This thesis combines synthetic studies for isotopic enrichment with solid-state characterisation techniques to investigate two classes of microporous materials: zeolites and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). These materials have a wide range of successful applications, from industrial catalysis to medicine, resulting in the increasing need for both a complete understanding of their unique structural features and synthetic methods to target new frameworks. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, thanks to its sensitivity to the local, atomic-scale, environment and its element specificity, is applied, in combination with powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), electron microscopy, N2 adsorption and mass spectrometry, to the study of these materials. Oxygen atoms play a crucial role in the structure and chemistry of zeolites and MOFs, making 17O NMR an excellent tool for chemical and structural investigations. However, the low natural abundance of this isotope (0.037%) and the cost of 17O-enriched reactants require the development of atom-efficient synthetic processes for isotopic enrichment. In the first part of this work, the unconventional assembly-disassembly-organisation-reassembly (ADOR) method is applied to the Ge-doped UTL framework and optimised in reduced-volume conditions for economic enrichment to obtain 17O- and 29Si-enriched UTL-derived zeolites. In situ and ex situ solid-state characterisation studies show that isotopic enrichment not only enables a more detailed spectroscopic investigation, but also provides new insights into the mechanism of the ADOR process and its sensitivity to experimental conditions. In the second part of this work, dry gel conversion synthesis and a novel steaming procedure are studied as cost-effective 17O-enrichment pathways for Al, Ga and Sc mixed-metal terephthalate MOFs. 17O solid-state NMR spectroscopy, in combination with PXRD and electron microscopy, is employed to investigate cation disorder and 17O NMR spectra are shown to be sensitive to substitution of metal centers and conformational changes upon interaction with guest molecules.

This thesis is largely a study of the ADOR process (assembly-disassembly-organisation-reassembly) when applied to zeolite UTL. The final chapter of this thesis deals with the adsorption of the medical gases NO and CO onto the metal organic framework NiNaSIP. Chapter 4 is devoted to the disassembly and organisation steps of the ADOR process. Calcined UTL was hydrolysed using 0.1 – 12 M HCl solutions from 75 – 95 °C run over 10 mins to 72 hrs. A three step mechanism is proposed, which is comprised of an initial rapid hydrolysis that removes the majority of the interlayer constituents of UTL, causing the silica-rich layers to largely collapse. This is followed by a slow, temperature and molarity dependent, deintercalation process that sees the remainder of the interlayer material removed resulting in the full collapse of the layers to form IPC-1P. The third step is a temperature and molarity dependent rebuilding process, whereby the interlayer region is slowly rebuilt, eventually forming a precursor which upon calcination becomes IPC-2 (OKO). Chapter 5 uses the pair distribution function (PDF) technique to structurally confirm the intermediate of the ADORable zeolite UTL. The intermediate, IPC-1P, is a disordered layered compound formed by the hydrolysis of UTL in 0.1 M HCl. Its structure is unsolvable by traditional X-ray diffraction techniques. The PDF technique was first benchmarked against high-quality synchrotron Rietveld refinements of IPC-2 (OKO) and IPC-4 (PCR) – two end products of IPC-1P condensation that share very similar structural features. An IPC-1P starting model derived from density functional theory was used for the PDF refinement, which yielded a final fit of Rw = 18% and a geometrically reasonable structure. This confirms that the layers do stay intact throughout the ADOR process, and shows that PDF is a viable technique for layered zeolite structure determination. Chapter 6 examines the reassembly stage by following the in-situ calcination of a variety of hydrolysed intermediates into their three-dimensional counterparts. Beamline I11 at Diamond Light Source provided high-quality PXRD patterns as a function of temperature, which were refined against using sequential Pawley refinements to track the unit cell changes. 0.1, 1.75, 2.5 and 12 M hydrolysed lamellar precursor phases were calcined. The largest unit cell changes were observed for 0.1 M, and the smallest for 12 M. This shows that increasing the molarity must prebuild most of the interlayer connections, such that upon calcination, only minimal condensation occurs to fully connect the layers. Chapter 7 probes the uptake of the medical gases CO and NO into the metal organic framework NiNaSIP. An in-situ single-crystal XRD study was undertaken using an environmental gas cell at beamline 11.3.1 at the Advanced Light Source. NiNaSIP was first dehydrated to reveal an open nickel site, which acted as the main site of adsorption for the inputted gases. NO was observed in a bent geometry at an occupancy of 40 % and a Ni – N bond length of 2.166(16) Å. The oxygen was modelled to be disordered over two sites. CO was not fully observed, as only the carbon was able to be modelled with an occupancy of 31.2 % and a Ni – C bond length of 2.27(3) Å.

Les aluminosilicates poreux cristallins tels que les zéolithes cationiques de type faujasite sont largement étudiés en raison de leurs propriétés d’adsorption, d’échange ionique et de catalyse, ce qui leurs valent d’être engagées dans de nombreuses applications industrielles, qui font intervenir de plus en plus de cations multivalents (détergents/ adoucissants, craquage catalytique, décontamination,...). Ces différentes applications industrielles ont en commun les propriétés d’adsorption, résultant d’une part de la taille de leurs pores du même ordre de grandeur que les espèces introduites, et d’autre part de leur composition chimique qui conduit à des charges de charpente, à l’origine de sites de forte interaction ou de répulsion localisés. Dans ces applications, les zéolithes sont hydratées. L’eau est associée aux processus mis en jeu et influence ainsi les autres propriétés du matériau. La modélisation moléculaire est un outil de choix pour prédire et comprendre les propriétés microscopiques du matériau hydraté, qui sont difficilement accessibles expérimentalement. Ce travail de modélisation porte plus précisément sur le comportement des cations multivalents dans les matériaux zéolithiques hydratés, en collaboration avec des expérimentateurs. Notre étude sur une zéolithe faujasite Y a permis tout d’abord de clarifier la migration des cations sodium au cours de la déshydratation, et de prédire la localisation cationique dans le matériau hydraté en présence d’ions bivalents. De plus, nous avons montré qu’il était possible de rationaliser conjointement la migration des cations et les déformations structurales dans la faujasite au cours de l’adsorption d’eau. À cet effet, nous avons développé une méthode d’analyse pour la localisation cationique. La bonne performance d’un champ de force polarisable démontrée au cours de ce travail ouvre la voie à l’étude de la dynamique globale du système, en permettant le suivi de la migration cationique simultanément à la déformation de la charpente. A plus long terme, cette approche pourra être étendue à d’autres ions multivalents d’intérêt (terres rares, éléments f, ...). / Porous crystalline aluminosilicates such as cationic zeolites, are widely studied because of their adsorption, ion exchange and catalytic properties, which explain their use in many industrial applications. Examples of the latter, which involve in particular multivalent cations, include detergents/softeners, catalytic cracking, or decontamination. Such industrial applications of zeolites all exploit their adsorption properties, which vary as a function of the pore size, comparable to the adsorbing molecules, or chemical composition, which results in charges within the framework, and in turn strong binding or repulsive sites. Importantly, in such applications zeolites are hydrated. Water is involved in the microscopic processes and thus influences all properties of the material. Molecular modeling is a weapon of choice to predict and understand the microscopic properties of the hydrated material, which are difficult to access experimentally. More precisely, the present modeling work deals with the behavior of multivalent cations in hydrated zeolites, in collaboration with experimentalists. Our study on zeolite Y faujasite first allowed us to clarify the migration of sodium cations upon dehydration and to predict the cation localisation in the hydrated material in the presence of divalent cations. Furthermore, we rationalized the coupled migration of cations and deformation of the framework upon water adsorption. To this end, we have developed a new method for the analysis of cation localization. The good performance of a polarizable force field demonstrated here paves the way for the study of the dynamics of the whole system, following in particular the simultaneous migration of cations and deformation of the framework. Such an approach could be later extended to other multivalent ions of industrial interest (rare Earths, f-block elements, ...).

Submitted by Alison Vanceto (alison-vanceto@hotmail.com) on 2017-02-09T10:54:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissHRAD.pdf: 15161052 bytes, checksum: e10c4924acc9cc8afc5ecbec12ee85aa (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-03-20T17:16:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissHRAD.pdf: 15161052 bytes, checksum: e10c4924acc9cc8afc5ecbec12ee85aa (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-03-20T17:16:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissHRAD.pdf: 15161052 bytes, checksum: e10c4924acc9cc8afc5ecbec12ee85aa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-20T17:24:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissHRAD.pdf: 15161052 bytes, checksum: e10c4924acc9cc8afc5ecbec12ee85aa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-13 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Nowadays, the Brazilian petroleum is extracted from very deep fields and possesses a high naphthenic hydrocarbons composition, which imposes new challenges to refineries and specially to the catalytic cracking process. In that process, the catalyst must act maximizing the production of the highly demanded gasoline, diesel and light olefins from heavy fractions. Taking into consideration the above discussed context, this work aimed to evaluate the effect of basic or acid treatments applied on ZSM-5 zeolites (Si/Al=12 or 23) in the activity to cyclohexane or methylcyclohexane transformation. XRD and 27Al-NMR showed that the dealuminated zeolites presented an increase in their crystallinity due to the extra-framework aluminum lixiviation. On the other hand, in the desilicated zeolites occurred a decrease in their crystallinity as a consequence of the extra-framework aluminum generation. MEV images do not evidence any morphological change that could have been produced by the acid or basic treatments, however, the desilicated ZSM-5 zeolites treated under harder conditions presented significant textural modifications. As expected, the chemical ICP analyses showed a decrease in the Si/Al ratio in the desilicated zeolites and an increase of that ratio for those dealuminated ones, being the last variation more significative in the external surface of the zeolite crystals, as was evidenced by XPS analyses. Data from NH3-TPD showed that the acid treatment resulted in a higher ratio of strong acid sites, which suffered more deactivation during reaction. N2 fisisorption analyses of the ZSM-5 zeolites, showed that the desilication done at higher temperature was more efficient to mesopore generation. In the cyclohexane and methylcyclohexane transformation, the dealuminated zeolites were less active due to their lower aluminum content, nevertheless were more stable and presented a small increase to light olefins selectivity. The desilicated ZSM-5 zeolites presented higher activity and higher yield to light olefins that were supported by their lower Si/Al ratio and mainly by the presence of mesoporosity that enhanced the reagents and products internal diffusivity. / A produção nacional de petróleo, extraído de jazidas cada vez mais profundas, possui um elevado teor de hidrocarbonetos naftênicos, o que impõe novos desafios às refinarias brasileiras e, em particular, ao processo de craqueamento catalítico. Nesse processo, o catalisador deve maximizar a transformação das frações pesadas em produtos de alta demanda como gasolina, diesel e olefinas leves. Nesse contexto, esta dissertação objetivou avaliar o efeito de tratamentos de lixiviação ácida ou básica em zeólitas ZSM-5 (Si/Al=12 ou 23), na atividade para a transformação de cicloexano ou metilcicloexano. Dados de DRX e 27Al-RMN mostraram que as zeólitas desaluminizadas apresentaram um aumento da sua cristalinidade devido à remoção de átomos de alumínio extra-rede, por outro lado, nas zeólitas dessilicalizadas ocorreu uma redução da cristalinidade devido à geração de alumínio extra rede. As micrografias de MEV não evidenciaram modificação morfológica devido aos tratamentos, entretanto nas amostras dessilicalizadas sob condições mais severas, houve significativa mudança das propriedades texturais. Como esperado, as análises químicas por ICP mostraram uma redução na razão Si/Al para as amostras dessilicalizadas e um aumento dessa razão para as zeólitas desaluminizadas, sendo essa variação mais significativa na superfície externa dos cristais, como mostraram resultados de XPS. As análises de DTP-NH3 mostraram que o tratamento ácido resultou numa maior proporção de sítios ácidos fortes, os quais sofreram maior desativação durante a reação. Dados de fisissorção de N2 das zeólitas mostraram que a dessilicalização em temperatura mais elevada foi mais eficiente na geração de mesoporos. Na transformação do cicloexano e do metilcicloexano, as zeólitas desaluminizadas apresentaram menor conversão como resultado da diminuição do teor de alumínio, entretanto tiveram maior estabilidade e apresentaram um ligeiro aumento na seletividade a olefinas leves. As amostras dessilicalizadas apresentaram maiores conversões e rendimentos a olefinas leves, que se justificaram em função da diminuição da razão Si/Al, mas principalmente, como resultado da presença de mesoporosidade, que melhorou a difusão interna de reagentes e produtos.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:41:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:07:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:51:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:08:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

De nos jours, l’industrie chimique est de plus en plus confrontée à la question de son impact environnemental. Dans le même temps, elle doit faire face à la diminution des ressources de matières premières importantes tels que les métaux de transition, tout en respectant des contraintes économiques. Ces travaux de thèse avaient pour but de tenter de répondre à ces exigences, par le développement de méthodologies de synthèse basées sur l’utilisation de catalyseurs hétérogènes recyclables. En combinant les propriétés catalytiques de certains ions métalliques avec les propriétés de catalyseurs solides tels que les polyoxométallates ou les zéolithes, nous avons pu mettre au point de nouveaux outils pour la synthèse organique. Les polyoxométallates dopés à l’argent ont démontré leur efficacité dans le réarrangement d’alcynyloxiranes en furanes. La synthèse de spiroacétals et d’acétals par dihydroalkoxylation d’alcyne diols a été effectuée pour la première fois en catalyse à l’argent, via l’utilisation de zéolithes. En perspective, nous avons mis en évidence les applications potentielles de ces procédés verts dans la synthèse totale de molécules plus complexes. Les premiers résultats suggèrent que de telles synthèses plus respectueuses de l’environnement ont tout intérêt à être davantage utilisées à l’avenir. / Nowadays, the modern chemical industry has to deal with increasing environmental concerns, including the disposal of waste and its economic impact, or the diminution of important worldwide resources such as transition metals. In this Ph.D. thesis, we aimed to bring improvement in this area by the development of green processes, based on the use of recyclable heterogeneous catalysts. By combining the catalytic properties of several metal cations with the properties of solid catalysts such as polyoxometalates or zeolites, we were able to set up new tools for organic synthesis. Silver-doped polyoxometalates proved to be very efficient catalysts in the rearrangement of alkynyloxiranes to furans. Acetals and spiroketals were synthetized by dihydroalkoxylation of alkynediols under catalysis with silver-zeolites. As a perspective, we highlighted the potential applications of such green procedures in the total synthesis of more complex molecules. The first results suggested that these environmental friendly processes should gain increasing interest in the future.

Résumé confidentiel / Résumé confidentiel

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:41:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:07:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / As cinzas leves e pesadas de carvão foram utilizadas na síntese das zeólitas (ZCL e ZCP) por tratamento hidrotérmico alcalino. As zeólitas modificadas de cinzas leves e pesadas (ZMSL e ZMSP) foram preparadas pela mistura de ZCL e ZCP com o surfactante brometo de hexadeciltrimetilamônio. Os adsorventes foram caracterizados por diferentes técnicas, tais como: métodos físico-químicos, fluorescência de raios-X, espectroscopia na região do infravermelho, difração de raios-X e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. O processo de adsorção dos corantes cristal violeta (CV) e do ácido laranja 8 (AL8) foi realizado em sistema de batelada com o objetivo de investigar o equilíbrio e a dinâmica dos materiais zeolíticos no tratamento de efluentes. Os modelos de cinética de pseudo-primeira-ordem e pseudo-segunda-ordem foram aplicados aos dados experimentais e a cinética de pseudo-segunda-ordem descreveu a adsorção dos corantes sobre os adsorventes. Estudos da difusão intrapartícula revelaram que as velocidades de adsorção não eram controladas somente pela etapa de difusão. O modelo de Freundlich ajustou-se melhor aos dados experimentais para todos os sistemas estudados, com exceção do sistema CV/ZCL, que seguiu o modelo de Langmuir. As capacidades máximas de adsorção das zeólitas modificadas foram maiores do que aquelas obtidas para as zeólitas não modificadas. Este melhor desempenho é devido ao ambiente hidrofóbico proporcionado pela adsorção do surfactante catiônico na superfície do adsorvente. Os parâmetros das isotermas de adsorção foram usados para prever o design do equipamento para a realização de processo de adsorção descontínuo de estágio simples. / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:51:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:08:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / A cinza da casca do arroz (CCA) é um resíduo rico em sílica amorfa. Um método simples e de baixo consumo energético para extração desta sílica foi pesquisado, obtendo-se um material com baixo teor de impurezas e alta reatividade, adequado para a síntese de zeólitas e wolastonita (CaSiO3). As zeólitas sintéticas, que não possuem estruturas similares na natureza, são cada vez mais valorizadas no mercado devido a pureza e eficiência em aplicações específicas nas áreas de troca iônica, peneira molecular e catálise. A wolastonita com elevado grau de pureza tem várias aplicações na indústria e agricultura. O mineral wolastonita pode ser formado de várias maneiras na natureza. Em geral é aceito que existem dois processos de formação; os quais envolvem o metamorfismo (calor e pressão) do calcário. Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvido um novo processo para a síntese das zeólitas e da wolastonita, ambas a partir da sílica coloidal da CCA; tendo como objetivo um processo de um menor custo energético, menor número de etapas e menor consumo de reagentes. Foram sintetizadas neste trabalho as zeólitas: A, usada em detergentes, e a ZSM-5, empregada na indústria petroquímica, devido a sua alta seletividade em reações catalíticas e grande estabilidade térmica e resistência aos ácidos. A primeira etapa na síntese da wolastonita foi estudada com o objetivo da formação do hidrossilicato de cálcio (CSH). Contudo, onze hidrossilicatos de cálcio diferentes ocorrem no sistema Ca(OH)2-SiO2-H2O que em uma segunda etapa passam por um tratamento térmico para dar formação a fase wolastonita. / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP