本研究係透過對全球暖化科普出版品的圖像再現分析,研究圖像與公眾溝通暖化議題時的角色、功能與意義,進而討論圖像設計與公眾參與間的關係發展。圖像分析的來源主要以2007年IPCC發表第四次報告後,全球暖化科學知識的發展成熟、確定人為造成暖化及國際社會採取行動等社會氛圍為觀察點,以臺灣出版市場為選材來源,蒐集13本以圖文共構為主的科普文本,取徑符號學並應用家族相似性觀點於圖像再現的分析主軸。
研究者立論與分析思維的處理方式,是以宏觀的知識社會學理論視角,先行探索全球暖化知識的認識論及其在臺灣產製的研究議題,以及科學哲學、風險社會對此知識觀點的探討,再以社會建構論的角色切入,梳理社會建構論者如何分別從規範建構與權力建構的詮釋,分析全球暖化議題與社會間的互動發展關係,並與先前闡述理論形成辯證過程。研究者接著再從媒體再現全球暖化議題的相關研究,進行資料蒐集與分析,討論過去在風險議題下圖像被賦予的角色與功能。最後,研究者據成因面、影響面與解決面為圖像所依附的敘事架構,整理分析出各面向下圖像家族再現的論述主題、議題與意義,將其結果分析與處理後,再與先前的學理對話,形成本研究的發現與結論。
本研究發現成因面圖像多再現科學共識,影響面圖像側重全球暖化帶來的災難事件及不確定性,解決面圖像則再現技術與行為規範的論述。在圖像輔助文本論述的角色界定下,各方面有以下特徵與意義:
首先,文本在描述科學事實與因果關係時,圖像再現會顯示科學文化圈的慣用符碼,如模型、數字、圖表、科學家研究的歷史相片等融入圖像再現,形塑能摒除懷疑、建構嚴謹可信的知識論述。
其次,解釋全球暖化影響時,圖像再現則傾向表現災難正在發生,在各地不斷游移與變動的不確性,來表徵全球暖化風險的系統性與連鎖效應。圖像再現會善用人們認知習慣上的比較手法、恐懼符碼來建構意義:直接影響面上,會以比較法配合描述改變中的自然景觀(融冰、海平面上升),或是各地災難事件的受創場景,以輔助闡述暖化持續進行的現象,並構連宗教文化的神話系統,象徵人類的罪與罰,以激起行動與重生的意念;衍生影響面上,圖像再現則以恐懼相反的修辭策略,如美麗、平和與可愛的動植物圖像及依賴自然生活與生存的人們、文化古都等景觀,搭配控訴暖化破壞的書寫,以建構等待救援受難的他者,圖像在散發出美感外隱藏生命共同體的道德訊息。
最後,文本在議論如何解決風險社會中複雜的系統性利益與需求問題時,再生能源的技術就在其中扮演著關鍵性的工具角色,其中又以太陽能、風能等圖像較常被引用。圖像再現則以車、房為載體,將回收技術、再生能源科技、生態技術的想像與論述置入其中,提供接受科技治理而無須改變現有生活的價值與態度。但是,風車圖像所再現的風場與發電廠,隱藏高技術門檻及科技專家治理的形態,隱藏由政府、產業與科技專家共治的大治理論述;而方舟圖像再現意指科學或科技行動須集思廣益才能事竟其功。在行為規範面,圖像再現節能減碳、綠化環境的行為圖標,輔助個人參與適應暖化行動論述,抗爭與遊行圖像的再現則指涉公眾參與科技民主的一種形式,卻忽略其他多元參與論述的圖像。上述研究發現與學理概念對照與分析後,本研究從公眾參與角度提出以下科普圖像設計的實務建議與創新見解:
(一)圖像設計可減少註解式的圖文關係,以故事發揮圖像敘事潛能。
(二)公眾涉入感為理念,設計與公眾生活脈絡相關的圖像與論述。
(三)公眾能動性為理念,邀非專家設計圖像,建立情感與認知連接點。
(四)圖像用以轉化公眾的願景,專家與公眾共構小治理規劃的實踐。
公眾解讀科普與參與傳播,則能豐富媒體素養教育的理論的實踐範疇,圖像則發揮圖像激勵公眾參與的潛能。 / This study examines the roles, the functions, and the significance of images for communication with the public on global warming issues by analyzing image representations of popular science publications on global warming. The study also discusses the relationship development between image design and public participation.
According to the study’s findings of popular science images, "cause images" represent scientific consensus, "effect images" correspond to catastrophic events and uncertainties resulting from global warming, and "resolution images" signify the descriptions of technologies and the norms of behaviors. Under the current defined role of images for the supporting text, we observe the following characteristics.
First, when describing scientific facts and the cause-and-effect relationships in the content, the representing images of the symbols commonly used by the science culture circle, which include models, numbers, figures/tables, and historical photos, eliminate doubt and allow for the construction of significant and credible knowledgeable narratives.
Second, when explaining the impact of global warming, the representing images often lean towards showing the shifting and changing uncertainties caused by disasters that are occurring in order to signify the systems and the chain reactions produced by the risks of global warming.
Third and lastly, the study also explores the key roles of sustainable energy technologies for solving the problems of complex systems and the needs of society. The most common images cited are those of solar energy and wind energy.
After the comparison and analysis of the abovementioned findings and the concepts of various theories, we provide practical suggestions and innovative insights for a scientific image design from the public participation perspective as follows.
(1) Image design can reduce the needs for image annotation, and story-centered images retain great potential for illustration.
(2) Public participation shall be considered as the basis for designing public life-correlated images and narratives.
(3) Experts should design images based on the concept of public dynamics so as to establish a connection between emotion and recognition.
(4) For the transformation of public thought using images, experts and the public should carry out the construction of a small plan together.
The public perception of science and public participation in communication can enrich the practical areas of the theories of media literacy education. Images can additionally generate potential benefits through design of public participation.
Identifer | oai:union.ndltd.org:CHENGCHI/G0094451503 |
Creators | 鄧宗聖, Deng, Tzong Sheng |
Publisher | 國立政治大學 |
Source Sets | National Chengchi University Libraries |
Language | 中文 |
Detected Language | English |
Type | text |
Rights | Copyright © nccu library on behalf of the copyright holders |
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