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Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified >300 loci associated with measures of adiposity including body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (adjusted for BMI, WHRadjBMI), but few have been identified through screening of the African ancestry genomes. We performed large scale meta-analyses and replications in up to 52,895 individuals for BMI and up to 23,095 individuals for WHRadjBMI from the African Ancestry Anthropometry Genetics Consortium (AAAGC) using 1000 Genomes phase 1 imputed GWAS to improve coverage of both common and low frequency variants in the low linkage disequilibrium African ancestry genomes. In the sex-combined analyses, we identified one novel locus (TCF7L2/HABP2) for WHRadjBMI and eight previously established loci at P < 5x10(-8) : seven for BMI, and one for WHRadjBMI in African ancestry individuals. An additional novel locus (SPRYD7/DLEU2) was identified for WHRadjBMI when combined with European GWAS. In the sex-stratified analyses, we identified three novel loci for BMI (INTS10/LPL and MLC1 in men, IRX4/IRX2 in women) and four for WHRadjBMI (SSX2IP, CASC8, PDE3B and ZDHHC1/HSD11B2 in women) in individuals of African ancestry or both African and European ancestry. For four of the novel variants, the minor allele frequency was low (<5%). In the trans-ethnic fine mapping of 47 BMI loci and 27 WHRadjBMI loci that were locus-wide significant (P < 0.05 adjusted for effective number of variants per locus) from the African ancestry sex-combined and sex-stratified analyses, 26 BMI loci and 17 WHRadjBMI loci contained <= 20 variants in the credible sets that jointly account for 99% posterior probability of driving the associations. The lead variants in 13 of these loci had a high probability of being causal. As compared to our previous HapMap imputed GWAS for BMI and WHRadjBMI including up to 71,412 and 27,350 African ancestry individuals, respectively, our results suggest that 1000 Genomes imputation showed modest improvement in identifying GWAS loci including low frequency variants. Trans-ethnic meta-analyses further improved fine mapping of putative causal variants in loci shared between the African and European ancestry populations.

Detta examensarbete vid Konstfack inom Inredningsarkitektur och Möbeldesign har kommit att handla om en vilja att lära sig något nytt och utmanas inom det en tidigare inte gjort. Inom arbetet har det kommit att bli en undersökning av ett Perstorpsbord från 1960-talet. Det har varit en källa till inspiration och visat på lärdomar inom möbelkonstruktion och möbelformgivning. Projektets tyngd ligger i att förstå och se samband mellan de två aspekterna. Med detta som grund har en transformation skett där Perstorpsbordet har kommit att bli ett nytt, med förändringar inom form, material och konstruktion.  Avsikten har varit att gestalta det nya bordet kallat NAVET, för en ungdom som ofta flyttar emellan boenden. Med det i åtanke så har behov av bordet blivit fastställda som sedan kommit att bli en del av utformningen. Jag jobbar med Perstorpsbordets befintliga funktioner samtidigt som det ska placeras i samtiden och därmed utvecklas. Därav ändras bordets form, material och kulör, samtidigt som jag behåller de aspekter med Perstorpsbordet som utifrån mina undersökningar ansågs vara fungerande hos bordet ännu idag.  Det var viktigt för mig att gå igenom en gestaltningsprocess av en möbel från start till slut. Från ett undersökande med nyfikenhet och öppna ögon, så var syftet att ta det vidare igenom en process av arbete som skisser, anteckningar, mock-up, prototyper och samtal med mera. För att leda fram till att själv stå i verkstaden och försöka förverkliga denna idé av ett bord i full skala.  Mitt mål är att personligen utveckla mer kunskap om såväl en möbel, som dess relation till fältet samt hur jag själv jobbar. Jag upptäckte en för mig ny förundran inför möbler tack vare denna djupdykning och en förståelse för det arbete som ligger bakom. Jag anser därför att detta projekt har gett mig möjligheten att bli bättre som inredningsarkitekt och möbeldesigner. / This thesis project at Konstfack in Interior Architecture and Furniture Design has centered on a desire to learn something new and be challenged in areas I have not previously explored. During this work, it has become an investigation of a Perstorp table from the 1960s. It has been a source of inspiration, providing insights into furniture construction and design. The project’s core lies in understanding and seeing the connections between these two aspects. Using this as a foundation, a transformation has taken place where the Perstorp table has become a new piece, with changes in form, material, and construction. The intention has been to design the new table, called NAVET (The Hub), for a young person who frequently moves between homes. With this in mind, the needs of the table were identified and subsequently incorporated into the design. I am working with the existing functions of the Perstorp table while also aiming to place it in a contemporary context and thus develop it further. Therefore, the table’s shape, material, and color have been changed, while retaining the aspects of the Perstorp table that my research showed to be still functional today. It was important for me to go through a design process for a piece of furniture from start to finish. Starting with exploration driven by curiosity and open-mindedness, the goal was to advance through a work process involving sketches, notes, mock-ups, prototypes, and discussions, among other things, leading to the point where I am in the workshop, attempting to realize this idea of a table in full scale. My goal is to personally develop more knowledge about a piece of furniture, its relation to the field, and how I work. I discovered a newfound admiration for furniture thanks to this deep dive and gained an understanding of the work involved. Therefore, I believe this project has given me the opportunity to become a better interior architect and furniture designer.

Design, exoskeleton, overhead work, fatigue, human body, musculoskeletal disorder

<div><p><i>It’s very easy to take more than nothing – Lewis Carroll</i></p></div><i><br></i>

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