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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
291

Surface Winds Affect the Movement of Water Currents and Entrained Zooplankton in a Depth Specific Manner

Barth, Lauren Emily 24 June 2014 (has links)
We deployed depth-specific drifters in the western and eastern parts of the South Arm basin of Lake Opeongo and collected zooplankton samples at west and east fixed stations and at additional up- and downwind locations at three depths of the epilimnion under a range of wind conditions. Water currents had highest association with the immediate wind direction and the direction they travelled was dependent on wind strength. Along the main west-east fetch large zooplankton resided high in the epilimnion and were transported eastwards by strong surface currents where they accumulated. Small zooplankton were more uniformly distributed with depth and their accumulation patterns and transport mechanisms are less clear. Along shorter fetches oriented off-angle with the main one accumulations of zooplankton occurred at all downwind locations under heavy winds although the patterns are more variable and complex. These downwind accumulations likely create high quality habitat for warm water fish.
292

Investigation into a prominent 38 kHz scattering layer in the North Sea

Mair, Angus MacDonald January 2008 (has links)
The aim of this study was to investigate the composition of an acoustic scattering layer in the North Sea that is particularly strong at 38 kHz. A full definition of the biological composition of the layer, along with its acoustic properties, would allow for it to be confidently removed from data collected during acoustic fish surveys, where it presents a potential source of bias. The layer, traditionally and informally referred to as consisting of zooplankton, appears similar to others observed internationally. The methodology utilised in this study consisted of biological and acoustic sampling, followed by application of forward and inverse acoustic modelling techniques. Acoustic data was collected at 38, 120 and 200 kHz in July 2003, with the addition of 18 kHz in July 2004. Net samples were collected in layers of relatively strong 38 kHz acoustic scattering using a U-tow vehicle (2003) and a MIKT net (2004). Acoustic data were scrutinised to determine actual backscattering, expressed as mean volume backscattering strength (MVBS) (dB). This observed MVBS (MVBSobs) was compared with backscattering predicted by applying the forward problem solution (MVBSpred) to sampled animal densities in order to determine whether those animals were responsible for the enhanced 38 kHz scattering. In most instances, MVBSobs > MVBSpred, more pronounced at 38 kHz. It was found that MVBSpred approached MVBSobs more closely with MIKT than with U-tow samples, but that the 38 kHz mismatch was present in both. Inversion of candidate acoustic models predicted gas-bearing scatterers, which are strong at 38 kHz, as most likely to be responsible for this. Potential sources of inconsistencies between MVBSpred and MVBSobs were identified. The presented forward and inverse solutions infer that although the layer often contains large numbers of common zooplankton types, such as copepods and euphausiids, these are not the dominant acoustic scatterer at 38 kHz. Rather, there remains an unidentified, probably gas-bearing scatterer that contributes significantly to observed scattering levels at this frequency. This study identifies and considerably narrows the list of candidates that are most likely to be responsible for enhanced 38 kHz scattering in the North Sea layer, and recommendations are made for potential future studies.
293

Trophic Dynamics and Cyanobacteria Blooms In Shallow Eutrophic Bays Of Lake Champlain

Gorney, Rebecca Michelle 01 January 2014 (has links)
This study was conducted to evaluate the relative roles of trophic dynamics and nutrient concentrations in the development of cyanobacteria blooms. The motivation for this research was to gain insights into how food webs respond to ecosystem-scale changes, using Lake Champlain as a case study. I sought to link field-based observations with experimentally derived data on mechanisms to better understand the processes that drive cyanobacteria blooms. My research addressed three specific topics: (1) associations among phytoplankton and nutrient concentration trends over time, (2) the impacts of planktivory by invasive fish on the ambient zooplankton community, and (3) the role of herbivore zooplankton grazers in determining the composition of the phytoplankton community. I found little evidence of a strong association between nutrient concentrations and phytoplankton community composition during summer months in shallow bays of Lake Champlain prone to annual cyanobacteria blooms. Fish diet analysis indicated that invasive white perch (Morone americana) and alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) selectively graze on large zooplankton, which has likely led to substantial declines in zooplankton biomass. I used these results to inform the design of a mesocosm study, which tested the effects of zooplankton grazing on phytoplankton and provided support for the theory that large zooplankton grazing pressure changes the size structure, abundance and composition of phytoplankton. High nutrient concentrations support increased levels of ecosystem productivity, but cascading trophic dynamics are additional forces that are likely contributing to the determination of phytoplankton community composition. Collectively, my research suggests that in shallow bays of Lake Champlain, selective grazing by invasive planktivorous fish is shifting the size structure of the zooplankton grazer community and has likely contributed to conditions that favor dominance by cyanobacteria in summer.
294

Distribution et structure des communautés zooplanctoniques dans deux écosystèmes côtiers. : Analyse de l'impact des facteurs physiques et trophiques sur les distributions spatiales et les spectres de taille du zooplancton.

Espinasse, Boris 27 June 2012 (has links)
La structure de taille et la distribution spatiale du zooplancton ont été étudiées dans deux écosystèmes : une baie de la côte Ouest de la péninsule antarctique et le golfe du Lion en mer méditerranée occidentale. L'acquisition des spectres a été permise par l'utilisation de deux capteurs optiques : le ZooScan / ZooProcess et le Laser Optical Plankton Counter (LOPC). L'impact de différents types de forçages sur les spectres de taille des communautés zooplanctoniques a été mis en évidence dans les deux écosystèmes côtiers, notamment grâce aux caractéristiques des spectres de biomasse normalisée. Le long de la péninsule Antarctique, la fin de l'automne est une période charnière à tous les niveaux trophiques avec la baisse de la production primaire et l'agrégation du krill (Euphausia superba) dans les baies continentales. Les données ADCP ont permis de localiser dans une des baies le plus grand banc de krill échantillonné depuis 20 ans. L'étude du comportement alimentaire du krill en réponse à la baisse de la production primaire a montré l'impact du krill sur les spectres de taille des communautés mésozooplanctoniques, et en particulier sur les espèces de petites tailles. Un autre type de forçage a été mis en avant dans le golfe du Lion, où les structures physiques très variables induites par les apports du Rhône, le courant Liguro-Provençal et les vents influent directement sur la distribution spatiale du zooplancton. Des sous-régions ont été identifiées à partir de corrélations entre des paramètres physiques tels que la stratification de la colonne d'eau et des paramètres biologiques tels que la concentration en chl-a ou la pente des spectres de biomasse normalisée. / Zooplankton size structure and spatial distribution were investigated in a bay along the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) and in the Gulf of Lion in Western Mediterranean Sea. Zooplankton size spectra were determined with the use of two optical sensors, the Laser Optical Plankton Counter (LOPC) and the ZooScan / ZooProcess system. Using features of the biomass size spectrum is was possible to identify different forcing processes that affected zooplankton size spectrum and spatial distribution in the two ecosystems. In WAP, late fall is a transition time at all the trophic levels, with the decrease of primary production and the aggregation of Antarctic krill (Euphausia Superba) in continental bays. ADCP data permitted to find in a bay the largest Antarctic krill swarm reported in the last twenty years. Study of krill feeding behavior in response to the decrease of primary production showed impact of krill on mesozooplankton size spectrum and especially a decrease of the small size species abundance. A different type of forcing was found in the Gulf of Lion, where zooplankton spatial distribution was affected by physical structures such as the inputs by the Rhône river, the Liguro-Provençal current and winds. The correlation between physical and biological parameters e.g. water masses stratification, chl-a concentration, slope of the normalized biomass size spectrum (NBSS), allowed the identification of three different regions in the Gulf of Lion. These potential habitats show different zooplankton size structure, with strong NBSS slopes close to the coast and weaker NBSS slopes in the zone of the Rhône plume influence.
295

Sezónní vývoj a vertikální distribuce korýšů v hluboké stratifikované nádrži Josefův Důl v Jizerských horách / Seasonal dynamics and vertical distribution of Crustacea in the deep stratified reservoir Josefův Důl (the Jizera Mountains, Czech Republic)

Adámek, Radek January 2015 (has links)
The zooplankton of Josefův Důl, a large and deep drinking water reservoir recovering from acidification, develop in relation to the improving water chemistry but also predation by salmonid fish re-stocked at the end of the 1990s. Crustacea are represented by small numbers of several species only, and nothing is known about their distribution in the water column. Recently, picocyanobacteria Merismopedia sp. became dominant in the phytoplankton, which hampers substantially the treatability of the raw water. The aim of the thesis is to describe the seasonal dynamics and vertical distribution of Crustacea in the Josefův Důl reservoir, together with parameters of the environment, and to study their possible diurnal vertical migrations in the summer period.
296

Heterogeneidade espacial e temporal do zooplâncton em sistemas lóticos e lênticos da bacia hidrográfica do Lobo (Itirapina-Brotas/SP) / Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of zooplankton in lotic and lentic systems in the Lobo hydrographic basin (Itirapina-Brotas/SP)

Freitas, Luciana Diniz 23 March 2012 (has links)
A represa do Lobo (Broa) é um ecossistema bastante estudado, entretanto, nos últimos anos foram observadas várias alterações nas suas condições, devido, principalmente, ao processo de eutrofização. Para o maior entendimento dos processos que ocorrem nos sistemas aquáticos, a análise integrada do ecossistema em termos de bacia hidrográfica é de suma importância. Além disso, as comunidades biológicas, com destaque o zooplâncton, representam as respostas estruturais e funcionais do sistema. Dessa forma, o objetivo do trabalho foi analisar a distribuição da comunidade zooplanctônica frente à heterogeneidade ambiental, de sistemas lóticos e lêntico e dos impactos na área de entorno da bacia hidrográfica do Lobo. Para tanto, foram realizadas coletas em quatro períodos (chuvoso, seco e intermediários) em 17 pontos de coleta distribuídos no reservatório e nos tributários. Foram avaliadas as variáveis físicas e químicas da água (temperatura, pH, oxigênio dissolvido, condutividade, transparência da água, nutrientes, material em suspensão e metais), variáveis climatológicas (temperatura do ar, precipitação e velocidade do vento) e variável biológica (clorofila a). Para a comunidade zooplanctônica foi determinada a composição, densidade e abundância, bem como índices biológicos. De acordo com os resultados, a represa do Lobo apresentou, de uma forma geral, homogeneidade espacial nas variáveis analisadas, apresentando condições eutróficas em todos os pontos. A comunidade zooplanctônica, representada por 64 espécies, também indicou a degradação da represa, como por exemplo, o aumento da representatividade do gênero Brachionus, o desaparecimento de Bosmina coregoni e o aparecimento de Moina micrura. Por sua vez, os tributários apresentaram heterogeneidade ambiental em muitas variáveis, com o ponto AB/L2, com condições características de ambientes mais poluídos, e o ponto JG, com altas concentrações de clorofila a. A comunidade zooplanctônica foi representada por 93 espécies, com a maior constância de espécies que possuem lórica (Kellicottia bostoniensis, Keratella tropica, Platyas quadricornis, Lecane bulla e Lecane lunaris) e da família Chydoridae. A heterogeneidade temporal foi mais marcada que a espacial, com o agrupamento dos meses de maior precipitação (janeiro e outubro) com maiores graus de trofia e maiores concentrações de formas fosfatadas. / The Lobo reservoir (Broa) is a well-studied ecosystem, however, in recent years have passed through several changes in its conditions, mainly, due to the process of eutrophication. For better understanding the processes occurring in aquatic systems, the integrated analysis of the ecosystem in terms of watershed is of utmost importance. In addition, the biological communities, especially zooplankton, represent the structural and functional responses of the system. Thus, the objective was to analyze the distribution of zooplankton front of environmental heterogeneity in lotic and lentic systems and impacts in the area surrounding the basin of the Lobo. For this purpose, samples were collected in four periods (rainy, dry and intermediates) in 17 sampling stations distributed in the reservoir and tributaries. We evaluated the physical and chemical variables of water (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, water transparency, nutrients, suspended solids and metals), climatic variables (air temperature, precipitation and wind speed) and the biological variable (chlorophyll a). For the zooplankton community was determined the composition, density and abundance, and biological indices. According to the results, the Lobo reservoir showed, in general, spatial homogeneity in the variables analyzed, with eutrophic conditions at all points. The zooplankton community, represented by 64 species, also indicated the degradation of the dam, such as, the increased representation of the genus Brachionus, the disappearance of Bosmina coregoni and the appearance of Moina micrura. On the other hand, the tributaries are heterogeneous in many environmental variables, with the station AB/L2 with conditions characteristic of more polluted environments, and JG station, with high concentrations of chlorophyll a. The zooplankton community was represented by 93 species, with the greater constancy of loricate species (Kellicottia bostoniensis, Keratella tropica, Platyas quadricornis, Lecane bulla and Lecane lunaris) and the family Chydoridae. The temporal heterogeneity was more marked than the spacial heterogeneity, with the grouping of the months of highest rainfall (January and October) with greater degrees of trophy and higher concentrations of phosphorylated forms.
297

Análise da distribuição, densidade e diversidade de Copepoda Calanoida e Cyclopoida nos reservatórios e tributários do Médio e Baixo Rio Tietê e sua relação com as características limnológicas do sistema / Analysis of distribution, density and diversity of Copepoda Calanoida and Cyclopoida in Medium and Low Tietê river reservoirs and tributaries and its relationship with limnological characteristics of the system

Pereira, Ricardo Henrique Gentil 25 April 2003 (has links)
Este projeto de pesquisa foi desenvolvido nos reservatórios e tributários do Médio e Baixo rio Tietê, São Paulo, com o objetivo de avaliar a composição, distribuição e densidade das espécies de Copepoda Calanoida e Cyclopoida e sua relação com a disposição dos reservatórios construídos em série (cascata), os quais apresentam diferenças na morfometria, período e área de inundação, grau de trofia (relacionando aos usos e ocupação da bacia hidrográfica), vazão e tempo de residência da água. Para tanto, foram realizadas coletas nos reservatórios e tributários nos meses de fevereiro, maio, julho e outubro/2000, quantificando as principais variáveis físicas, químicas e biológicas, além da análise qualitativa e quantitativa do zooplâncton, com ênfase em Copepoda Calanoida e Cyclopoida. Os resultados demonstram que apesar de ser verificada a melhoria da qualidade da água nos reservatórios a jusante, ainda ocorrem contribuições pontuais via tributários e difusas pelas atividades desenvolvidas na bacia hidrográfica, aumentando a concentração das formas nitrogenadas e fosfatadas, influenciando diretamente nas condições tróficas dos reservatórios e, conseqüentemente, na composição, densidade e distribuição das populações planctônicas. Os reservatórios classificam-se como eutróficos ou mesotróficos (dependendo da sua localização no rio Tietê e da sazonalidade) e os rios como eutróficos, principalmente em decorrência das elevadas concentrações de fósforo e clorofila.Em relação à comunidade zooplanctônica, os Copepoda e Rotifera foram mais abundantes, com uma variação espacial e sazonal relacionada às condições tróficas e temperatura, bem como aos mecanismos diferenciados do controle operacional das barragens (vazão e tempo de residência da água). As espécies de Copepoda encontradas no sistema foram Notodiaptomus iheringi, Notodiaptomus evaldus, Notodiaptomus deitersi, Argyrodiaptomus azevedoi Thermocyclops decipiens, ) Thermocyclops minutus, Thermocyclops inversus, Mesocyclops longisetus, Mesocyclops brasilianus, Mesocyclops meridianus, Mesocyclops ogunus, Acanthocyclops ogunus e Paracyclops chiltoni, sendo N. iheringi, N. evaldus, T. decipiens e T. minutus as espécies dominantes, com diferenças na distribuição e abundância em função dos locais de amostragem (tributários ou reservatórios) e período de coleta (sazonalidade). / This research project was developed in Tietê River reservoirs and tributaries, São Paulo, Brazil, aiming to evaluate the composition, distribution and density of Copepoda Calanoida and Cyclopoida species and its relationship with reservoirs disposition in Tietê River, built in series (cascade), which present differences in morphometry, flood period and area, trophic level (related to the hydrographic basin uses and occupation), discharge and water residence time. For that, collections were accomplished in reservoirs and tributaries on February, May, July and October/2000, quantifying the main physical, chemical and biological variables, besides qualitative and quantitative zooplankton analysis, with emphasis in Copepoda Calanoida and Cyclopoida. Results demonstrate that, in spite of the improvement of water quality verified downstream reservoirs, it still happen punctual tributary contributions, diffused due to activities developed in the hydrographic basin, increasing nitrogenous and phosphate forms concentration, influencing directly the reservoir trophic conditions and, consequently, composition of species, density and distribution. Reservoirs are classified as eutrophic or mesotrophic (depending on its location in Tietê River and sazonality) and the rivers as eutrophic, due mainly to the high phosphorus and chlorophyll concentrations. In relation to the zooplankton community, Copepoda and Rotifera were the most abundant, with spacial and seasonal variationrelated to trophic conditions and temperature, as well as to the barrier differentiated operational control mechanisms (discharge and water residence time). The Copepoda species found in the system were Notodiaptomus iheringi, Notodiaptomus evaldus, Notodiaptomus deitersi, Argyrodiaptomus azevedoi, Thermocyclops decipiens, Thermocyclops minutus, Thermocyclops inversus, Mesocyclops longisetus, Mesocyclops brasilianus, Mesocyclops meridianus, Mesocyclops ogunus, Acanthocyclops ogunus and Paracyclops chiltoni; being N. iheringi, N. evaldus, T. decipiens and T. minutus the dominant species, with differences in the distribution and abundance in function of the sampling places (tributaries or reservoirs) and collection period (sazonality).
298

Efeito do Vertimec® 18CE e de seu princípio ativo, a abamectina, em ambiente aquático: uma análise laboratorial e in situ / Effects of Vertimec® 18EC and its active ingredient, abamectin, in the aquatic environment: laboratory and in situ analyses

Novelli, Andréa 26 November 2010 (has links)
O Vertimec® 18CE, cujo principio ativo é a abamectina, tem sido comercializado no Brasil desde 1994 como acaricida, inseticida e nematicida em fruticulturas, horticulturas e plantas ornamentais; mas, apesar da ampla utilização e de sua classificação toxicológica como medianamente tóxica, é considerado muito perigoso ao meio ambiente, altamente persistente e extremamente tóxico para microcrustáceos e peixes. Considerando essa periculosidade ambiental, objetivou-se nesse estudo avaliar os efeitos diretos e indiretos do agrotóxico Vertimec® 18CE nos ecossistemas aquáticos por meio de estudos experimentais laboratoriais e in situ, contemplando diferentes etapas. Na etapa 1 foram realizados experimentos de campo associados aos testes laboratoriais, avaliando se a água de escorrimento superficial (decorrente da precipitação de 19 mm em solo contaminado com Vertimec® 18CE, em concentração de 0,125 litros de calda/\'M POT.2\', recomendada para culturas de morango) ocasionava toxicidade aos organismos-teste Daphnia similis, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Chironomus xanthus e Danio rerio. Na etapa 2 procurou-se avaliar a influência do agrotóxico Vertimec® 18CE na composição e densidade da comunidade zooplanctônica em experimentos in situ (mesocosmos). Para tanto, utilizou-se a água do escorrimento superficial, a qual foi transferida para as unidades experimentais, nos seguintes tratamentos: 1) controle dos mesocosmos - C; 2) runoff não contaminado - RNC, com água de escorrimento do solo não contaminado; 3) runoff contaminado - RC, com água de escorrimento do solo contaminado com o Vertimec® 18CE, 4) aplicação direta do Vertimec® 18CE - V e 5) amostras coletadas aleatoriamente para verificar se houve contaminação entre os mesocosmos - A. A etapa 3 incluiu a determinação da faixa de sensibilidade dos organismos-teste Daphnia similis, Chironomus xanthus e Danio rerio à abamectina (ingrediente ativo). Os resultados obtidos demonstraram toxicidade do Vertimec® 18CE, associado ao runoff, a todos os organismos-teste, sendo C. dubia a mais sensível, com toxicidade crônica ocorrendo na maior diluição da amostra (3,125%). Com relação aos resultados da etapa 2 verificou-se que o Vertimec® 18CE, associado ao runoff e adicionado diretamente nos mesocosmos, causou alterações na composição e densidade da comunidade zooplanctônica, sendo observado efeitos deletérios especialmente para Copepoda e Cladocera, com menores efeitos sobre Rotifera. Os resultados obtidos na etapa 3 demonstraram que a abamectina é altamente tóxica em concentrações muito baixas, obtendo-se valores de \'CE IND.50\', 48 h para D similis de 5,1 ng/L; \'CL IND.50\', 96 h para C. xanthus de 2,67 \'mü\'g/L e \'CL IND.50\', 48 h para Danio rerio de 33 \'mü\'g/L. Diante do exposto, conclui-se que o agrotóxico Vertimec® 18CE e o seu princípio ativo, a abamectina, causaram toxicidade em baixas concentrações para os organismos aquáticos avaliados neste estudo, o que sugere a adoção de medidas mais restritivas para o uso desse agrotóxico. / The Vertimec® 18EC, whose active ingredient is abamectin, has been commercialized in Brazil since 1994 as acaricide, insecticide and nematicide on fruit and vegetal crops and ornamental plants. Despite its widespread use and toxic classification as moderately hazardous, it is considered very dangerous to the environment, highly persistent and highly toxic to fish and microcrustaceans. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the direct and indirect effects of Vertimec® 18EC in aquatic ecosystems through experimental laboratory and in situ studies, comprising different steps. In step 1, field experiments were performed associated to laboratory tests, evaluating if the runoff (from the precipitation of 19 mm in Vertimec® 18EC contaminated soil, in a concentration of 0.125 L/\'M POT.2\', recommended for strawberry crops) caused toxicity to test organisms Daphnia similis, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Chironomus xanthus and Danio rerio. In step 2 the effect of Vertimec® 18EC on the composition and density of zooplankton were evaluated by in situ experiments (mesocosms). Therefore, runoff water was transferred to the experimental units in the following treatments: 1) control of the mesocosm - C; 2) uncontaminated runoff - UC, runoff from the uncontaminated soil); 3) contaminated runoff - CR, runoff from the soil contaminated with Vertimec® 18EC; 4) direct application of Vertimec® 18EC - V; and 5) random sampling in order to verify crossed contamination among the mesocosms - A. Step 3 comprised determination of the sensitivity range of test organisms Daphnia similis, Chironomus xanthus and Danio rerio to abamectin (active ingredient). Results obtained displayed Vertimec® 18EC toxicity associated to runoff to all test organisms, with C. dubia being the most sensitive, with chronic toxicity occurring at a higher sample dilution (3.125%). Concerning the results for step 2, it was verified that Vertimec® 18EC associated with runoff and added directly into the mesocosms caused changes in the composition and density of zooplankton with deleterious effects especially to Copepoda and Cladocera with less effects to Rotifera. The results obtained for step 3 showed that abamectin is highly toxic to aquatic organisms, even at low concentrations, yielding 48 h EC50 values for D. similis of 5.1 ng/L, 96 h \'LC IND.50\' for C. xanthus of 2.67 \'mü\'g/L and 48 h \'LC IND.50\' for Danio rerio of 33 \'mü\'g/L. In this context, it was verified that Vertimec® 18EC and its active ingredient, abamectin, caused toxicity to the test organisms evaluated in this study in low concentrations, what demands restrictive measurements for the use of this pesticide.
299

Distribuição das populações de Cladocera (Branchiopoda) nos reservatórios do médio e baixo Tietê: uma análise espacial e temporal / Distribution of Cladocera (Branchiopoda) populations on medium and low Tietê river reservoirs: a spatial and temporal analysis

Zanata, Lucí Helena 05 December 2005 (has links)
Reservatórios artificiais são ecossistemas de grande importância econômica e social, porém, alteram as características hidrológicas e ecológicas do meio, interferindo na organização das comunidades bióticas que desempenham papel fundamental na transferência de energia no ecossistema. Nesses ambientes, pode existir uma organização espacial e temporal, tornando diferenciada a composição e distribuição das comunidades. Com o objetivo de verificar essa organização, a comunidade zooplanctônica, com ênfase nas populações de Cladocera, foi avaliada em amostras coletadas nas estações distribuídas no eixo longitudinal dos reservatórios do médio e baixo Tietê (SP), nos meses de fevereiro, maio, julho e outubro de 2000. Os dados obtidos foram relacionados às características ambientais, tais como pH, condutividade, temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, material em suspensão, nutrientes e clorofila a desse ambiente. Os resultados apontaram para uma diferenciação esperada ao longo do eixo longitudinal do rio Tietê, tanto nas características físicas e químicas, quanto na abundância e distribuição dos organismos. Os reservatórios do médio Tietê estiveram mais eutrofizados do que os reservatórios do baixo Tietê nos períodos analisados, provavelmente devido à carga de poluentes advinda da região mais urbanizada e industrializada do Estado de São Paulo, a qual enriquece o sistema. Grande parte desse material é assimilado ou sedimentado nos primeiros reservatórios, ocasionando a melhora significativa da qualidade da água no eixo longitudinal da cascata, para a maioria das variáveis. Acompanhando as características físicas e químicas, a comunidade biológica também apresenta diferenciação no eixo longitudinal do sistema em cascata com maior abundância de organismos no médio Tietê, onde a comunidade de Cladocera esteve composta principalmente por espécies de pequeno tamanho, principalmente do gênero Ceriodaphnia, enquanto que esses valores diminuíram significativamente no baixo Tietê, onde espécies de maior tamanho dos gêneros Daphnia e Simocephalus foram relativamente mais abundantes. A diversidade de espécies foi maior nas regiões de maior abundância de organismos. As características ambientais encontradas no sistema levaram ao aparecimento de organismos com vários graus de alterações morfológicas; em alguns casos as malformações podem ser congênitas e em outros foi evidente o ataque por microrganismos / Artificial reservoirs are ecosystems with broad economic and social importance; however, they modify hydrological and ecological characteristics of the environment, interfering on the organization of biotic communities, which, in turn, play fundamental role in the transference of energy in the ecosystem. Spatial and temporal organization may occur on these environments, resulting in distinct communities composition and distribution. Aiming to verify this organization, the zooplanktonic community had been evaluated, focusing on Cladocera populations. The analysis was based on samples collected on stations distributed along the longitudinal axis of the medium and low Tietê river reservoirs (SP), in february, may, july, and october, 2000. Data obtained had been correlated to environmental parameters, such as pH, conductivity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, suspended material, nutrients, and chlorophyll-a. The results indicated an expected differentiation on physical and chemical characteristics along the longitudinal axis of Tietê river, as much as on the organisms\' abundance and distribution. The reservoirs from medium Tietê were found to be more eutrophicated than those from low Tietê, in the periods analyzed, a result probably related to the pollutant discharge coming from the more urbanized and industrialized region of São Paulo state, which enriches the system. Most of this material form sediment or becomes assimilated on the first reservoirs, resulting in significant improvement of the water quality on the cascade longitudinal axis, for the majority of the variables analyzed. Similarly to physical and chemical characteristics, the biological community also showed differentiation in the longitudinal axis of the cascade system. Higher abundance of organisms occurred on the medium Tietê, where the Cladocera community had been composed mostly by small sized species, mainly of the genus Ceriodaphnia, while significant reduction of these values was observed on low Tietê, where higher size species of the genus Daphnia and Simocephalus were relatively more abundant. The species diversity was higher on the regions with elevate abundance of organisms. The environmental characteristics found in the system caused the emergence of organisms with several degrees of morphological alterations; in some cases, the malformations can be congenital and, in others, the attack by microorganisms was evident
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Efeitos do cobre e cromo na comunidade zooplanctônica : um estudo experimental em mesocosmos / Effects of copper and chromium on the zooplankton community : a mesocosms experimental study

Gusmão, Luiz Felipe Mendes de 28 July 2004 (has links)
O crescente desenvolvimento industrial e urbano tem acarretado a introdução de grandes quantidades de metais nos ecossistemas aquáticos, expondo, potencialmente, sua biota e toda a cadeia alimentar que dela se origina à contaminação por esses elementos. Muitos estudos sobre o comportamento dos metais no meio aquático vêm sendo desenvolvidos, pois os metais representam um problema ambiental por sua persistência no ambiente e não biodegradabilidade. No entanto, pouco se conhece sobre seus efeitos ecológicos na estrutura e função das comunidades aquáticas. O presente trabalho, neste sentido, visa contribuir para um melhor conhecimento desses efeitos sobre a comunidade zooplanctônica em experimentos de campo que reproduzem, com maior fidelidade, o ecossistema. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos dos metais cromo e cobre sobre a estrutura da comunidade zooplanctônica de espécies holo-zooplanctônicas em experimentos de mesocosmos realizados na Represa do Lobo-Broa (CHREA/USP). Os mesocosmos constituíram-se de três cercados de filme de PVC transparente, com volume aproximado de 5000 litros, em contato com o sedimento de fundo. Um mesocosmos foi mantido como controle, não sendo contaminado, e os outros dois foram contaminados inicialmente com as concentrações máximas permitidas pelo CONAMA/86 para o cobre (20µg/L) e cromo (40µg/L). O experimento foi realizado de 28 de Março a 30 de Abril de 2002, quando amostras de água (para análises limnológicas) e plâncton foram coletadas duas vezes antes da contaminação e em intervalos de dois e três dias após a introdução dos metais. Na análise das amostras de zooplâncton foram contadas e identificadas as espécies dos três principais grupos zooplanctônicos (Copepoda, Cladocera e Rotifera), quantificados os ovos e classes populacionais de Cladocera e Copepoda, e posteriormente feitos os cálculos de diversos índices ecológicos. Os resultados obtidos indicam que as concentrações dos metais aplicadas causaram efeitos sobre a comunidade zooplanctônica. No entanto, estes efeitos foram diferenciados entre os diversos grupos e espécies observadas, sendo que para avaliar os efeitos sub-letais, uma análise populacional demonstrou ser mais eficiente do que índices ecológicos gerais. Apesar dos índices ecológicos terem demonstrado que os efeitos da contaminação por cromo foram mais severos sobre a comunidade zooplanctônica em relação ao cobre, os microcrustáceos apresentaram um melhor desenvolvimento no tanque contaminado cromo, sendo estes efeitos diferentes para as diversas espécies. Foram observadas alterações na abundância, produção e estoque de ovos de Calanoida, com efeito mais pronunciado no tanque contaminado com cobre. Os Cyclopoida foram mais resistentes à contaminação pelos metais, porém apresentaram sensibilidade diferenciada entre as espécies e entre os estágios de desenvolvimento. Em geral, os cladóceros foram mais sensíveis à contaminação, com efeito tóxico agudo em várias espécies, e efeitos crônicos para ambos os metais, avaliados pela redução no desenvolvimento e produção de ovos. Foram observadas ainda diferenças na sensibilidade entre as espécies de Cladocera, e a competição por recursos demonstrou ser um fator importante na sucessão de espécies nos mesocosmos. O cromo causou efeitos tóxicos mais acentuados sobre a maioria das espécies de Rotifera. A competição por recursos e a predação sobre Rotifera foram fatores importantes na estruturação de suas populações, sendo bastante influenciadas por efeitos indiretos causados pela contaminação do meio / The urban and industrial development has been contributing to the introduction of great amounts of heavy metals in the aquatic ecosystems, exposing its biota and the whole food chain to the contamination with these elements. A lot of studies about the behavior of heavy metals in the aquatic environment have been developed, since heavy metals represent an environmental problem due to its persistence and no biodegradability in the environment. However, little is known about the ecological effects of heavy metals on the structure and function of the aquatic communities. This work contributes for a better knowledge of these effects on the zooplankton community in field experiments. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effects of chromium and copper on the zooplankton community structure in mesocosms experiments at the Lobo-Broa reservoir (CHREA/USP). The mesocosms were constituted of three 5000 liters transparent PVC littoral enclosures in contact with the bottom sediment. One mesocosms was maintained as control (not contaminated), and two were contaminated with the CONAMA/86 maximum concentrations allowed for copper (20µg/L) and chromium (40µg/L). The experiment was conducted from March 28 to April 30, 2002, when samples of water (for limnological analyses) and plankton were collected before and after the contamination in intervals of two to seven days. The zooplankton samples were counted and the species of the three main groups (Copepoda, Cladocera and Rotifera) were identified, eggs and population classes of Cladocera and Copepoda were quantified, and ecological indexes were calculated. According to the results, the concentrations of metals applied caused several effects on the zooplankton community. The ecological indexes showed that the effects of the chromium contamination were more severe over the zooplankton community than copper. However, the effects of the contamination were different for each metal, zooplankton group and species, and for the evaluation of these effects, the analysis based on population data was more efficient than the analyses based on ecological indexes. Copper caused more deleterious effects over the Crustaceans than chromium, but these effects were different for each species. It was observed a different sensibility among the species and the development stages of Copepoda. A more severe reduction in the population abundance and production of eggs of Calanoida occurred in the copper contaminated mesocosms than in the chromium one. Cyclopoida were more resistant to the metal contamination than Calanoida. Cladocera were the most sensitive group, reducing Its abundance and egg production in the contaminated mesocosms, and presenting acute and chronic effects for both metals. It was observed differences in the sensibility among the species of Cladocera, and the competition for resources demonstrated to be an important factor in the succession of species. Several species of Rotifera were more sensitive to chromium than copper, and indirect effects of contamination, like changes in the competition for resources and predation, were important factors in the determination of the Rotifera population structure

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