The purpose of this study was to determine if the animal bite prevention and zoonotic disease program in Pet Awareness With Students (P.A.W.S.) is an effective educational program for younger elementary children. An educational program was delivered and student learning was determined through a pretest and post-test. This program utilized the Classroom Performance System (CPS) to collect responses from first grade students. Responses were collected and compared to the second grade participants who used paper methodology. It was determined that these age groups had little knowledge of animal bites and zoonotic disease. Gender was not related to either pretest or post-test scores. The effect of bite history or having pets at home was also examined. It was determined via test scores that first and second graders have the capacity to learn the information provided. Stakeholder evaluation was positive and provided further impetus for future studies.

Background: Infective endocarditis is a rare but severe condition associated with a high mortality rate in small animal patients. This condition is caused by a microbial (most often bacterial) infection of the valvular portion of the endocardium, from which proliferative and/or erosive lesions on the cardiac valves or immediately adjacent structures develop. The two most commonly affected cardiac valves are the aortic and mitral valves. Case presentation: We report the clinical case of a 4-year old male neutered Bull terrier, 27.6 kg, body condition score 4/9, that presented with a 3-months history of pyrexia and general weakness. The patient history also revealed a transient left hind limb lameness (grade 2/4), which coincided with the onset of clinical signs about 3 months before presentation. On physical examination, a left-sided systolic heart murmur (grade 3/6) with the same intensity at the left heart base and apex, and an irregularly irregular heart rhythm were noted. Electrocardiography showed ventricular premature complexes, and echocardiography revealed lesions consistent with endocarditis involving the aortic and mitral valve. Bacterial culture of blood yielded a positive result, and the organism isolated was identified as Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. The extended patient history revealed that the dog lived close to a farm housing pigs and other livestock. Conclusion: We report a rare case of the premortal diagnosis of infective bacterial endocarditis in a dog due to E. rhusiopathiae infection. Most reports about this condition are from necropsy series. This clinical case report emphasizes that E. rhusiopathiae infection and bacteremia should be considered as a differential diagnosis in dogs with suspected infective endocarditis, especially in dogs living in rural areas with access to livestock and particularly farm pigs. Also, particular emphasis should be placed on the zoonotic potential of this infectious disease.

No description available.

Diferentes enfermedades infecto-contagiosas, comunes en los animales silvestres, pueden afectar a los animales domésticos y al hombre. Por lo tanto, su estudio es de gran interés sanitario. Muchas de las patologías presentes en los animales silvestres resultan de su condición de hospedadores y/o reservorios de los organismos causantes de esas enfermedades. En Argentina existe un limitado conocimiento del rol que pueden jugar las especies silvestres en el mantenimiento y la diseminación de las enfermedades infecto-contagiosas. Debido a su abundancia en áreas de ganadería y su contacto frecuente con el hombre y los animales domésticos, es de gran interés estudiar al armadillo Chaetophractus villosus (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae) como posible reservorio y/o transmisor de esas enfermedades. Importa evaluar, entre otras, neosporosis, brucelosis, fiebre aftosa, tuberculosis, paratuberculosis, leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis, chagas, triquinelosis e hidatidosis. Estas enfermedades afectan tanto al hombre como a los rumiantes domésticos, impactando en forma significativa sobre la rentabilidad de las empresas ganaderas de cría. El objetivo general de este trabajo fue investigar la presencia y los niveles de exposición a las enfermedades infecto-contagiosas mencionadas anteriormente en Chaetophractus villosus, para determinar su importancia en la epidemiología de las mismas. El área de estudio incluyó la región central de la provincia de La Pampa Se estudiaron 150 ejemplares provenientes de 12 sitios ubicados en los departamentos Atreucó, Capital y Toay. Los resultados evidenciaron que el 56% de los individuos de Chaetophractus villosus estuvieron expuestos a Mycobacterium bovis, el 32% a Neospora caninum, el 12% a Echinococcus granulosus y el 16% a Brucella aislándose Brucella suis biovar 1. Por otra parte, se registró la presencia de anticuerpos contra Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis en el 53,3% de los ejemplares y contra Toxoplasma gondii en el 27,3%. Se detectó además la presencia de anticuerpos contra Leptospira en el 23,3% de los individuos muestreados, registrándose anticuerpos contra L. interrogans serovares Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola y Hardjo, y Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Castellonis. Asimismo, se registró la presencia de anticuerpos contra Trypanosoma cruzi en el 4% y larvas de Trichinella spiralis en el 25,3% de los individuos. Todos estos resultados son los primeros que se registran en la provincia de La Pampa para C. villosus. Más aún, en el caso de M. bovis, N. caninum, E. granulosus y Brucella suis biovar 1, los resultados aquí presentados representan el primer registro para Xenarthra. No se detectaron anticuerpos contra el virus de la Fiebre Aftosa. Se demostró experimentalmente que C. villosus se infecta con N. caninum y con B. suis biovar 1 aislándosela del útero, cuerno uterino, vulva uretral, cola del epidídimo, hígado, bazo, pulmón, ganglio mesentérico, ganglio axilar, riñón y de orina. La presencia de las zoonosis indicadas representa un riesgo para los vertebrados que predan sobre Chaetophractus villosus, para los animales domésticos con los cuales comparte el mismo hábitat, y para los seres humanos cuando lo manipulan o consumen. Asimismo, podrían afectar a sus poblaciones naturales. Los resultados de este trabajo proporcionan información de interés epidemiológico y para la elaboración de planes de manejo de la especie. / Different common infectious diseases in wild animals can affect domestic animals and humans, so their study is of great public health interest. Many of the diseases present in wildlife result from their status as hosts and/or reservoirs of organisms that cause these diseases. In particular, in Argentina there is little knowledge of the role they can play these wild species in maintaining and disseminating them. Due to its abundance in areas of livestock and frequent contact with humans and pets, it is of great interest to study the big hairy armadillo (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae) as a possible reservoir and / or transmitter of these diseases. Import assess, among others, neosporosis, brucellosis, foot-and-mouth (FMD) disease, tuberculosis, paratuberculosis, leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis, Chagas disease trichinosis and hydatidosis that impact significantly on the profitability of livestock breeding companies. The overall objective of this work was to investigate the presence and levels of exposure to the infectious diseases mentioned above in the big hairy armadillo, to determine its importance in their epidemiology. The study area included the central region of the province of La Pampa Hundred and fifty specimens from 12 sites in Atreuco, Capital and Toay departments were studied. The results showed that 56% of C. villosus are exposed to Mycobacterium bovis, 32% to Neospora caninum, 12% to Echinococcus granulosus and 16% to Brucella suis biovar 1. Moreover, antibodies to Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in 53.3% of the specimens and Toxoplasma gondii in 27.3% were also recorded. Presence of Leptospira was detected in 23.3% of individuals sampled, registering antibodies against L. interrogans Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola and Hardjo serovars and Leptospira borgpetersenii Castellonis serovar. In addition, antibodies against Trypanosoma cruzi in 4% and larvae of Trichinella spiralis in 25.3% of subjects were established. All these results are the first ones obtained in the province of La Pampa for C. villosus. Furthermore, in the case of M. bovis, N. caninum, E. granulosus and Brucella suis biovar 1, results here presented constitute the first record for Xenarthra. No antibodies against FMD virus were detected. It was experimentally demonstrated that C. villosus infected with N. caninum and B. suis biovar 1; they were isolated from the uterus, uterine horn, urethral vulva, cauda epididymis, liver, spleen, lung, mesenteric lymph node, axillary lymph node, kidney and urine. The presence of all those zoonoses represents a risk for vertebrates that prey on big hairy armadillo, for pets with which it shares the same habitat, and for humans when handled or consumed. They could also affect natural populations. The results of this study provide information of epidemiological interest and for the development of management plans for the species.

No description available.

Muitas espécies de mamíferos selvagens são criadas para produção de carne. No Brasil, a capivara (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris), a paca (Agouti paca), o cateto (Tayassu tajacu) e a queixada (Tayassu pecari) são criadas comercialmente para este fim, porém são escassas as informações sanitárias a respeito dessas espécies. Assim, o presente estudo teve por objetivo estudar a presença de infecção causada por leptospiras, micobactérias, brucelas e Erysipelothrix spp. em 138 animais dessas quatro espécies, provenientes de nove criadouros e abatidos em estabelecimento com Serviço de Inspeção Federal. Nenhum animal apresentou anticorpos séricos contra brucelas lisas. As capivaras apresentaram a maior freqüência de animais sorologicamente reagentes para leptospiras (54,5%), seguidas das queixadas (39%) e dos catetos (21,7%). O sorovar mais provável mais freqüente para as espécies estudadas foi o Grippotyphosa, seguido do Hardjobovis e do Tarassovi. Das capivaras foram isolados Leptospira santarosai a partir de rim e Mycobacterium xenopi a partir de linfonodo mesentérico. Das queixadas foi isolado Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae a partir de tonsila. Segundo os bancos de dados Scopus, Pubmed e Cab Abstracts (Ovid), trata-se dos primeiros relatos de isolamento de M. xenopi em capivara e de E. rhusiopathiae em queixada. / Many species of wild mammals are raised for meat production. In Brazil, the capybara (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris), paca (Agouti paca), collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu) and the white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) are commercially bred, however there is limited sanitary information related to these species. This study aimed to search for the presence of infection caused by Leptospira spp., Mycobacteria spp., Brucella spp. and Erysipelothrix spp. in 138 animals belonging to those species, coming from nine commercial breeders and slaughtered under the Federal Inspection Service. None of these animals presented antibodies against smooth brucellas. The capybaras showed the highest frequency of seropositive animals for leptospirosis (54.4%), followed by the white-lipped peccaries (39%) and the collared peccaries (21.7%). The most frequent serovar was Grippotyphosa, followed by Hardjobovis and Tarassovi. Leptospira santarosai was isolated from the kidneys and Mycobacterium xenopi from the mesenteric lymph nodes of the examined capybaras. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was isolated from the tonsils of one white-lipped peccary. According to the data banks Scopus, Pubmed e Cab Abstracts (Ovid), this is the first report of M. xenopi isolation from capybara and of E. rhusiopathiae from white-lipped peccary.

<p>Imajući u vidu opasnost od zoonotske i antropozoonotske transmisije<em> Capillaria aerophila&nbsp;</em>po&nbsp;zdravlje životinja i ljudi, u ovom radu je ispitivana prevalencija kapilarijaze kod lisica&nbsp;poreklom sa različitih lokaliteta područja Vojvodine. Istraživanjem je bilo obuhvaćeno 146&nbsp;le&scaron;eva lisica. Uzorci lisica su prikupljani od decembra meseca 2009. do decembra meseca&nbsp;2012. godine. Sagledavanjem rezultata patolo&scaron;ke sekcije traheja i bronhija pluća 146 lisica,&nbsp;dobijena je izuzetno visoka prevalencija kapilarijaze od 77%, na osnovu čega se može&nbsp;zaključiti, da je područje Vojvodine novo područje u svetu sa izuzetno visokom prevalencom&nbsp;<em>C.</em> <em>aerophila&nbsp;</em>kod crvene lisice. Primenom koprolo&scaron;kog metoda ispitivanja kapilarijaza je&nbsp;dokazana kod 55 (41%) od ukupno 133 ispitivane lisice. Najveći broj lisica pozitivnih na&nbsp;prisustvo <em>C.</em> <em>aerophila&nbsp;</em>je bio iz Južnobačkog (24,7%) i Sremskog okruga (21,2%), a najmanji&nbsp;iz Južnobanatskog okruga (1,4%). Lisice Vojvodine su visoko infestirane kapilaridama.&nbsp;Ukupno je izolovano 1249 jedinki respiratorne nematode <em>C.</em> <em>aerophila</em>. Srednji broj nađenih&nbsp;parazita u traheji je bio 11,0, sa varijacijama od 1 do 60 kod pojedinih lisica. Među&nbsp;kapilaridama dominirale su ženke (67%), visoko reproduktivno sposobne, u odnosu na&nbsp;mužjake (33%). Korelativnom analizom između sezonskih količina padavina u Vojvodini i&nbsp;srednjeg broja nađenih adulta <em>C. aerophila&nbsp;</em>u traheji i bronhijama lisica utvrđeno je postojanje&nbsp;srednje značajne povezanosti. Patohistolo&scaron;kom analizom sluzokože traheja i tkiva pluća kod&nbsp;14 lisica, nisu bile utvrđene značajne patolo&scaron;ke promene. Ni u jednom slučaju nije bilo&nbsp;utvrđeno prisustvo parazitskih elemenata u tkivu pluća, koji bi ukazali na postojanje&nbsp;verminozne pneumonije kod lisica.&nbsp;</p> / <p>Having in mind an animal or human health hazard from zoonotic and anthropozoonotic transmissions of <em>Capillaria aerophila</em>, this paper is investigating a prevalence of capillariasis in foxes from different sites in Vojvodina.<br />Research included 146 fox corpses. Samples were gathered from December 2009 to December 2012. The resulting extremely high prevalence kapilarijaze of 77%, based on the results of pathologicalsections of the trachea and bronchi of the lung in 146 foxes, on the grounds thatit can be concluded that the area of Vojvodina new area in the world with an extremely high prevalence of&nbsp; <em>C. aerophila&nbsp;</em>in red foxes. Coprology proved capillariasis in 55 (41%) out of&nbsp; 133 examined foxes. The majority of positive foxes were from the South Bačka District (24,7%) and Syrmia (21,2%), and the smallest number of positive ones were from South Banat District (1,4%). Foxes in Vojvodina were highly infested with capillary worms. A total of 1249 <em>C. aerophila&nbsp;</em>nematode has been found. Average number of found parasites in trachea was 11,0 with variations from 1 to 60 in somefoxes. Among capillary worms, females prevailed (67%), very reproductivly capable, compared to males (33%). Correlative analysis showed the existence medium significance level of correlation between seasonal precipitation in Vojvodina, and the mean number found nematode <em>C. aerophila</em> in the trachea and bronchi fox. Pathohistology of tracheal mucosa and lung tissue in 14 foxes did not determine significant pathological changes. In neither one of the cases was determined the presence ofparasite elements in lung tissue, which would point to the existance of fox verminous pneumonia.</p>

O presente trabalho aborda a questão de transmissão de zoonoses de forma muito mais ampla do que ela costuma ser tratada. Com o uso de análises quali-quantitativas, buscou-se entender o que as pessoas pensam e como elas se comportam, quanto à relação delas com o ambiente, com os animais de estimação e com os alimentos que elas ingerem, a partir de uma contextualização local, de acordo com suas condições sócio-econômicas e culturais. Vargem Grande é um bairro pobre e sem infra-estrutura adequada, não possui calçamento das ruas, o esgoto é a céu aberto, há presença de lixo nas vias públicas e nos terrenos baldios, e grande população de roedores. A população do bairro possui hábitos insalubres como, andar descalços pelas ruas, jogarem lixo e acumularem entulho em seus próprios quintais e fazerem suas hortas ao lado do esgoto. A técnica do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo possibilitou a construção de uma análise aprofundada, que permitiu identificar categorias, que revelam a percepção da população quanto a sua relação com os animais, os alimentos de origem animal e o ambiente em que vivem. A partir do perfil do bairro e dos moradores, bem como das categorias, que revelam suas representações sociais, foi possível fornecer bases para futuras medidas de controle e prevenção de zoonoses e para um Programa de Educação em Saúde. Concluiu-se que só ocorrerá melhoria da qualidade de vida da população de estudo, se esse for um objetivo comum entre os órgãos públicos e empresas de distribuição de água e esgoto, os próprios habitantes do bairro, e os profissionais de saúde, incluindo veterinários. / The present work aimed to illustrate the transmission of zoonosis in a more complete way than it is usually treated. Using quali-quantitative analysis to understand what people think and how they behave, how they relate with the environment, with companion animals and the food that they eat, a local context was defined according to their social economic and cultural conditions. Vargem Grande is a poor neighborhood without adequate infrastructure, paved streets, sewer system, there is trash on public ways and in vacant lots and large populations of rodents. The population of the district has unhealthy habits such as walking barefoot, throw garbage and debris in their own backyards and make their gardens next to the sewer. The technique Collective Subject Speech enabled the construction of a detailed analysis, identified categories that show the peoples perception about their relation with animals, food and the environment in which they live. From the neighborhood and residents profile, such as the categories that show their social representations, we provided groundwork for future measures for prevention and control of zoonosis and a program of education in health. We concluded that an improvement on life quality will only occur if a common goal between government, companies of water supply and sewage, the population and health professionals, including veterinarians.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:15:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007 - Arisa Mandarino Pereira.pdf: 822408 bytes, checksum: 5607ce9cfb143ed2b5233a56791a74cb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-23 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of zoonotics parasites of dogs and cats in soil of public squares at Serop?dica City in state of the Rio de Janeiro according to diagnostic tests. All 25 registered squares of this city participated in this study being visited at least once. Considering the soil area as rectangular, five soil samples were collected, with about 250g each one. All fresh fecal samples of dogs and cats found during the visits were collected. In total were 125 soil samples submitted to Dunsmore et al. s technique (1984) and Adaptation of Rugai s methods (CARVALHO et al., 2005) and 81 fecal samples were analyzed according to Willis', Hoffman s and centrifuge- flotation techniques. The soil and feces samples were processed and analyzed at the laboratory of Cocc?dios e Coccidioses PSA (EMBRAPA/UFRRJ). The ?2 test with 5% of significance was made in Epinfo program 2002 to evaluate the association between parasites prevalence and diagnostic tests used. Eggs of Ancylostomatids, Toxocarids, Trichuris spp., Ascaris spp. and larvae of Ancylostomatids and Strongyloides spp. were detected in soil of seven (28.00%) squares. The Adaptation of the of Rugai s method (CARVALHO et al., 2005), to the soil s analysis, is more efficient than the Dunsmore et al. s technique (1984) because is cheaper and easier to executed besides detecting eggs of Ancylostomatids (4.80%), Ascaris spp. (1.60%), Trichuris spp. (2.40%), larvae of Ancylostomatids (8.80%) and Strongyloides spp. (1.60%) and free living nematodes (36.80%), forms that were not detected by the Dunsmore et al. s technique (1984). The prevalence of Toxocarids eggs was similar (p= 0.213) in both techniques. In 92.50% of the 81 fecal samples collected was observed at least a parasite type in one of the technique use. The most prevalent parasite in animals` feces was Ancylostomatids (80.25%) following for Toxocarids (11.11%), cestoids (8.64%), Cryptosporidium spp. (7.41%) and Trichuris spp. (6.17%). In 34.57% fecal were observed multiple infections by two or three different types of parasites. The low prevalence of Ancylostomatids eggs in soil samples contrast with the high prevalence observed in feces, suggesting that the environment conditions are not favourable to the development and survival of its infectants forms, although it can be present in fewer amount than those capable by the techniques used. The low prevalence of Toxocarids in feces in comparison of Ancylostomatids, indicated that animals, which have access to those places, are adults and not litter, which are the main responsible to spread Toxocarids eggs in the environment. Although have been identified in feces, any cyst or protozoan oocyst was diagnosed in soil sample indicating the necessity of diagnostic techniques efficient enough to detect such parasites in soil. / Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de investigar a preval?ncia de parasitos zoon?ticos de c?es e gatos em solo de pra?as p?blicas do Munic?pio de Serop?dica segundo t?cnicas de diagn?stico. Todas as 25 pra?as registradas no munic?pio foram inclu?das no estudo sendo visitadas uma ?nica vez. Considerando a ?rea de solo como retangular, foram coletadas cinco amostras de solo com cerca de 250g cada uma. Todas as amostras fecais frescas de c?es e gatos encontradas no momento da visita foram coletadas. Ao total foram 125 amostras de solo submetidas ?s t?cnicas de Dunsmore et al. (1984) e a de Adapta??o do m?todo de Rugai (CARVALHO, et al., 2005) e 81 amostras fecais analisadas segundo as t?cnicas de Willis, Hoffman e centrifugo- flutua??o. As amostras de solo e fezes foram processadas e analisadas no laborat?rio de Cocc?dios e Coccidioses do Projeto sanidade Animal (EMBRAPA/UFRRJ). O teste do ?2 com 5% de signific?ncia foi realizado com aux?lio do programa Epinfo 2002 para avaliar a associa??o entre as preval?ncias de parasitos e as t?cnicas de diagn?stico empregadas. Ovos de Ancylostomat?deos, Toxocar?deos, Trichuris spp., Ascaris spp. e larvas de Ancylostomat?deos e Strongyloides spp. foram diagnosticados no solo de sete (28,00%) pra?as. A t?cnica de Adapta??o do m?todo de Rugai (CARVALHO et al., 2005), para an?lise do solo, foi mais eficiente que a t?cnica de Dunsmore et al. (1984) visto que ? mais barata e de f?cil execu??o al?m de detectar ovos de Ancylostomat?deos (4,80%), Ascaris spp.(1,60%), Trichuris spp. (2,40%), larvas de Ancylostomat?deos (8,80%) e de Strongyloides spp. (1,60%) e nemat?ides de vida livre (36,80%) formas que n?o foram detectadas pela t?cnica de Dunsmore et al. (1984). A preval?ncia de ovos de Toxocar?deos foi similar (p= 0,213) nas duas t?cnicas. Em 92,50% das 81 amostras fecais foi observado pelo menos um tipo de parasito em uma das t?cnicas. Os Ancylostom?deos foram os mais prevalecentes (80,25%) nas fezes dos animais, seguidos por Toxocar?deos (11,11%) cest?ides (8,64%), Cryptosporidium spp. (7,41%) e Trichuris spp. (6,17%). Em 34,57% das amostras fecais foram observadas infec??es m?ltiplas por dois e tr?s g?neros de parasitos. A baixa preval?ncia de ovos de Ancylostomat?deos nas amostras de solo das pra?as contrasta com a alta preval?ncia observada nas fezes, sugerindo que as condi??es ambientais do local s?o inadequadas ao desenvolvimento e sobreviv?ncia de suas formas infectantes, embora possam estar presentes em quantidades inferiores ?quelas capazes de serem detectadas pelas t?cnicas utilizadas. J?, a baixa preval?ncia de Toxocar?deos nas fezes quando comparada ? preval?ncia de Ancylostomat?deos indica que os animais que t?m acesso a essas pra?as s?o adultos e n?o filhotes, principais disseminadores de ovos de Toxocar?deos. Embora identificados nas fezes, nenhum cisto ou oocisto de protozo?rio foi diagnosticado nas amostras de solo, indicando a necessidade do desenvolvimento de t?cnicas diagn?stico eficazes na detec??o desses.

Enteric caliciviruses were detected in humans and animals incoming into food chain such as porcine and bovine species. Caliciviruses have a single stranded, positive, polyadenylated RNA genome. They share properties of high environmental stability, high excretion load and high genetic variation linked to point mutations and recombination. These properties have allowed the formulation of hypothesis about zoonotic transmission or animal reservoir for human strains. The aim of the thesis, composed of four studies, was to investigate the zoonotic risk associated to animal enteric caliciviruses. In a first study, circulation of both sapoviruses and noroviruses was evidenced by molecular detection in Belgian pig farms. They were detected in both asymptomatic animals or in piglets showing clinical signs of enteritis. In a second study, bovine noroviruses were molecularly detected in Belgian cattle. Strains phylogenetically related to those of the genotype 2 were predominant. In the same study, seroprevalence against bovine norovirus infection in cattle was investigated by indirect ELISA. Antigens included in the ELISA were virus-like particules obtained in the baculovirus system by expressing the capsid protein of a strain isolated by the laboratory during a previous study. Apparent seroprevalence was high (93.2%), confirming previous results about apparent molecular prevalence in diarrheic calves (7.5%). In a third study about molecular detection of bovine noroviruses, diagnostic strategy was revised in order to improve the detection of genotype 1 strains and to deal with opportunity of recombination events. Bovine norovirus recombinant strains and also, surprisingly, some sequences genetically related to bovine kobuviruses were detected. In a fourth study, attachment factors and internalization pathways for genotype 2 bovine noroviruses were studied with an original quantitative method based on flow cytometry analysis. Along with a galactosyl residue that seems to be essential, a sialic acid residue was also showed to be implied in the binding of genotype 2 bovine noroviruses or in a posterior step. Internalisation pathways related to lipid rafts and to macropinocytosis were found. Together the results have contributed to the analysis of the zoonotic risk associated to enteric animal caliciviruses in the Belgian epidemiological situation. According to these results, the zoonotic risk seems to be low as no sequences genetically related to the human ones were detected. However, some results suggest to maintain a certain degree of vigilance. Indeed, molecular detection showed the co circulation of both bovine and porcine noroviruses in Belgian farms, implicating that hazard exposition exists and could be high in the Belgian epidemiological situation. Morevover, circulation of recombinant strains in the overall population of the bovine norovirus strains implies that this phenomenon was included in the risk assessment. Infection pressures and high prevalences for human and animal strains in a closed epidemiological context as the Belgian one could increase the risk of interspecific recombination. Finally, the sialic acid residue, possibly involved in the binding of genotype 2 bovine noroviruses, and a poorly specific internalisation pathway as macropinocytosis could also favor interspecies barrier crossing. In the current knowledge, zoonotic risk associated to animal enteric caliciviruses can be communicated as low but a degree of vigilance has to be retained, associated for example to observation of genetic evolution in the populations of human and animal strains.