Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-10-13T12:47:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Joao Carlos Gomes Borges.pdf: 2198512 bytes, checksum: de1f2ccf01e9496dcc35acd9a6874feb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-13T12:47:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joao Carlos Gomes Borges.pdf: 2198512 bytes, checksum: de1f2ccf01e9496dcc35acd9a6874feb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-12 / The aim of the present study was to verify the occurrence of oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. in Antillean manatees (Trichechus manatus) and Amazonian manatees (Trichechus inunguis) from Brazil, and also evaluate the hydric transmission of the coccidium and the influence between this pathogen and the staff involved directly in captive animal care and management. Fecal samples were collected from 34 Antillean manatees, 12 Amazonian manatees and also 21 employees involved in the management activities. Water samples, used to the manatees consumption and management were also collected. The fecal samples were processed by sedimentation in formol-ether and Kinyoun technique. Before the water samples were processed, this was submitted to a filtration process in membrane (diameter of 47 mm, porosity of 3 μm) under negative pressure. At the end of the analyzing operations, the positive samples were submitted to the Direct Immunoflorescence Test. The results obtained by light and fluorescence microscopy analysis showed alcohol-acid-resistant structures compatible with oocyst of Cryptosporidium spp. in 25% (34/136) and 4,30% (05/115) of thematerial proceeding from Antillean manatees and Amazonian manatees, respectively; 23,80% (10/42) of the material obtained from the employees; and 66,67% (04/06) of the water samples analyzed. The results showed the possibility of Antillean manatees and Amazonian manatees could become infected with Cryptosporidium spp., and participate in the epidemiology of this waterborne disease by eliminate of viable oocyst in water environment wich can infect man and a wide range of domestic and wild animals. The hand of the frequency of Cryptosporidium spp. in staff involved directly in captive animal care and management could be the way to prevent the infections the manatee’s species. / O objetivo neste trabalho foi verificar a ocorrência de oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. em peixes-boi marinhos (Trichechus manatus) e peixes-boi amazônicos (Trichechus inunguis) no Brasil, além de avaliar a transmissão hídrica deste coccídio e a sua influência com os funcionários diretamente envolvidos no manejo dos animais mantidos em cativeiro. Para tanto foram coletadas amostras fecais provenientes de 34 peixes-boi marinhos, 12 peixes-boi amazônicos e 21 funcionários envolvidos em atividades de manejo, bem como amostras de água superficial destinada a manutenção e consumo dos animais. As amostras fecais foram processadas através da sedimentação pelo formoléter e coradas pela técnica de Kinyoun. No que concerne as amostras de água, estas foram submetidas ao processo de filtração em membranas (47 mm de diâmetro e 3 μm de porosidade) sob pressão negativa. No final das análises, as amostras positivas foram submetidas ao Teste de Imunofluorescência Direta. Os resultados obtidos namicroscopia de luz e fluorescência revelaram oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. em 25% (34/136) e 4,30% (05/115), sendo inerentes respectivamente aos peixes-boi marinhos e amazônicos, 23,80% (10/42) do material proveniente dos funcionários e 66,67% (04/06) das análises de água. Os resultados finais apontam a possibilidade dos peixes-boi marinhos e peixes-boi amazônicos infectarem-se com Cryptosporidium spp., e participar da epidemiologia das doenças veiculadas pela água, através da eliminação de oocistos viáveis ao ambiente que podem infectar o homem e um grande número de animais domésticos e silvestres. O controle da freqüência de infecções de Cryptosporidium spp. nos funcionários diretamente envolvidos no manejo e cuidados dos animais mantidos em cativeiro pode ser um dos caminhos para prevenir a infecção nas espécies de peixes-boi.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-10-20T16:38:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Natalia Matos Souza.pdf: 205714 bytes, checksum: 59b167a505e1216282eec9736dde0f7d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-20T16:38:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Natalia Matos Souza.pdf: 205714 bytes, checksum: 59b167a505e1216282eec9736dde0f7d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-20 / This study was aimed to research Leptospira spp agglutinins in horses in the region of the forest area and Fernando de Noronha island in the state of Pernambuco; identifying highest areas of leptospirosis incidence; identifying the serovars that occur more frequently in the studied areas; relating clinical signs with the agglutinins presence in blood serum of equines; observing the reproductive disorders connection with the agglutinins presence in the equines blood serum; relating the presence of rodents and seropositive animals; observing the occurrence of anti leptospiras antibodies at different age groups. It was collected blood from 328 equines of both genders, aging beyound 6 months. After material centrifugation the serum was analyzed by LANAGRO/PE through the microscopic agglutination test. Of the 328 collected samples were found 84 reagents animals in the microscopic agglutination test for leptospirosis. Among which 12 (1.5%) foals, 20 (25.64%) young, 42 (31.11%) adults and 10 (28.57%) senile. Of the 84 reagents animals 69.04% (58) are female and 30.95% (26) are male; 3.75% (3) are Campolina, 2,3% (2) are mestizos, 37,71% (30) are of the breed Quarter horse and 58,33% (49) are Mangalarga Marchador. Among the studied counties Aldeia stood out to present the highest percentage of reagent animals with 32,31% (65) subsequently Pombos with 28,2% (22), Palmares with 23,81% (5), Bonanza with 22,36% (17), Paudalho with 22% (11) and finally Escada with 14,3%(4). The only studied county that did not present any reagent animal was Itambé. Among the 27 researched serovars by the microscopic seroagglutination test for Leptospirosis diagnostic, 10 were found in reagent animals, which, in order of occurrence Icterohaemorrhagiae (58), Shermani (26), Panama (15), Copenhageni (10), Batavie (3), Hardjo (2), Australis (1), Pyrogenes (1), Cynopteri (1) e Canicola (1). In this study 3 of 16 analyzed samples, 10 were considered reagent and 6 were considered non-reagent. 62,5% of samples were positives to the serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae, 37,7% were considered positive to serovar Copenhageni. Realizing this study it’s possible to conclude that leptospirosis in equines occurs in endemic way at the studied area, considering that of 328 analyzed samples 84 (25,62%) were positives to the test. The presence of rodents was very important to the appearance of condition as proved how it was related in all visited property. From this study it was possiblited trace an epidemiologic profile of the leptospirosis in equines belonging to Zona da Mata and Fernando de Noronha island of the state of Pernambuco. Knowing the risk factors involving this condition and which may be useful to treat and prevent, however it’s still needed a extensive study to determinate the reason of the occurrence of certain serovars in some studied regions. / Objetivou-se com esse trabalho realizar uma pesquisa de aglutininas anti Leptospira spp em equinos na região da zona da mata e ilha de Fernando de Noronha no Estado de Pernambuco; identificar áreas de maior ocorrência da leptospirose; identificar os sorovares que ocorrem com maior frequência nas áreas estudadas; relacionar os sinais clínicos com a presença de aglutininas no soro sanguíneo dos equinos; relacionar a presença de roedores com a presença de animais soropositivos; observar a ocorrência de anticorpos anti leptospiras nas diferentes faixas etárias. Coletou-se sangue de 328 equinos de ambos os sexos, com idade a partir dos seis meses. Após centrifugação do sangue o soro foi analisado pelo teste de soro aglutinação microscópica, com ponto de corte na diluição de 1:100. Das 328 amostras examinadas constatou-se que 84 (25,6%) animais foram reagentes para aglutinação anti-Leptospira spp. Dentre os quais 12 (1,5%) potros, 20 (25,64%) jovens, 42 (31,11%) adultos e 10 (28,57%) senis. Dos 84 animais reagentes 69,04% (58) são fêmeas e 30,95% (26) são machos; 3,57% (3) são da raça Campolina, 2,3% (2) são mestiços, 35,71% (30) são da raça Quarto de Milha e 58,33% (49) são da Raça Mangalarga Marchador. Dentre as regiões estudadas Aldeia se destacou por apresentar o maior percentual de animais reagentes, com 32,31% (65), em seguida Pombos com 28,2% (22), Palmares com 23,81% (5), Bonanza 22,36% (17), Paudalho 22% (11) e por fim, Escada com 14,3% (4). Dentre os 27 sorovares pesquisados 10 foram mais prevalentes, em ordem de maior ocorrência, Icterohaemorrhagiae (58), Shermani (26), Panama (15), Copenhageni (10), Batavie (3), Hardjo (2), Australis (1), Pyrogenes (1), Cynopteri (1) e Canicola (1). Na ilha de Fernando de Noronha das 16 amostras analisadas 10 foram consideradas reagentes e 6 foram consideradas não reagentes. Considerando os sorovares mais prevalentes 62,5% das amostras foram positivas para o sorovar Icterohaemorrhagiae, 37,5% foram positivas para o sorovar Copenhageni. Com a realização desse estudo foi possível concluir que a leptospirose na espécie equina ocorre de forma endêmica nas áreas estudadas. Acredita-se que a presença de roedores foi importante no aparecimento da afecção haja vista que foi relatada sua presença em todas as propriedades visitadas, todavia necessita-se de maiores estudos para verificar a participação destes animais na transmissão da leptospirose aos equinos. A partir desse trabalho pode-se traçar um perfil soro epidemiológico da leptospirose em equinos na Zona da Mata e na ilha de Fernando de Noronha no Estado de Pernambuco, que pode ser útil para realização de tratamento e da prevenção desta enfermidade, todavia, ainda é preciso estudos mais aprofundados para determinarmos o porque da ocorrência de determinados sorovares em algumas regiões estudadas.

Avaliou-se o impacto da fragmentação florestal na diversidade de carrapatos de vida-livre e a presença de patógenos nestes carrapatos em remanescentes florestais do Pontal do Paranapanema, estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Estes fragmentos florestais abrigam uma rica e importante biodiversidade, com espécies endêmicas e ameaçadas como o mico-leão-preto (Leontopithecus chrysopygus), a anta (Tapirus terrestris), a onça pintada (Panthera onca), o macuco (Tinamus solitarius) e várias outras espécies de aves, mamíferos, répteis, anfíbios e peixes. Aproximadamente 90% das espécies de carrapatos parasitam exclusivamente hospedeiros selvagens. O restante pode ter animais domésticos e humanos como hospedeiros. Embora a maioria das pesquisas tenha sido dirigida a espécies de importância econômica, os carrapatos que parasitam animais selvagens possuem relevante papel na manutenção dos níveis de patógenos em populações de vida livre. Algumas destas espécies, por exemplo, demonstraram que podem parasitar hospedeiros não selvagens e promover o surgimento de zoonoses. Em habitats fragmentados, a diversidade de espécies vertebradas é menor se comparado a habitats com pouca alteração antrópica. Portanto, a fragmentação do habitat diminui a diversidade de espécies de carrapatos também. Para estudar a relação entre a fragmentação florestal e a ecologia das populações de carrapatos foram coletados carrapatos em 8 fragmentos florestais pelo método de arrasto de flanela e inspeção visual da vegetação. Os índices de comparação utilizados foram de similaridade de Jaccard, de diversidade de Shannon e complexidade do fragmento florestal de Patton. Utilizou-se o modelo de regressão linear para compara os índices de Shannon e Patton. Um total de 2149 ninfas de Amblyomma spp foi coletado e foram identificadas as espécies de 629 carrapatos. As espécies coletadas foram Amblyomma cajennense (94,28%), A. coelebs (1,59%), A. naponense (2,86%), A. ovale (0,64%), A. nodosum (0,32%), A. brasiliense (0,16%) e Haemaphysalis juxtakochi (0,16%). Nenhum indivíduo testado foi positivo pelo teste da hemolinfa. Os resultados mostraram uma tendência de correlação entre a fragmentação floresta, e a diversidade de espécies de carrapatos. / This study evaluated the impact of forest fragmentation on diversity of freeliving ticks and prevalence of tick pathogens in remaining forest fragments in the Pontal do Paranapanema, São Paulo state, Brazil. These forest fragments shelter rich and important biodiversity, with endemic and threatened species such as the black lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysopygus), the tapir (Tapirus terrestris), jaguar (Panthera onca), the solitary tinamou (Tinamus solitarius) and various other species of birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians and fish. Approximately 90% of tick species parasitize exclusively wild hosts. The remainder can also have domestic animals and humans as hosts. Although most research has been directed to species of economic importance, ticks that parasitize wild animals are also relevant due to their role in maintaining enzootic pathogen levels in wild populations. Some of these species, for example, have been shown to cross-over onto non-wild hosts and promote emergent zoonoses. In fragmented habitats, the diversity of vertebrate species is normally lower than comparable habitats with minimal anthropic alteration. Thus, habitat fragmentation decreases the diversity of tick species too. To study the relationship between forest fragmentation and population ecology of ticks, ticks were collected in 8 forest fragments using dragging and visual inspection of vegetation. The index used were Jaccard´s similarity, diversity f Shannon and Patton. The linear regression model was used to compare Shannon and Patton indexes. A total of 2149 nymphs of Amblyomma spp. And 629 identified ticks was collected. The species of ticks collected was Amblyomma cajennense (94,28%), A. coelebs (1,59%), A. naponense (2,86%), A. ovale (0,64%), A. nodosum (0,32%), A. brasiliense (0,16%) e Haemaphysalis juxtakochi (0,16%). All ticks were negative by hemolimph test. The results showed a tendency of correlation between forest fragmentation and diversity of tick species.

Introdução: A OMS recomendou às Américas, em 2004, implementar e aperfeiçoar sistemas específicos de vigilância epidemiológica das rickettsioses, caracterizando as áreas de transmissão dos diferentes agravos, investindo em vigilância epidemiológica e ambiental ativas. Estas são zoonoses relacionadas aos fatores fundamentais da expansão urbana, bem como ao aumento populacional de vetores e hospedeiros em contato com a população humana. Nas regiões do Vale do Paraíba paulista não há situação de endemia reconhecida, porém esta apresenta semelhanças ambientais e socioeconômicas com outras regiões ditas endêmicas, do Estado de São Paulo, não rara é a ocorrência de carrapatos das espécies descritas como vetores de doenças e ocorre importante intercâmbio de pessoas com objetivos de trabalho e lazer ao longo desta região, inclusive com freqüente fluxo internacional. Método: Avaliação do potencial de risco de transmissão de zoonoses por carrapatos em áreas selecionadas. Através de informações ambientais, prevalência de carrapatos transmissores de zoonoses e acessibilidade da população humana a áreas infestadas, criou-se uma escala para caracterização do risco. Resultados: Em 252 áreas das 6 microrregiões do Vale do Paraíba Paulista, no período de mai./2008 a mar./ 2009, foram encontrados 7.800 carrapatos adultos, além de ninfas e larvas, muitas das quais em criações familiares de coelhos e galinheiros. A classificação final apontou 42,5% das áreas inspecionadas em situação de risco iminente de transmissão de zoonoses por carrapatos. Outros 33% correspondeu ao risco limitado ou moderado. Nos restantes 24% da área estudada a classificação foi risco potencial para transmissão rickettsioses. Recomendações: Às áreas sob risco iminente, de situação de risco de transmissão de zoonoses por carrapatos, recomenda-se que os serviços de saúde locais mantenham uma vigilância acarológica programada e orientações à população. Às áreas sob risco limitado ou moderado, recomenda-se a manutenção de rotina de vigilância acarológica e inclusão da vigilância ambiental, com envolvimento da população. Às áreas sob risco potencial para transmissão de zoonoses, recomenda-se imediata elaboração de estratégias controle para as espécies encontradas, envolvendo os setores de saúde e a população. O aprimoramento da articulação com os serviços regionais e profissionais veterinários é de fundamental importância. Além disso, a estruturação dos serviços de saúde da região, adequação da área física, recursos humanos e materiais, são indispensáveis. / Introduction: OMS recommended America, in the year of 2004, implement and to improve specific systems of epidemic surveillance of the rickettsiasis, characterizing the areas of transmission of the different offences and investing in active epidemic and environmental surveillance. Those zoonosis are related to the fundamental factors of the urban expansion, as well as to the population increase of vectors and hosts in contact with the human population. In the areas called Vale do Paraíba from State of São Paulo there is no situation of recognized endemy, however this presents environmental and socioeconomic similarities with other recognized endemic areas of the State of São Paulo, no rare it is the occurrence of ticks described as vectors of diseases and it happens important exchange of people with work and leisure purposes there, besides with frequent international flow. Method: Evaluation of potential risk of zoonosis transmission by ticks in selected categorized areas. Through environmental information, the prevalence of vector ticks and accessibility of the human population to infested areas, a scale for characterization of the risk was build. Results: In 252 areas of the 6 districts of the Vale do Paraíba, in the Estado de São Paulo, on period between may/2008 and march/ 2009, they were found 7.800 adult ticks, also nymphs and larvas, many of which in family nurturing of rabbits and hen houses. The final classification pointed 42,5% of the inspected areas corresponding to the situation of imminent risk of transmission of zoonosis by ticks. Other 33% correspond to limited risk in the scale. In the remaining 24% of the studied area the classification went potential risk for transmission of tick related rickettsiasis. Recommendations: For the imminent risk areas, it is recommended that the local health services maintain proper vector surveillance and educational programmes for its populations. For the limited risk areas, it is recommended the maintenance of a proper vector surveillance routine and also the inclusion of an environmental surveillance. For the areas under potential transmission risk of those illnesses, priority elaboration of vectors control strategies is strongly recommended with proper engagement of all local health services, as well as the population. The enhancement of the articulation with the regional services and professional veterinarians is fundamental. Besides, an adequate structuring for the local health services administration, with rational and efficient managing of material and human resources, is indispensable.

O projeto educativo \"Para Viver de Bem com os Bichos\" foi implantado nas Unidades Educacionais do Município de São Paulo em 2002, destinado à difusão e promoção do conceito da posse responsável de animais de estimação, em especial de cães e gatos e desde então, trabalhou com professores de 1.605 escolas da cidade. O presente estudo foi delineado para analisar a dinâmica do processo educativo, verificar o impacto da metodologia empregada e o papel do professor como multiplicador no repasse das informações que compõem o projeto oferecido no ano de 2008. No primeiro momento foram avaliados os professores (G1) e em seguida os professores multiplicadores (G2) nas respectivas unidades de ensino. As avaliações foram feitas com a utilização de questões abertas e para a análise das respostas obtidas, utilizou-se o teste de McNemar. O conhecimento prévio dos professores sobre a posse responsável de animais de estimação mostrou-se insatisfatório quanto aos principais cuidados com animais, zoonoses e sua prevenção, cuidados pré e pós-agressão, método de controle reprodutivo e sua justificativa. O curso proporcionou a aquisição de conhecimento sobre os temas abordados, mas não foi suficiente para garantir a ação dos professores capacitados como instrumentos de repasse de informação técnica do projeto em sua unidade de ensino. Devem ser criados mecanismos de acompanhamento do desempenho do professor multiplicador em suas unidades de trabalho. Recomenda-se que políticas públicas sejam estabelecidas para facilitar a atividade educativa e diminuir os problemas que inviabilizam a possibilidade da teoria ser aplicada na prática. / The educative project \"How to live well with the animals\" was introduced in the Educational Units of the São Paulo Municipal District, in 2002, destined to diffusion and promotion of the concept of responsible pets ownership, in special dogs and cats and since then, it has worked with teachers of 1.605 schools of the city. The current study was written to analyze the dynamics of the educational process, to verify the impact of the used methodology and the role of the teacher as a multiplier in the repass of the information that make the project offered in the year of 2008. At the first moment the teachers evaluated (G1) and in the sequence the multiplier teachers (G2) in the respective teaching units. The evaluations were made with the use of open questions and for the analysis of the answers obtained they used the test of McNemar. The previous knowledge of the teachers about responsible possession of pets showed itself not satisfactory about the main cares with animals, diseases and its preventions, cares before and after aggression, method of reproductive control and its justifications. The course has promoted the acquisition of knowledge about the themes treated, but it was not enough to guarantee the action of the qualified teachers as the instruments for repassing the technical information of the project in their teaching units. Mechanisms to follow-up the performance of the multiplex teachers in the working units must be created. It is recommended that the public policies be established to facilitate the educational activities in order to diminish the problems that make unviable the application of the theory in the practice.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:31:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_fernando_maia_filho.pdf: 887775 bytes, checksum: 3c3975ac6a38b09b73992b6becd71cd9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-08 / The high prevalence of Toxocara canis in dogs, associated with environmental contamination and the resistance of eggs in the soil increase the exposure of humans front of the parasite. Moreover, the difficulties of implementation of control measures and disinfection, allied to the problems inherent to chemical control, justifying the need for alternative measures that assist in controlling parasitoses transmitted by the soil. Among these measures, we highlight the use of nematophagous fungi.This study had the objective of valuating the activity of in vitro ovicide of isolated fungi based on soil collected in public places in the city of Pelotas, RS, Brazil. Samples of soil from ten localities were sowed in agar water 2% with antibiotics and incubated at 25ºC for 21 days. The ovicide activity of the fungal isolates obtained was tested in vitro in five repetitions for each analyzed insulator. An mL of an embryonated egg suspension of Toxocara canis (103 eggs) was poured over the fungal cultures grown in agar water for 10 days. At intervals of 7, 14 and 21 days, 100 eggs were removed from each plaque and evaluated in optical microscopy. Acremonium spp., Aspergillus spp., Bipolaris spp., Fusarium spp., Gliocladium spp., Mucor spp. and Trichoderma spp. were isolated from the soil. In this order, a significant ovicidal type 3 effect was observed in Trichoderma spp., Fusarium complex solani and Acremonium spp.. Trichoderma spp. presented an ovicidal effect on the 14th day of fungus-egg interaction. The other fungal genera tested presented a type 2 effect. The results obtained showed the presence of nematophagous fungi parasites of eggs in soil in the Southern region of Brazil and demonstrated the ovicidal activity of Trichoderma spp. and Fusarium complex solani on T. canis eggs. / As altas prevalências de Toxocara canis em cães associada à frequente contaminação ambiental e a resistência dos ovos no solo, incrementam a exposição do homem à este parasito. Além disso, as dificuldades de implantação de medidas de controle e desinfecção, aliadas aos problemas inerentes ao controle químico, justificam a necessidade de medidas alternativas que auxiliem no controle das parasitoses transmitidas pelo solo. Dentre essas medidas, destaca-se a utilização de fungos nematófagos. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a atividade ovicida in vitro de fungos isolados a partir de solos coletados em áreas públicas do município de Pelotas, RS, Brasil. Amostras de solo de dez locais foram semeadas em agar água 2% com antibióticos e incubadas a 25ºC por 21 dias. A atividade ovicida dos isolados fúngicos obtidos foi testada in vitro, em cinco repetições para cada isolado analisado. Um mL de uma suspensão de ovos embrionados de Toxocara canis (103 ovos) foi vertido sobre as culturas fúngicas crescidas em agar água por 10 dias. Em intervalos de 7, 14 e 21 dias, 100 ovos eram retirados de cada placa e avaliados em microscopia óptica. A partir do solo foram isolados Acremonium spp., Aspergillus spp., Bipolaris spp., Fusarium spp., Gliocladium spp, Mucor spp.e Trichoderma spp. Nesta ordem, efeito ovicida tipo 3 significativo foi observado em Trichoderma spp., Fusarium complexo solani e Acremonium spp.. Trichoderma spp apresentou efeito ovicida ao 14º dia de interação fungo-ovo. Os demais gêneros fúngicos testados apresentaram efeito tipo 2. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a presença de fungos nematófagos parasitos de ovos em solos da região sul do Brasil e evidenciam a atividade ovicida do gênero Trichoderma spp. e Fusarium complexo solani sobre ovos de T. canis.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:31:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_lourdes_caruccio_hirschmann.pdf: 1613567 bytes, checksum: d6416e53664a9171818d2680a476fe93 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-12 / The canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is a chronic zoonotic systemic disease, which affects numerous mammals, caused by protozoa Leishimania (Leishimania) chagasi which is transmitted by the hematophagy of the female phlebotominae Lutzomyia longipalis. The CVL shows vast geographical distribution and great lethality potential. Rio Grande do Sul was considered a non-endemic state. However, in 2008, autochthonous cases of the disease in Western cities of the state were reported. The aim of this study was to survey the presence of seropositive dogs in kennels in twelve municipalities of Rio Grande do Sul considering the clinical, epidemiological and laboratory aspects therefore being able to early detect a possible spreading of the disease encouraging prevention and controlling campaigns in order to avoid future outbreaks. This study was conducted in an area without diagnosis for the disease, collecting sampling material of 165 dogs from the cities of Alegrete, São Franscico de Assis, Santiago, Dom Pedrito, Bagé, Caçapava do Sul, Cachoeira do Sul, Piratini, Arroio grande, Capão do Leão, Rio Grande and Camaquã. Animals were submitted to general clinical evaluation and tegumentary and lymphadenopathy injuries. In the laboratory evaluation, CBC, parasitological and serological examinations were performed. The information of each animal was described in detail in the form of clinical examination and then submitted to EpiInfo version 6.04. Dermatological signs, normocytic normochromic anemia, platelet changes and neutrophilic leukocytosis were presented by the suspected and confirmed animals. Serological analysis was performed using the techniques of indirect immunofluorescence (IIF), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Dual Plate Platform (DPP). It was found the rate of 33.94% (56/165) reagents for Leishmania chagasi in the IIF, the DPP showed that 6.67% (11/165) were positive, while 3.03 % (5/165) were positive in both tests (IIF and DPP) and ELISA showed a 6.06% (11/165). In these confirmed by ELISA, five (5/10) were reagents in IIF and only three (3/10) were positive in DPP, resulting in three seropositive canines according to the updated protocol recommended by the Ministry of Health. A comparison of serological techniques demonstrated that DPP and IIF alone showed an accuracy of 65.45% while in the analysis of the same tests, considering ELISA as a gold standard, the accuracy of the DPP was 90.91% and IFF showed 66.60%. However, when considering only the positive results in DPP and IIF, the accuracy increased to 94.55%, with Kappa=0.375, that is, with considerable agreement. Concluding the investigation of non-endemic districts, five seropositive dogs were revealed: in Cachoeira do Sul (2), in São Francisco de Assis (1), in Dom Pedrito (1) and in Rio Grande (1). / A Leishmaniose Visceral Canina (LVC) é uma zoonose de caráter crônico, sistêmica, que acomete diversos mamíferos, causada pelo protozoário Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi, que é transmitido pela hematofagia da fêmea do flebotomíneo Lutzomyia longipalpis. A LVC apresenta ampla distribuição geográfica, e com alto potencial de letalidade. O Rio Grande do Sul era considerado um estado do Brasil sem casuística da doença, ou seja, não endêmico. Porém, em 2008 foram registrados casos autóctones de LVC em municípios de região oeste do estado. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar um levantamento da presença de cães soropositivos em canis de doze municípios do Rio Grande do Sul, considerando os aspectos clínicos, epidemiológicos e laboratoriais, comparando métodos e protocolos de diagnóstico. Com isso, pode-se detectar precocemente uma possível disseminação da doença, incentivando campanhas de controle e prevenção, evitando assim futuros surtos. Este estudo foi realizado em uma área do RS sem diagnóstico para LVC, sendo avaliados o total de 165 cães provenientes dos municípios de Alegrete, São Francisco de Assis, Santiago, Dom Pedrito, Bagé, Caçapava do Sul, Cachoeira do Sul, Piratini, Arroio Grande, Capão do Leão, Rio Grande e Camaquã. Os animais foram submetidos à avaliação clínica geral, sendo observadas principalmente lesões tegumentares e linfoadenopatias. Na avaliação laboratorial, realizou-se hemograma completo, exame parasitológico e sorológico. Os achados clínicos de cada animal e os resultados das técnicas laboratoriais foram submetidos a análise estatística no programa EpiInfo versão 6.04. Sinais dermatológicos, anemia normocítica normocrômica, alterações plaquetárias e leucocitose com neutrofilia foram apresentados pelos animais sororreagentes. A pesquisa sorológica foi realizada através das técnicas de Imunofluorescência Indireta (IFI), ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA) e Dual Plate Plataform (DPP). Constatou-se taxa de 33,94% (56/165) na IFI, 6,67% (11/165) no DPP, 3,03% (5/165) na IFI e DPP e 6,06% (10/165) no ELISA. Destes confirmados no ELISA, cinco (5/10) foram reagentes na IFI, e apenas três (3/10) foram positivos no DPP, resultando em três cães soropositivos conforme o protocolo atual preconizado pelo Ministério da Saúde. A comparação das técnicas sorológicas demonstrou que DPP e IFI isoladamente apresentaram uma Acurácia de 65,45%. Já na análise dos mesmos testes quando se considerou o teste de ELISA como padrão ouro, a Acurácia do DPP foi de 90,91% e a da IFI 66,06%. Entretanto, quando se considerou somente resultados positivos no DPP e IFI, a Acurácia aumentou para 94,55%, com um valor de Kappa=0,375, ou seja, com concordância considerável. Conclui-se que a pesquisa em áreas sem diagnóstico do RS, revelou presença de cães sororreagentes em quatro municípios do RS: Cachoeira do Sul (2), São Francisco de Assis (1), Dom Pedrito (1) e Rio Grande (1).

Le genre des Deltaretrovirus est composé des virus de la leucose bovine (BLV) et des virus T-lymphotropes de primates (PTLV-1, -2, -3 et -4) qui regroupent les virus humains T-lymphotropes (HTLV-1, -2, -3 et -4) et les virus simiens apparentés (STLV-1, -2, -3 et -4). Seules les infections par les PTLV-1 et BLV sont associées à des pathologies : une lymphoprolifération maligne appelée ATLL chez l'homme et le singe ou une maladie neurologique appelée HAM/TSP chez l'homme infectés par les PTLV-1 et une lymphoproliferation maligne chez les bovins infectés par BLV. L'infection par HTLV-2 n'est associée qu'à une lymphocytose et le pouvoir pathogène d'HTLV-3 n'est pas caractérisé à ce jour. Les lentivirus, parmi lesquels on trouve les agents étiologiques du SIDA VIH-1 et VIH-2, et les Deltaretrovirus, sont des rétrovirus complexes. Ils codent donc, en plus des protéines structurales et enzymatiques, pour des protéines régulatrices ainsi que pour des protéines auxiliaires qui seront au centre des travaux présentés. Chez HTLV-1 et BLV, les protéines auxiliaires jouent un rôle primordial dans l'infectiosité in vivo. Or ces protéines n'avaient pas encore été décrites chez les PTLV-3. Leur caractérisation composait donc le premier objectif de ces travaux de thèse. Nous avons ainsi identifié les ARN messagers codant 3 nouvelles protéines putatives in vitro. Nous avons étudié les caractéristiques de ces protéines, notamment leur rôle dans le cycle des PTLV-3 in vitro et leur expression in vivo. Dans un second travail, nous avons essayé de comprendre si les différents domaines fonctionnels déjà identifiés dans la protéine Vpx, une protéine auxiliaire de VIH-2 influençaient sa capacité à interagir avec le facteur de restriction cellulaire SAMHD-1. Nous avons voulu déterminer le compartiment cellulaire dans lequel Vpx induisait la dégradation de SAMHD-1 et la cinétique de ce phénomène, qui permet à ce virus de se répliquer dans les lignées myéloïdes. Ces travaux apportent des éléments nouveaux dans la compréhension du rôle des protéines auxiliaires sur la régulation fine du cycle rétroviral et l'échappement au système immunitaire inné / Deltaretroviruses include bovine leukemia viruses (BLV) and primate Tlymphotropic viruses (PTLV-1, -2, -3 and -4) which are composed of human Tlymphotropic (HTLV-1, -2, -3 and -4) and of their simian counterparts (STLV-1, -2, -3 and -4). PTLV-1 and BLV are the only ones associated to pathologies: a lymphoproliferative disorder named ATLL in humans and non human primates and a neurological disorder named HAM/TSP in humans in the case of PTLV-1 and a Bmalignant lymphoproliferation in BLV infected cattle. HTLV-2 has not been associated with any disease so far and the pathogenic potential of HTLV-3 remains unknown. Lentiviruses, including HIV-1 and -2 the AIDS etiological agents, and Deltaretroviruses, are complex retroviruses. Therefore, in addition to structural and enzymatic proteins they encode regulatory proteins and also auxiliary proteins, the main subject of this work. HTLV-1 and BLV auxiliary proteins play key roles in viral infection in vivo. Whether the genome of PTLV-3 encodes such proteins was not determined yet. Therefore their characterization was the first goal of my PhD work. We identified in vitro messenger RNAs encoding 3 new putative proteins. Their impact on the PTLV-3 viral life cycle in vitro and their expression in vivo were then investigated. As a second part of this work, we examined the relationship existing between the Vpx HIV-2 auxiliary protein and its ability to interact with a restriction factor named SAMHD-1. Vpx induces SAMHD-1 degradation and the kinetic of such degradation allows the virus to replicate in myeloid cells. Altogether, these projects provide new insights into the understanding of the roles played by retroviral auxiliary proteins in connection with a tight regulation of viral life cycle and an escape from innate immunity

Blastocystis est un protozoaire anaérobie trouvé dans le tube digestif de l’homme et de nombreux animaux. Il est à ce jour le parasite intestinal le plus fréquemment retrouvé dans les selles humaines. Dix-sept sous-types (ST1 à ST17) ont été décrits en se basant sur la comparaison des séquences du gène de l’ARNr 18S. L’infection à Blastocystis est associée à une variété de troubles gastro-intestinaux et plusieurs études suggèrent une corrélation entre la pathogénicité et le ST du parasite. Trois différents axes de recherche ont été développés. Le premier s’est focalisé sur la prévalence et la biodiversité génétique de ce parasite dans les populations humaines. Des études épidémiologiques ont été menées en France et au Liban mais aussi en Afrique en réalisant la première enquête au Sénégal. Le sous-typage des isolats a été réalisé par PCR en temps réel en ciblant un domaine du gène de l’ARNr 18S suivi d’un séquençage direct du produit de PCR. Au Liban, la prévalence de Blastocystis était de 20% dans la population globale avec une corrélation entre le ST1 et le développement de symptômes gastro-intestinaux. Dans le même pays, cette prévalence dépassait les 60% chez des patients symptomatiques et des écoliers. Au Sénégal, la prévalence observée est la plus importante jamais décrite pour ce parasite puisqu’elle atteignait 100% dans une population d’une centaine d’enfants vivant en milieu rural. Ces données soulignent l’impact socioéconomique de la blastocystose dans les pays en développement où les conditions sanitaires sont souvent précaires. En France, une prévalence importante de 18% a pourtant été observée dans une large étude épidémiologique englobant des patients présentant ou non des symptômes et suivis dans 11 hôpitaux répartis sur tout le territoire français. Le ST3 est prédominant suivi des STs 1, 2 et 4 comme dans une majorité de pays à travers le monde. Le deuxième axe s’est concentré sur l’identification des facteurs de risque de transmission de Blastocystis à l’homme. Le parasite a été recherché dans les selles de vaches et de patients ainsi que dans des échantillons d’eau consommée par l’homme et les animaux dans une région géographique limitée du Nord Liban. 30% des échantillons humains, 69% des échantillons d'eau et 80% des échantillons de bovins étaient positifs pour le parasite. Le ST3 était prédominant dans les échantillons humains et d’eau suivi des ST1, ST2 et ST4. Par contre, ST10 et ST14 étaient prédominants chez les bovins mais ces deux STs n’ont pas été retrouvés dans les autres types d’échantillons. Pour expliquer l'absence des ST10 et ST14 dans ces échantillons, une transmission de ces STs par contact direct entre les bovins et/ou l'absence de formes kystiques transmissibles pour ces STs ont été proposées. Ce parasite a aussi été recherché dans les selles de nombreux groupes d’animaux du zoo de La Palmyre en France. Nous avons montré que près de 40% des selles analysés étaient positives pour Blastocystis et identifié de nouveaux réservoirs d'infections pour l’homme chez les carnivores. La prévalence du parasite atteignait 60% chez les primates chez lesquels les ST1 à ST5 identifiés sont identiques à ceux observés chez l'homme confirmant la faible spécificité d’hôte de ces STs. Dans une autre étude, la prévalence de Blastocystis était de seulement 3,5% dans une population de chiens en France suggérant que cet animal n'est pas un hôte naturel de Blastocystis. Enfin, pour clarifier la pathogénicité de ce parasite, le troisième axe de mes travaux a souligné le caractère invasif de Blastocystis dans un cas de péritonite appendiculaire chez une fillette de 9 ans de retour du Maroc. Seul Blastocystis a été détecté dans les selles, l’appendice, le liquide péritonéal et le sac de Douglas de cette patiente. Une gastro-entérite s’est de plus déclarée simultanément chez 26 membres de la famille de l'enfant suggérant une épidémie qui pourrait trouver son origine dans la consommation commune d’une eau contaminée. / Blastocystis sp. is an anaerobic parasitic protozoa found in the digestive tract of humans and numerous animals. To date, it is the most common intestinal parasite found in human feces with worldwide distribution. Seventeen subtypes (ST1-ST17) have been described based on the comparison of SSU rRNA gene sequences. Blastocystis infection is associated with various gastrointestinal disorders and many studies suggest a correlation between Blastocystis STs and pathogenicity. My work was developed on three different topics. The first concerned the prevalence and the genetic biodiversity of the parasite in human populations. Epidemiological studies were conducted in France and Lebanon but also in Africa by performing the first survey of this parasite in Senegal. Subtyping of the isolates was performed by real-time PCR targeting a domain of the SSU rRNA gene followed by direct sequencing of the PCR product. In Lebanon, the prevalence of Blastocystis reached 20% in the general population and we demonstrated a correlation between ST1 infection and the presence of symptoms. In the same country, this prevalence was 60% in schoolchildren and patients presenting gastrointestinal symptoms. Strikingly, the prevalence of Blastocystis in a population of one hundred children living in a rural area reached 100% in Senegal and more than half of the infected children by the parasite presented gastrointestinal disorders. These latter studies highlighted the socioeconomic impact of blastocystosis in developing countries with poor hygiene sanitation. In France, a large-scale molecular epidemiological study was performed including patients presenting or not gastrointestinal symptoms. Stool samples were collected during winter and summer in 11 hospitals spread all over the French territory. We observed a high prevalence of Blastocystis in the french population with an average of 18.2% and the predominance of ST3 followed by ST1, ST4 and ST2 as in numerous countries. We also identified seasonal variations since the average prevalence of the parasite is 13.6% in winter and 23.1% in summer. The second topic focused on the identification of the risk factors of Blastocystis transmission to humans. We searched this parasite in bovid and human stools as well as in drinking water samples consumed by bovids and breeders in a limited geographic area of North-Lebanon. 30% of human samples, 69% of water samples and 80% of bovid samples were positive for the parasite. Interestingly ST3 is predominant in human and water samples followed by ST1, ST2 and ST4. ST10 and ST14 were predominant in bovid but both STs are lacking in human and water samples. To explain the lack of ST10 and ST14 in human and water samples, we suggested a transmission of these STs occurring through direct contact between bovid and / or the absence of transmissible cystic forms of these STs. Furthermore, this parasite was searched in the stools of numerous animal groups in the zoo of La Palmyre in France. We showed that nearly 40% of the analyzed stools were positive for Blastocystis and identified new reservoirs of human infections in carnivores. The prevalence of the parasite reached 60% in primates in which the identified ST1 to ST5 are identical to those observed in humans confirming the limited host specificity of these STs. In another study, we showed that the prevalence of Blastocystis was of only 3.5% in a population of one hundred dogs in France suggesting that this pet is not a natural host of Blastocystis. Finally, to clarify the pathogenicity of this parasite, the third topic highlighted the invasive character of Blastocystis observed in a case of appendicular peritonitis in a 9-year old girl returning from Morocco. Only Blastocystis was detected in stools, appendix, peritoneal liquid and Douglas pouch of the patient. Interestingly, simultaneous gastroenteritis occurred in 26 members of the child’s family suggested an outbreak with contaminated water as probable origin.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T18:55:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao.pdf: 163253 bytes, checksum: 0e35acc009cfd69c73f2502bda6e246f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-30 / The complex toxocariasis/larva migrans has been considered as one of the most important helminthosis wideworld. Human beings acquire the infection especially by ingestion of Toxocara spp. eggs present in contaminated soil. However, it is stated that human may become infected by ingesting raw or undercooked meat of paratenic hosts. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency of anti-Toxocara antibodies in ovine from Presidente Prudente. Serum samples were obtained from 365 sheep of diverse breed and different ages. The collection of samples was done in a slaughter house as well as in some farms from Presidente Prudente, São Paulo. Three groups were evaluated. Group I: animals up to six months old; Group II: animals aging seven up to 10 months; Group III: animals aging more than 11 months. ELISA test was performed in order to detect antibodies (IgG) anti-Toxocara by using excretory-secretory antigens of T. canis (TES). One-hundred-three out of 365 animals (50.14%) showed antibodies anti-¬Toxocara. It was observed a significant difference among the analyzed groups, regarding age of animals. This finding suggests a proportional relationship between infection rate and aging. It is possible to assume that the high frequency of soropositive animals make possible the infection of human beings who consume ovine meat. It is also possible to consider the relevance of these animals in the epizootiology of Toxocara spp. / O complexo toxocaríase/larva migrans é considerado como uma das principais helmintoses. Embora seja considerada como uma geohelmintose, a zoonose pode ser adquirida por ingestão de carne crua ou mal cozida de hospedeiros paratênicos. Com objetivo de avaliar a freqüência de anticorpos anti-Toxocara, foram obtidas amostras de soro de 365 ovinos de diferentes raças, em um frigorífico e propriedades de ovinos da região de Presidente Prudente, São Paulo. Foram avaliados três grupos. Grupo I: animais até seis meses; Grupo II: animais de sete a 10 meses; Grupo III: ovinos acima de 11 meses de idade. Anticorpos (IgG) foram detectados pelo método de ELISA, utilizando-se antígenos excretórios-secretórios de T. canis (TES). Dos animais estudados, 50,14% (183/365) foram sororeagentes para anticorpos anti-¬Toxocara. Observou-se diferença significativa entre os grupos analisados sugerindo uma relação proporcional da taxa de infecção com o avanço da idade em ovinos. A alta frequência de ovinos sororegantes mostra a possibilidade de infecção de seres humanos que consomem carne destes animais e também a participação dos mesmos na cadeia epizootiológica de Toxocara spp.