Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-10T14:24:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 1999-06-07. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-12-10T14:30:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000127802.pdf: 1890622 bytes, checksum: 6d1951430b77e717eefd4b1637acd49f (MD5) / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a porcentagem média de perda óssea alveolar (%MPOA) em radiografias de pacientes encaminhados a periodontista para tratamento. Foram empregadas séries de 14 radiografias periapicais, tomadas com a técnica do paralelismo, de 213 pacientes (noventa homens e 123 mulheres) com idade média de 44,3 anos e avaliamos 9608 superfícies proximais de 4804 dentes. A perda óssea alveolar foi dada como porcentagem média baseando-se na técnica de Schei et al. (1959). Também usamos os mesmos pontos de referência: distância junção esmalte-cemento à crista óssea alveolar e distância junção esmalte cemento ao ápice dentário, medidas com auxilio de paquímetro digital. Nossos resultados mostraram que a porcentagem média de perda óssea alveolar foi de 22,39%. Homens exibiram maior %MPOA que mulheres; a arcada superior exibiu %MPOA maior que a inferior; as superficies distais mostraram %MPOA maior que as mesiais; a %MPOA aumentou com a idade, embora as diferenças entre os grupos etários foram consideradas estatisticamente não significativas (p>0.05); a %MPOA foi maior nas proximais dos dentes dos hemiarcos direitos que dos esquerdos (p<0,05). A mais alta porcentagem média de perda óssea alveolar foi encontrada no grupo dos molares, seguida pelo grupo dos incisivos e grupo dos pré-molares; o grupo dos caninos exibiu a mais baixa %MPOA. As diferenças entre os grupos dentários foram consideradas estatisticamente significativas (p<0.01). Foi discutido o emprego desta técnica nos consultórios e clínicas radiográficas para documentação e classificação dos pacientes e para futuras comparações sobre nível ósseo alveolar / The aim of this study was to evaluate the mean of alveolar bone loss (%) in radiographies of patients referred to specialist for periodontal treatment. Full mouth series of periapical radiographies (paralelism technique) were used. A total of 9808 proximal surfaces in 4804 teeth of 213 patients (90 males and 123 females), mean age, 44.3 years, were assessed. The alveolar bone loss was measured in relation to root lenght expressed as an average similar to Schei 's technique (1959) without the use of ruler. The references used were the distances cement-enamel juntion (CEJ) - alveolar crest (AC) and CEJ- dental apex taken with a digimatic caliper. The results showed that the mean values of alveolar bone loss (%ABL) was 22.39%. Men showed higher mean values of %ABL than women; the %ABL increased with the age, but the difference among age groups was no statistical significant (p>0.05); the mean values of %ABL of distal surfaces was higher than mesial surfaces (p<0.01), ríght quadrants exhibited higher %ABL values than left quadrants (p<0.01); maxillary sites showed mean values of %ABL higher than mandibular sites; the highest mean values of %ABL was found in molar group, followed by incisor groups, and premolar group; the canine group exhibited lower mean values of %ABL; the differences among the groups was considered statitistically significant (p<0.01). lt was suggested the usage of this technique in the dentistry offices and radiological services for the patient 's documentation and assortment and for later comparison about alveolar bone level

Utveckling på kreditmarknaden har gett upphov till nya kreditformer. Ett exempel på en sådan kredit är snabblån. Snabblån utmärks av att det är kortfristiga lån på låga belopp som konsumenterna erhåller inom en kort tidsperiod. Vidare är låneprocessen enkel. Statistik från Kronofogdemyndigheten visar att antalet betalningsförelägganden med grund i snabblån har ökat (se bilaga) och regeringen hävdar på basis av statistiken att samband mellan snabblån och överskuldsättning föreligger. Lag om viss kreditgivning till konsumenter har därmed blivit antagen och ska införas. Lagen innebär att snabblångivares verksamhet blir tillståndspliktig samt omfattas av Finansinspektionens tillsyn. Förändringen innebär även att ytterligare krav ställs på snabblångivares bolagsordning, ägare och ledning samt att verksamheten bedrivs på ett sätt som är sunt. Avsikten med denna uppsats är att fastställa gällande rätt beträffande snabblångivares verksamhet. Vidare diskuteras huruvida konsumentskyddet på snabblånemarknaden är bristfälligt och om snabblångivares verksamhet därmed bör bli tillståndspliktig samt omfattas av Finansinspektionens tillsyn. Snabblångivare är finansiella institut och omfattas därmed av AnmL. Detta innebär att snabblångivare ska anmäla sin verksamhet till Finansinspektionen innan verksamhet får börja bedrivas. Finansinspektionen har begränsade ingripandemöjligheter och utför endast en kontroll över snabblångivarnas ägare och ledning. Snabblångivare omfattas även av skyldigheter som följer av KkrL såsom kravet på god kreditgivningssed, information om effektiv ränta, avgifternas utformning och kreditprövning. Snabblångivare har brustit i sina skyldigheter i KkrL vilket följer av domar från MD och flertalet viten och förelägganden från Konsumentverket. I analysen fastställs att Kronofogdemyndighetens statistik inte enskilt kan användas som grund till en förändring men i kombination med gällande rätts bristfällighet, snabblånets egenskaper och samhällets utveckling påvisas att konsumentskyddet är bristfälligt och att en förändring behövs. Vidare fastställs att systemstabiliserande regler har en indirekt inverkan på konsumentskyddet och kan införas för att förbättra denna. Efter en avvägning mellan förändringens betungande verkan för snabblångivarna och det skydd som konsumenterna erhåller ska förändringen i fråga ses som proportionerlig. Snabblångivares verksamhet bör således vara tillståndspliktig och omfattas av Finansinspektionens tillsyn. / Evolvement on the credit market has caused the rise of new forms of credits. An example of a credit of such is the payday loan. The payday loan is distinguished by its short-term, low amount and that the customers obtain the loan in a short matter of time. Furthermore, the process of obtaining the loan is simple. Statistics from the Swedish Enforcement Authority shows that the amount of injunctions to pay based on payday loans has increased (see attachment) and that the Government claims on the basis of the statistics that a connection between payday loans and overindebtness exists. A new act regarding some credits to consumers has therefore been adopted and is to be introduced. The new act means that the payday lender´s business becomes licensed and are subject to the supervision of the Swedish Financial Service Authority. The change also means additional demands on the payday lender´s articles of associtation, owners and management, and that the business is conducted in a healthy manner. The purpose of this essay is to determine the law as it exists regarding payday lender´s business. Further discussed is whether the consumer protection on the payday market is inadequate and if the payday lender´s business, thus, should be licensed and be subject to the supervision of the Swedish Financial Service Authority. Payday lenders are financial institutions and are therefore subject to the Act regarding the notification duty for some financial businesses. This means that the payday lenders shall report their business to the Swedish Financial Service Authority before operations may start. The Swedish Financial Service Authority has limited intervention possibilities and performs only a control of the owners and management. Payday lenders are also subject to obligations arising from the Consumer Credit Act such as the requirement of good creditors, information about the annual percentage rate, fees designing and credit review. Payday lenders has failed to fulfill its obligations in the Consumer Credit Act which follows from judgements from the market court and several penalties and injunctions from the Consumer Agency. In the analysis it is established that the statitistics from the Swedish Enforcement Authority alone can not be used as the basis for a change, but in combination with the existing legal deficiency, the characteristics of the payday loan and the development of the society it demonstrates that the consumer protection is inadequate and that a change is needed. Further, it is established that rules of system stabilising nature has an indirect effect on consumer protection and can be used to improve it. After striking a balance between the burdens the payday lenders suffer from the change with the increased consumer protection that the change will result in, the change in question is to be seen as proportionate. Payday lender´s business should therefore be subject to license and supervision of the Swedish Financial Service Authority.

碩士 / 國立成功大學 / 臨床藥學研究所 / 94 / Background：Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), and hypertension is a risk factor for CKD and CVD. Clinically, ACE inhibitors or angiotensinⅡreceptor blockers (ACEI/ARB) is used for treatment of hypertension and CKD. Although most studies have proved the antihypertensive and antiproteinuric effects of ACEI/ARB, it is unclear of the reno-cardiac protection of ACEI/ARB and the ideal blood pressure (BP) in normotensive CKD patients. One study showed antiproteinuric effects of ACEI/ARB in normotensive CKD patients, but it has not been established the benefits of ACEI/ARB with regard to retarding the progression of renal function. Objective：To evaluate the renal and cardiovascular protective effects of ACEI/ARB in normotensive and well-controlled hypertensive CKD patients. Method：We enrolled 225 CKD patients of stage 1 to 4 with normal BP (<140/90 mmHg) at entry of the study in National Cheng Kung University Hospital from Jan, 2001 to Dec 2004. The patients were grouped into normotensive and well-controlled hypertensive groups according to the use of ACEI/ARB. We had followed these patients until Dec 2005 and recorded the clinical data every 6 month.There were 44 patients excluded because of receiving immunotherapy, incomplete clinical data or followed up less than 6 months. Finally, a total of 181 CKD patients were included for analysis. Main Outcome Measures：The primary endpoint was defined as a 50% increase of Scr (including end-stage renal disease) or proteinuria from the baseline, and the secondary endpoints were the CV events and related mortality. Statitistical Analysis：The event-free curves were based on Kaplan-Meier analysis and significances were assessed by the log-rank test. A Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to determine the independent variables. Results were reported as the relative risk and their 95% confidence intervals. P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. SAS 9.1 statistical software for windows was used for analyses. Results：Among the 181 CKD patients with BP <140/90 mmHg, 53 were normotensive patients with the use of ACEI/ARB, 34 normotensive patients without use of ACEI/ARB (controlled group), 57 well-controlled hypertensive patients with the use of ACEI/ARB and 37 well-controlled hypertensive patients without the use of ACEI/ARB. In the normotensive study subjects, the ACEI/ARB group were younger, baseline renal function better and proteinuria milder than the controlled group. About the etiology of renal disease, there were significant differences between groups in chronic glomerular nephropathy (49% in ACEI/ARB and 12% in controlled groups) and with concomitant use of non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker (NDHP CCB)(none in ACEI/ARB and 9 % in controlled groups). The other baseline characteristics were not different between both groups. After adjustment of other baseline covariates, ACEI/ARB reduced the risk of composite renal endpoints by 71% (95% CI 0.13-0.66, p=0.003).There was a trend with regard to retarding the progression of renal function and a significant benefit on proteinuria, with risk reduction of 63% (95% CI 0.15-0.91, p=0.030) by using the ACEI/ARB. In well-controlled hypertensive subjects the baseline characteristics of ACEI/ARB group were younger, lower body mass index (BMI), lower systolic BP, better renal function, higher percentage of concomitant medication with statin and lower percentage with NDHP CCB than the controlled group. After adjustment of the other baseline covariates, ACEI/ARB demonstrated the benefit for preserving renal function, with a risk reduction of 70% (95% CI 0.12-0.74, p=0.010). Risk reduction of proteinuria and composite renal endpoints didn’t differ between ACEI/ARB and controlled groups. Furthermore, in the total study subjects, patients in ACEI/ARB group were younger, lower BMI and BP, better renal function and less cerebrovascular events history than controlled group. Besides, ACEI/ARB group had higher percentage of statin use and lower of NDHP CCB than controlled group. Similarly, after adjustment of other baseline covariates, ACEI/ARB significantly reduced the risks of renal function, proteinuria and composite renal endpoints as well by 49% (95% CI 0.27-0.97, p=0.039), 67% (95% CI 0.18-0.62, p=0.010) and 50% (95% CI 0.30-0.81, p=0.006), respectively. In the secondary outcome, the CV events didn’t differ between ACEI/ARB and controlled groups after univariate and multivariate analysis. Conclusion：ACEI/ARB showed renoprotective effects in CKD patients with BP lower than 140/90 mmHg with regard to retarding the 50% increase of Scr level and proteinuria in our study. Among the normotensive subjects, ACEI/ARB had significant antiproteinuric effect and a trend for preserving renal function. Among the hypertensive CKD patients, renoprotection was achieved by means of using ACEI/ARB and good BP control. In conclusion, our study demonstrated renoprotective effects of ACEI/ARB. However, as for CV protection by ACEI/ARB, there was no significant beneficial effect between groups because of low incidence of CV events and small sample size.