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Previous issue date: 2013-04-24 / The literature presents many alternatives of physical training and frequently reiterates the use of animal models for studies on the effect of training, as the results in animals are similar to those in humans. There is also the possibility of evaluating variables such as volume and intensity. In addition, many studies have reported beneficial effects of estrogen as an important resource to minimize the deleterious effects of aging. As a means of understanding estrogen action and its influence on aerobic and anaerobic exercise, four experiments were carried out in this context. The first study was called The behavior of glycogen reserves in female rats denervated muscle, with different doses of estrogen and aimed at evaluating the estrogen action on the glycogenic profiles of denervated skeletal muscle.Methods: The animals were divided in 6 experimental groups (n=6): control (C), denervated for 15 days (D), denervated and treated with estrogen 20mg/weight/day (E20), denervated and treated with estrogen 40mg/weight/day (E40), denervated and treated with estrogen 80mg/weight/day (E80) and denervated and treated with estrogen 160mg/weight/day (E160). The treatment was realized by 15 days and the choice substance was estradiol cipionate. The following analyses were carried out: glycogen reserves in soleus (S), white (WG) and red gastrocnemius (RG), body and soleus weights. The statistical analysis included the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey test (p<0.05). Results: The denervation induced a reduction in glycogen content in the S, WG and RG muscles. The groups treated with estrogen we observed a progressive elevation in glycogen reserves concomitant with the elevation of dose and reinstate the glycogen reserves, but the dose that shows a better action is 160mg/weight/day were we observed the greatest quimiometabolic responses. Conclusions: These results suggest that estrogen may be an effective resource to minimize the metabolic compromising that follows the skeletal muscle atrophy induced by denervation. Subsequently, we conducted a study called Estrogen modulation of insulin secretion in isolated rat pancreatic islets , whose goal was to evaluate the sensitivity to glucose in pancreatic islets isolated from female rats treated with estradiol cypionate (160 mg/body weight/ 15 days) as well as its effect on concentration of protein kinase C and protein kinase A in isolated islets. For this purpose, islets were isolated from rats by the collagenase method to evaluate the secretory process in the presence of different concentrations of glucose. On the other hand, the concentration of the enzymes PKC and PKA was also performed by Western blotting. Statistical analysis was applied to normality test (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test) followed by Tukey test, p <0.05. The results showed that the group treated with estradiol cypionate had greater insulin secretion against the same concentration of glucose, and increase of concentration of PKA and PKC enzymes, compared to control. The results show insulinotropic properties of estrogen in synergy with glucose, which is the main insulin secretagogue, since the hormone did not alter the secretion at concentrations normoglycaemia. Possibly the focus of the secretagogue action of estrogen involves the activation of cytosolic enzyme pathways that determine the exudation of insulin. From these observations, we conducted the third study entitled "Electrocardiographic profile of aged rats trained and treated with estrogen , whose goal was to assess the eletrocardiographic profile of rats treated with the association of estrogen and physical activity. We used Wistar rats at 1 year of age, which were submitted to two programs of aerobic exercise (swimming 3 sessions weekly / 8 weeks) and anaerobic (climbing stairs of 80 cm, 3 sessions weekly / 8 weeks). We evaluated blood pressure and ECG intervals considering the QRS, QTc and PR. Data were compared by Student's t test followed by Tukey test, p <0.05. The findings of this study showed that the group treated with estrogen values were 21% lower compared to the control group. With respect to training, we observed that aerobic training promoted 25% reduction in FC, which reached 37.2% reduction in the presence of estrogen. In anaerobic training, we observed 28% reduction, which was accentuated to 40% when estrogen was present. Thus we conclude that treatment with estrogen alone or associated with physical activity was effective in maintaining and improving conditions in the metabolic and functional heart in the cardiac changes that accompany the aging process. Subsequently, we held the fourth paper entitled "Metabolic actions of estrogen in rats subjected to two types of physical training . The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether rats supplemented with estrogen show better responses to the aerobic and anaerobic physical activity. We used aged Wistar rats (13 months), placed under ideal conditions of bioterism and divided into experimental groups called Control and Treated with estrogen (E, 160μg/100g), Aerobically and Anaerobically trained, and Treated with estrogen or not. Blood samples were collected for biochemical evaluation and samples of different muscles of the anterior and posterior were collected for glycogen content assessment by the phenol sulfuric method. The outcomes show that both estrogen and the different workout programs promoted increase in muscle glycogen reserves. Besides, the association of hormone with exercise promoted an additional effect with further enhances in energy conditions. Additionally, we found lower plasma free fatty acids and abdominal fat, and there was also an increase in total protein concentration indicating adjustments in metabolic homeostasis, an important condition to be preserved in the aging process. / A literatura científica apresenta diversas maneiras de treinamento físico e constantemente reitera que a utilização de modelos animais em estudos sobre o efeito do treinamento visto a possibilidade de avaliar variáveis como volume e intensidade, já que as respostas encontradas nos animais são similares às encontradas em humanos. Por outro lado, diversos estudos têm relatado efeitos benéficos do estrógeno como um recurso importante para minimizar os efeitos deletérios do envelhecimento. Nesse contexto, com o objetivo precípuo de compreender as ações estrogênicas e suas influências no exercício aeróbio e anaeróbio foram realizados 2 trabalhos. O primeiro trabalho intitulado Perfil eletrocardiográfico de ratas envelhecidas treinadas e tratadas com estrógeno , cujo objetivo foi avaliar o perfil eletrocardiográfico de ratas tratadas com a associação de estrógeno e atividade física. Foram utilizadas ratas wistar com 1 ano e meio de idade, as quais foram submetidas a dois programas de exercício físico aeróbio (natação 3 sessões semanais/8 semanas) e anaeróbio (escalada em escada de 80 cm, 3sessões semanais/8 semanas), incluindo um período de 2 semanas de adaptação para cada protocolo de treinamento. Foram avaliados a pressão arterial e o ECG considerando os intervalos QRS, QTc e PR. Os dados foram comparados através do teste T de student seguido do teste de Tukey, p<0,05. Os resultados desse estudo mostraram que o grupo tratado com estrógeno apresentou valores 21% menores se comparado ao controle. Com relação ao treinamento foi observado que o treinamento aeróbio promoveu redução 25% na FC, redução que atingiu 37,2% na presença do estrógeno. No treinamento anaeróbio foi observado redução de 28% sendo acentuado para 40% quando o estrógeno esteve presente. Dessa forma conclui-se que nas alterações cardíacas que acompanham o processo de envelhecimento, o tratamento com estrógeno isoladamente ou associado a prática de atividade física mostrou-se eficiente na manutenção bem como na melhora das condições metabólicas cardíacas. Seqüencialmente foi realizado o segundo trabalho intitulado Ações metabólicas do estrógeno em ratas submetidas a dois tipos de treinamento físico. A proposta deste estudo foi avaliar se ratas suplementadas com estrógeno apresentam melhores respostas frente à atividade física aeróbia e anaeróbia. Foram utilizadas ratas Wistar envelhecidas (1 ano e meio de idade) acondicionadas sob condições ideais de bioterismo e divididas em grupos experimentais denominados Controle e Tratadas com estrógeno (E,160μg/100g), Treinado aeróbio e treinado anaeróbio tratados ou não com estrógeno. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue para avaliação bioquímica e amostras de diferentes músculos dos membros anteriores e posteriores para avaliação do conteúdo de glicogênio pelo método do fenol sulfúrico. Os resultados mostram que tanto o estrógeno quanto os diferentes treinamentos promoveram elevação nas reservas musculares de glicogênio, por outro lado, na associação do hormônio com o exercício físico, foi verificado um efeito aditivo que promoveu a melhora ainda mais expressiva nas condições energéticas. Associado a isto, foi verificado menores concentrações plasmáticas de ácidos graxos livres e gordura abdominal e ainda houve elevação na concentração de proteínas totais indicando ajustes na homeostasia metabólica, condição importante a ser preservada no processo de envelhecimento.
| Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:IBICT/oai:repositorio.ufscar.br:ufscar/5159 |
| Date | 24 April 2013 |
| Creators | Severi, Maria Theresa Munhoz |
| Contributors | Parizotto, Nivaldo Antonio |
| Publisher | Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Programa de Pós-graduação em Fisioterapia, UFSCar, BR |
| Source Sets | IBICT Brazilian ETDs |
| Language | Portuguese |
| Detected Language | English |
| Type | info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion, info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis |
| Format | application/pdf |
| Source | reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSCAR, instname:Universidade Federal de São Carlos, instacron:UFSCAR |
| Rights | info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
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