteresting.

To capture the ‘real world’ experience of institutions and policy within the Zambezi rural basin, the study highlights differences in perceptions of the policy and institutions of the water sector between those involved in management of the water sector and those using water for their livelihoods. The study is situated within the qualitative paradigm; its unit of analysis is the participants (members of households, policy makers and members of the Village Water Committee). The study has applied a grounded theory methodology (semi-structured interviews). Forty participants were interviewed in the Zambezi rural basin. The research highlights that, the National Water Supply and Sanitation Council as a national regulatory institution has not yet fully provided support in terms of regulatory framework that would enable the rural water sector to sustain the demand of the Zambezi rural basin of Zambia. Despite this, the National Water Supply and Sanitation Council have made some key progress in developing the suitable guidelines within the regulatory framework significant in the management of water sector. The study indicates that institutions such as the Village Water Committee are considered to be crucial for strengthening the water sector in the Zambezi rural basin if given a suitable legal status for its operational water activities. Furthermore, water supply and demand disparity among households in the Zambezi rural basin remains a challenge to be addressed. The study further highlights policy and institutions in terms of their effects on the quality of water and health status of households remain a major concern for the citizens.