Le caractère zhi est traduit en français par différents mots : ambition, aspiration, résolution, volonté....Afin d'obtenir une meilleure compréhension du contenu de la notion de zhi nous l'avons étudiée dans des textes de natures variées (documents historiques, écrits et enseignements des sages, poèmes, romans...) depuis la première utilisation du caractère dans le Livre des Documents (env. mille ans av. J.C.) jusqu'aux dictionnaires de l'époque actuelle. Dans le Livre des Documents l'idée de zhi comprend celle d'une orientation du cœur (-esprit) humain vers un objectif à atteindre ; Les Entretiens de Confucius, le Mencius, le Xunzi affirment l'autonomie de l'être humain et de son cœur (-esprit) ; le Huainanzi (2ème siècle av. J.C.) a utilisé l'expression binaire yi zhi à la place de zhi ; le Glossaire du Maître de Beixi (entre les 12ème et 13ème siècle ap. J.C.) a donné les définitions pour yi et zhi ; il en résulte que zhi , équivalent de yi zhi , a le sens de : Orientation du cœur vers un objectif à atteindre, orientation adoptée après délibération. L'expression " Orientation du cœur vers un objectif " signifie que la personne se concentre sur l'objectif choisi et fait des efforts nécessaires pour l'atteindre. C'est à chacun de déterminer son objectif qui peut être divers: poursuivre la Voie, réussir une carrière politique, vivre une vie simple proche de la nature... Ainsi, à côté d'une gamme d'emplois assez large, la notion de zhi a une définition principale claire, elle forme avec ses corrélats une méthode pour conduire sa vie. L'expression yi zhi très usitée actuellement sert aussi à traduire la notion européenne de " volonté ".

手稿本, 複本據手稿本影印. / Thesis (M.A.)--香港中文大學, 1988. / 林娟芬. / Shou gao ben, fu ben ju shou gao ben ying yin. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 278-301). / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 1988. / 致謝 --- p.i / 論文摘要 --- p.iii / 目錄 --- p.viii / 表次 --- p.xiv / Chapter 第一章 --- 緒論 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一節 --- 研究意義及其重要性 --- p.8 / Chapter 第二節 --- 研究問題背景 --- p.15 / Chapter 第三節 --- 報告撰寫之計畫 --- p.30 / Chapter 第二章 --- 文獻探討(一)── 社會支援網路與生活適應的理論和概念 --- p.33 / Chapter 第一節 --- 社會支援網路的理論與概念 --- p.33 / Chapter 第二節 --- 生活適應的理論與概念 --- p.44 / Chapter 第三章 --- 文獻探討(二)──社會支援網路與老年人生活適應之有關研究報告 --- p.62 / 總結 --- p.84 / Chapter 第四章 --- 研究方法 --- p.89 / Chapter 第一節 --- 研究問題 --- p.89 / Chapter 第二節 --- 名詞之操作性定義與研究變項的測量 --- p.93 / Chapter 第三節 --- 研究設計 --- p.101 / Chapter 第四節 --- 研究母體、樣本與資料收集 --- p.103 / Chapter 第五節 --- 研究限制 --- p.112 / Chapter 第五章 --- 研究結果(一)── 研究對象的基本特性 --- p.118 / Chapter 第一節 --- 個人資料 --- p.119 / Chapter 第二節 --- 老年人入住敬老所之前的基本資料特徵 --- p.127 / Chapter 第三節 --- 老年人的健康狀況與行動能力 --- p.143 / 總結 --- p.148 / Chapter 第六章 --- 研究結果(二)──研究對象的社會支援網路 --- p.150 / Chapter 第一節 --- 仁愛之家老年人的正式社會支援網路情況 --- p.151 / Chapter 第二節 --- 仁愛之家老年人的非正式社會支援網路中的家人、親戚及所外朋友之情況 --- p.165 / Chapter 第三節 --- 老年人與非正式社會支援網路中的所內院友及知己朋友交往之情況 --- p.183 / Chapter 第四節 --- 老年人對社會支援網路的看法與感受 --- p.190 / 總結 --- p.204 / Chapter 第七章 --- 研究結果(三)── 研究對象的生活適應及其與社會支援網路之關係 --- p.207 / Chapter 第一節 --- 仁愛之家老年人的生活適應之情況 --- p.209 / Chapter 第二節 --- 老年人的基本特性與生活適應之關係 --- p.224 / Chapter 第三節 --- 社會支援網路與老年人生活適應之關係 --- p.230 / 總結 --- p.245 / Chapter 第八章 --- 摘要、討論與具體建議 --- p.248 / 參考書目 --- p.278 / Chapter 附錄表一 --- 老年人的健康狀況分佈表 --- p.302 / Chapter 附錄表二 --- 老年人的生活滿意指標LSI --- p.303 / Chapter 附錄表三 --- 老年人在生活環境的體驗與感受分佈表 --- p.306 / Chapter 附錄 --- 老年人之社會支援網路與生活適應之研究問卷 --- p.307

Pong, Seong Teresa. / Thesis submitted in: October 2006. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 170-173). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter Chapter1: --- Introduction --- p.1 / The Symbols --- p.1 / Thesis Objectives --- p.11 / Literature Review --- p.15 / Research Methods --- p.26 / Summary --- p.32 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- "The ""Modernization"" of Hong Kong Buddhism" --- p.40 / Modernized Buddhism closer to home --- p.41 / F6 Guang Shan --- p.42 / Dharma Drum Mountain [Fagu Shan Education Foundation] --- p.46 / ClJT Gongdehui --- p.49 / What are they teaching? --- p.50 / Independent Religiosity --- p.54 / The impact of TBO's in Hong Kong --- p.58 / """Cultural Buddhism"" of Chi Lin" --- p.62 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- The Rise of Chi Lin Nunnery --- p.67 / Chi Lin's History --- p.67 / The Tang Dynasty Reproduction --- p.73 / Chi Lin's attempt to replicate the past --- p.75 / Discussion on the architecture of the redeveloped Chi Lin Nunnery --- p.80 / The Other Hardware - The Hammer Hill Road Garden --- p.82 / The Significance of Chinese Temples' Surroundings --- p.85 / The Software - Services offered --- p.88 / The Designer and her Team --- p.92 / What do the outsiders think? --- p.100 / Summary --- p.101 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- The Proselytes --- p.104 / Why Buddhism? --- p.104 / Conversion to Buddhism --- p.108 / From Folk Religion to Buddhism --- p.110 / From Christianity to Buddhism --- p.117 / The Rites of Passages with divisions in beliefs --- p.125 / Summary --- p.129 / Chapter Chapter 5 - --- Conclusion --- p.136 / Proselytes: Who was the instigator? --- p.136 / The two major groups of proselytes --- p.137 / Social Leveling in Hong Kong --- p.140 / The Concept of Belief Intensity Cycles --- p.144 / The Role of Chi Lin Nunnery --- p.153 / Conclusion --- p.156 / Appendix 1 --- p.166 / Bibliography --- p.170

Among those who interpreted the poetry of Li Shang-Yin in the early Qing Dynasty, Zhu He-Ling was the one that took the lead. He interpreted the poetry of Li Shang-Yin on Qian Qian-Yi¡¦s instructions. It was a time of dynasty changes and literary inquisition, similar to the late Tang Dynasty. The poetry of Li Shang-Yin, poet of the late Tang, was ambiguous and obscure, which provided an opportunity for Zhu who was in the same situation as Li-Shang-Yin to display his commentary ability. Zhu adopted the method of ¡§zhi ren lun shi¡¨ to interpret Li¡¦s poems, which is a method of understanding a person by researching the historical background. After ¡§Explanatory Notes of the Poetry Collection of Li Yi-Shan¡¨ was published, it evoked resonance among readers. Therefore, it is now an important book for studying Li¡¦s poems. If the process of how Zhu finished the book could be understood and the essence and features of the book could be outlined and summarized, it would be beneficial for researching the poet Li Shang-Yin and his poems. This dissertation is composed of five chapters. The first chapter- introduction- contains the purpose and method of the study. The life and characteristics of Zhu and the gist of ¡§Explanatory Notes of the Poetry Collection of Li Yi-Shan¡¨ were also introduced. The second chapter-the historical background of Zhu He-ling¡¦s interpretation of Li Yi-Shan¡¦s poems-indicates that the author wrote and developed the concept of shishi (¸Ö¥v) and bixin (¤ñ¿³) under the influence of the political and social environment and the academic atmosphere at that time. This chapter also discusses the process of how Zhu finished the book and compares the differences in different versions in order to highlight the outcomes of Zhu¡¦s studies. In chapter three-the style and structure of ¡§Explanatory notes of the poetry collection of Li-Yi-Shan¡¨- the style and structure of the explanation, interpretation and quotation in the book were analyzed. By doing this, Zhu¡¦s devotion to interpreting Li¡¦s poems and to preserving predecessors¡¦ works could be easily seen. Chapter four-the contribution and defect of ¡§Explanatory notes of the poetry collection of Li-Yi-Shan¡¨-depicts the contribution and defect of the book for those who study Li Shang-Yin¡¦s poems. Chapter five-conclusion- summarizes the main ideas from chapter two to four in the hope that the whole picture of ¡§Explanatory notes of the poetry collection of Li-Yi-Shan¡¨ could be understood.

研究目的 我國農地政策向以農地農有、農地農用，培養自耕農為主導。現行的農地政策，為保 護農業的生產條件，對農地有著嚴格的對人及對地的雙重管制。唯隨經濟環境改變， 近來屢有議者提出「小農經營制度，已不適於經濟原則，應由農企業公司購買農地， 實施企業化的大農經營，以促使農業升級」，則是否農地應該開放自由買賣？企業化 的大農經營是否適合當前台灣農業生產結構？開放農地買賣對農村社會又會造成什麼 影響？是為本文研究的目的。 主要參考文獻 現階段台灣農地問題之探討一劉泰英。經濟自由化與農地保護一陳明健。企業法人承 受農問題之探討一蘇志超。 研究方法 １•搜集次級資料探討當前農業問題與農業生產環境，以研究當前的農業問題之癥結 ，是否以開放農企業購買農地能有助於農業問題的舒解。 ２•以問卷調的方式，探討農家與農企業法人購地或售地意願，並進一步探討開放農 地買賣可能造成的影響。 研究內容 １•對於農業整體面，嘗試以農場經營規模，農業勞力結構轉換，農業機械化推行， 農產運銷、農業技術改良、作物、價格政策、土地管制等項目來分析。 ２•農家與企業家意願則以問卷內容為研究內容。

《鼎峙春秋》是奉乾隆皇帝的命所創造的作品.本劇本,以元明以來流傳的三國演義故事為題材,僅在清代宮廷裡所演出的劇本。 清代極為崇拜關公,而關公到了《鼎峙春秋》呈顯出最完美的形象. 本論文將關公的一生分為七個時段來探討鼎峙春秋中的關公如何被描述, 其中發現本劇作家透過關公的一生突顯出忠義精神和善惡報應思想,以此教導民眾. 本論文雖然不足的地方很多,希望研究關公的學人有所幫助. / 《Ding Zhi Chun Qiu》 was made by the order of Qian Long the Emperor of the Ch'ing dynasty. It’s a play only performed at Court. And it’s about the story in the period of the Three Kingdoms which has been one of the people’s favorite subjects since Yuan-Ming Dynasty.The people of the Ch'ing dynasty were more devoted to worship Gwangong than any other times. Therefore, the Gwangong who is a main character of 《Ding Zhi Chun Qiu》 is described as the most perfect person whose image is handed down from generation after generation.This paper divided the life of GwanGong into 7 periods based on the important historical trace, and watched how GwanGong’s story was described in《Ding Zhi Chun Qiu》. I was able to find out that the writer had intention to enlighten the people by highlighting a loyalty spirit and right and wrong retribution thoughts through Gwangong in the process. Although this paper has some insufficient points, but I hope this paper would be helpful to those who study Gwangong.

何致遠. / "2002年8月" / 論文 (哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2002. / 附參考文獻. / 附中英文提要. / "2002 nian 8 yue" / He Zhiyuan. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2002. / Fu can kao wen xian. / Fu Zhong Ying wen ti yao. / 前言 --- p.01-05 / Chapter 第一章： --- 西南執行部的政治宣傳措施 --- p.06-36 / Chapter 第二章： --- 西南的抗曰言論一一環繞中國對日整體方針的討論 --- p.37-51 / Chapter 第三章： --- 西南的抗日言論´ؤ´ؤ從九一八事變至長城抗戰 --- p.52-80 / Chapter 第四章： --- 西南的抗日言論一一從塘沽善後談判至胡漢民逝世 --- p.81-100 / 總結 --- p.101-102 / 參考書目

本研究以台灣客家採茶戲的發展及其文本形成為題，針對客家採茶戲的「劇目形成」、「文本型態」、「劇本改編」進行文學向度的考察。 一、劇目的形成與發展 自從1910年代客家三腳採茶戲發展為改良採茶戲之後，演出場域歷經「內台」、「外台」、「電台」、「文化公演」、「電視台」等不同的表演場域。由於每個場域的性質使然，而有不同的劇目產生、類型的形成，以及表演風格等。 二、文本型態的考察 探討採茶戲常見的兩種文本類型「幕表戲」與「定本戲」，考察文本的特徵及結構、導演的說戲、演員的即興演出，以及民間戲班對於「幕表戲」與「定本戲」的運用。 三、特定作品的跨場域改編 選取黃天敏的內台戲《太平天國》，討論由「定本戲到幕表戲」的改編歷程。以及曾先枝三齣公演代表作《三娘教子》、《李阿三嫁母》、《緣訂三生》，討論「幕表戲到定本戲」的改編歷程。 / The study using the development of Hakka tea-picking drama and its text formation as the topic aims at the repertoire formation, text types, and opera revision as the aspects of literature to review. I. The formation and development of repertoire: The Hakka three-role tea-picking drama has developed as the improved tea-picking opera since the 1910s, the different performing field has experienced of indoor, outdoor, radio station, cultural performance, and TV station, and so on. Due to the impact on each field, there is different generation of repertoires, the formations of types, and performing style, etc.. II. The review of text types: It discusses of two frequently shown text types in the tea-picking opera: scenario drama and standard drama to review the characteristics and structures of text, the director’s explanation of the story, the player’s improvisation, and the folk theatrical troupe’s the applications of scenario drama and standard drama. III. The revision of drama in cross-field theatre There are selected of indoor Taiwan directors’ revised course, Tien-Ming Huang’s discussion of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom from standard drama to scenario drama and Xian-Zhi Zeng’ three represented publications, the discussions of Third Madame educates her son, A-San Li’s remarried mother, and Fate for three lifetimes from scenario drama to standard drama.

司馬遷的經濟思想是反對漢武帝中央集權下「與民爭利」的對撞產物。武帝為政時期，發動頻繁的漢匈戰役，致使國庫空虛，財政大臣桑弘羊便開設一系列增稅、鹽鐵官營、均輸平準與幣制改革等相關政策來因應。然這些措施，短時間內能增豐國庫，但長期執行時會減弱國家的競爭力，因此司馬遷提出「善者因之，其次利道之，其次教誨之，其次整齊之，最下者與之爭」的善因論，即自由經濟主張。 司馬遷認為追求利益是人之本性，也是亂源的開始，唯有讓人民的趨利性合理化，同時以禮義教化人民，才能營造一個富而好禮的社會，故富裕是穩定社會秩序的基礎。唯有讓經濟領導政治，才是長期保有國家競爭力的良策。至於該如何提倡自由經濟？司馬遷認為應從重視商業活動開始，讓商業探測市場需求，來帶動其他產業的產能。他對政治家范蠡與民間企業家白圭兩人相當推崇，佩服他們治國或是治家的本領。他認同白圭所說，治生有方的人需具備「智、勇、仁、彊」的人格特質，故將春秋戰國與西漢前期，一些具有這些特質的富商大賈，選入〈貨殖列傳〉，給予「素封」的封號，認為這群貨殖人物，不靠爵位、仕途，憑自己的巧智與努力，享有不輸君王般的富貴與尊榮。 司馬遷因遭遇李陵之禍，在「家貧，貨賂不足以自贖」的窘境下，被處以宮刑。他省思當朝的財經政策，諸多策略是應戰爭需求而籌措的經費，而他遭遇宮刑不就是因為漢匈對戰，才引發的連鎖效應嗎？這層層的思考，啟動他對政治、經濟議題的敏銳思維，他把這些歷史寫入〈平準書〉中，大談武帝在位期間的重要財政改革，又在《史記》之末書寫〈貨殖列傳〉，將治生有方的良賈事蹟，寫入史書，樹立貨殖人物的典範，以供後世參考，期許每人都能用財自衛不被侵犯。 司馬遷是中國史上第一個將民間企業的活動寫入史書的史學家，從他撰寫的角度可知他見證到國家在寬鬆制度下的市場活力，當國家對財經制度的掌控越低，越能產生一些優秀的貨殖家。 司馬遷身處西漢時代，他已嗅到戰國時期商業興盛的氣息，藉著早年遊走大江南北的旅遊經歷，對秦時已開發的水利工程，促進區域經濟的發展，感觸甚深。他體悟到都會地區的經營能帶動文化事業的發展，故好好經營城市，讓文明的輻射源，從城市往外拓展，便能提升人的精神層次。 綜觀司馬遷談經濟議題，其終極目標是想推行仁政，他感受到國家執行的每一財經措施，無不影響人民的生活品質，認為經濟是民生大事也是國家大事，施政者需體會到唯有民富才能國富。 / Sima Qian's economic thought was the product of the collision which the country competed with the people for the interest. It was also the product that opposed to Han Dynasty’s centralization. During his reign of Emperor Wu-ti, he launched frequent campaigns and resulted in the void of the state treasury. The Minister of the Finance, Sang Hong Yang, set up a series of polices related to tax increases, government-run salt, public procurement and stabilizing prices to cope with it. However, these measures could only increase the nation’s wealth in a short time, they would weaken the country's competitiveness in a long-term. So, Sima Qian put forward “The Economic theory of Shan Yin.” The best way to improve the economic was to follow the free market; the second was to guide the people; the third was to teach them; the forth was to restrict them with the law; and the fifth was to compete the profit with people. Sima Qian thought that the pursuit of interest was human’s nature, but it also was the source of society’s chaos in the beginning. Only when people made the profit to be rationalized, and people be taught with the manner and rituals did government make a rich, propriety society, and ethical society. Therefore, richness was the foundation for a stable society and country. The best policy for the country to maintain the long-term national competition was to let the economics lead the politics. As for how to promote the free economy? He thought that the government could attach importance to business activities to let commerce explore the market demand and boost the production capacity of other industries. He highly praised both two people (politicians, Fan Li and private entrepreneur, Bai Gui). He admired them for their abilities of statecraft and managing the household. He agreed what Bai Gui said, “The one who maintained livelihood in the right way needed to has wisdom, courage, benevolence, and perseverance personality.” By choosing some wealthy merchants who met with these genius as the paradigm in Spring and Autumn Period Warring States and early Western Han Dynasty, he booked them into the “Huo Zhi Biography” in Shihchi ; and gave them the title of Su-Feng ( powerful person without the title of nobility). According to Sima Qian’s opinion, they didn’t rely on the birth of nobility and official career. They depended on their own ingenuity and hard work to obtain the upper position of dignitary and wealth as kings. Sima Qian suffered implication by vindicating for Li Ling who had surrendered in the war ,and was punished to be castrated because he couldn’t afford to pay for the ransom. After that, He stated to make the reflection about the country’s finical policy and found out that a lot of tactics of fund-raising were merely for the war. His personal suffering (being castrated) was the best evidence to prove one of the Chain Reaction of results that caused by launching the campaign with its enemy-Hsiungnu in Western Han Dynasty . These clues helped him to light up his keen thought about politics and economic issues ,and record these history in the “Book of Stabilized Prize” in Shihchi. He discussed about the importance of fiscal reform during the reign of the Emperor Wu-ti in Western Han-Dynasty and put the“ Huo Zhi Biography” in Shihchi. He wrote down the stories of the Business men who held livelihood in the right way in the history ,and set up the pattern of “Huo Zhi Biography” for the reference of the latter generation. He hoped that each person could use the wealth as the self-defense weapon and not to be encroached by other people or countries. Sima Qian was the first Historian who had recorded the activities of the private enterprises of the ancient China on the book in the official history. From his point of view, we might learn that he had witnessed the market vitality under loose system. When a country takes the loose policies to the finance and economics system, some outstanding entrepreneurs will be developed. Though, Sima Qian was born in Western Han Dynasty, he had become aware of the messages of commercial prosperity in the Warring States period. By taking the trips around, he gained some travel experiences ,and had a great stirring of emotion about the Hydraulic engineering that had been constructed in former Qin Dynasty. For it could promote regional economic development. He figured out that if the government managed the Metropolitan areas well, it could prosper cultural establishment. Therefore, to operate the city well is the good way to let the source of the civilized radiation explore everywhere and upgrade the level of human’s spirit. To sum up, the goal of Sima Qian’s economics issues is trying to carry out the policy of benevolence and good administration. He thought that the implementation of financial measures would all affect people's quality of life. In addition, the economics was a great event for both people and the country. It not only influenced people’s livelihood but power of a nation. The governor needed to understand that only when people were rich, the country could be powerful.

The Sound of the Prairie Land (Caoyuan Zhige) for viola and piano by the Chinese composer Qingwu Guan (b. 1938) has become one of the most popular works in the growing Chinese repertoire for viola. It also exists in another version for viola and viola ensemble, arranged by the Chinese violist Wing Ho, who also expanded the viola part with the composer's approval. The pentatonic work was highly influenced by the landscape and music of Inner Mongolia, a province of China next to the Mongolian border, and incorporates the music of an ode by the Inner Mongolian composer Alatengaole (1942–2011) called Sincere Wishes for a Long Life to Chairman Mao. Guan remains a strong supporter of Mao, the first chairman of the Chinese Communist Party. The work makes use of some performance techniques of the Inner Mongolian two-stringed fiddle called morin khuur, which has a similar tone to the viola: three kinds of slides, grace notes, imitations of a horse's neigh, and the representation of horses galloping across the prairie. The background of the work, understanding of the musical structure, and information about morin khuur techniques presented in this dissertation should aid performers in interpreting the work more authentically.