Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T18:12:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Priscila Feliciano de Oliveira.pdf: 298919 bytes, checksum: d19d00fc10c4a2440c760088e47f3528 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-10-10 / Introduction: Continuous exposure to loud sound pressure levels can cause noise-induced hearing loss (NHIL) and consequently affect the quality of life for these subjects. The handicap of hearing loss has a psychological effect characterized by isolation, stress, difficulties with family relationships, anxiety, sleep difficulties, less confidence and depression. Objective: This research shows the handicap of nourishing branch workers, intent juice workers and cement workers with noise induced hearing loss. Methods: An anamnese and a questionnaire of the handicap scale named Hearing Handicap Inventory for Adults (HHIA) were administered to 72 workers. The subjects were 23 to 58 years old and the mean age at which exposed to occupational noise was 14,5 years. Results: In 72 workers, 21 (29,2%) had handicap presence. The led/moderate auto-perception was shown in 10 (13,9%) workers and severe/significant was shown in 11 people (15,3%). In social/situational scale, the main complaints were using less telephone (38,9%), difficulties to hearing/understanding business colleagues (34,7%) and watching TV and listening to the radio (33,3%). In emotional scale 33,3% were irritated, 30,6% were bored of having difficulties in hearing and 27,8% were constrained or felt sad when they were presented to someone new. In audiograms analysis, the most affected frequency was in the range of 3 to 8 kHz, with worse thresholds in 4 kHz. The relationship between hearing loss and handicap presence was not shown. Conclusion: The handicap presence was observed in 29,2% and there did not appear to be a significant statistical difference between handicap and age, time of noise exposure, tinnitus, and hearing loss / Introdução: A exposição continuada a elevados níveis de pressão sonora podem ocasionar uma perda auditiva induzida por ruído (PAIR) e conseqüentemente provocar efeitos na qualidade de vida do indivíduo. O handicap decorrente de uma perda auditiva é uma alteração psicossocial caracterizada por isolamento, estresse, dificuldades nas relações familiares, ansiedade, dificuldade de sono, diminuição da auto-estima e depressão. Objetivo: Este estudo avaliou a auto-percepção do handicap auditivo decorrente de PAIR em trabalhadores do segmento alimentício e da produção de cimento no Estado de Sergipe. Método: A amostra foi composta por 72 trabalhadores na faixa etária de 23 a 58 anos e com tempo médio de exposição a ruído de 14,5 anos. Foram utilizados um protocolo de anamnese e o questionário de auto-percepção de handicap auditivo- Hearing Handicap Inventory for Adults (HHIA). Resultados: Dos 72 trabalhadores, 21 (29,2%) apresentaram presença handicap auditivo. A auto-percepção de grau leve/moderado foi encontrada em 10 (13,9%) sujeitos e de grau severo/significativo em 11 sujeitos (15,3%).Na escala social/situacional, as principais queixas foram utilizar menos o telefone (38,9%), dificuldades para ouvir/entender os colegas de trabalho (34,7%) e para assistir TV e ouvir rádio (33,3%). Na escala emocional 33,3 % ficam irritados, 30,6% ficam chateados por apresentar dificuldades em ouvir e 27,8% ficam constrangidos ou sem jeito quando são apresentados a pessoas estranhas. Na análise dos audiogramas, o maior comprometimento foi na faixa de freqüência de 3 a 8kHz com piores limiares em 4 kHz. Não foi observada relação da perda auditiva com a presença de handicap. Conclusões: A presença de auto-percepção de handicap auditivo foi de 29,2% e não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre o handicap a as variáveis idade, tempo de exposição ao ruído, zumbido e grau de perda auditiva

碩士 / 明新科技大學 / 化學工程研究所 / 98 / Abstract Armillariella mellea is one of the fungi food-medicine mushrooms to tranquilize the central nervous system and to reduce the mice death rate induced by nicotine. It can also treat dizziness, palsy, insomnia, tinnitus, etc.,imultaneously. Many researchers have demonstrated that A. mellea polysaccharides are excellent in anti-tumor and antioxidant activities. In this study, influence of culture aeration rate and temperature, two-stage, four-stage on polysaccharide fermentation from Armillariella mellea by submerged culture and its antioxidant properties were examined. Armillariella mellea culture at different aeration rate ranging from 0.3 vvm to 1.5 vvm by submerged cultures was individually carried out in a 5-L fermentor and to increase production of exopolysaccharide (EPS) by regulating two-stage culture strategy (1.2 vvm → 0.6 vvm). Armillariella mellea culture at different temperature ranging from 13 ℃ to 34 ℃ by submerged cultures was individually carried out in a 5-L fermentor and to increase production of exopolysaccharide (EPS) by regulating two-stage culture strategy (28 ℃→ 22 ℃). The experimental results exhibited that the maximum of mycelia production in stirred-tank bioreactor was 7.16 mgmL-1 at 1.2 vvm. The maximum EPS production was 0.17 mgmL-1 at 0.6 vvm. To improve the biomass and EPS production, the two-stage culture strategy was used. The two-stage aeration rate process (1.2 vvm → 0.6 vvm) demonstrated a high biomass and EPS producttion with 11.43 mgmL-1and 0.27 mgmL-1. The experimental results exhibited that the maximum of mycelia production in stirred-tank bioreactor was 12.61 mgmL-1 at 28℃ . The maximum EPS production was 0.21 mgmL-1 at 22℃. To improve the biomass and EPS production, the two-stage culture strategy was used. The two-stage temperature process (28 ℃ → 22 ℃) demonstrated a high biomass and EPS producttion with16.45 mgmL-1and 0.36 mgmL-1. The four-stage aeration rate culture, including aeration rate process (1.2 vvm → 0.6 vvm) and temperature process( 28 ℃ → 22 ℃) demonstrated a high biomass and EPS production with 21.34 mgmL-1and 0.44 mgmL-1, respectively. In addition, The four-stage fermentation product extracts, exopolysaccharide (EPS) and intracellular polysaccharide (IPS), showed a high antioxidant activity, reducing powers, scavenging effects on 1,1-diphenol-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals (DPPH), chelating effects and scavenging effects on superoxide anion. For reducing owers, the lowest EC50 value of 0.34 mgmL-1 for IPS was achieved from four-stage culture strategy. The lowest EC50 values of 0.06 mgmL-1 were obtained for antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of mycelia from four-stage culture strategy . The lowest EC50 values for hot water extract of mycelia were 1.43 mgmL-1at four-stage culture strategy for scavenging effects on 1,1-diphenol-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals (DPPH). For chelating effects, the lowest EC50 values of EPS were 0.11 mgmL-1 by four-stage culture. For scavenging effects on superoxide anion, the lowest EC50 values from hot water extracts of mycelia by four-stage culture were 0.03 mgmL-1. In two-stage aeration rate culture strategy, the number molecular weight of EPS and IPS were 2.14×106 Da and 6.13×106 Da, respectively. The two-stage temperature culture strategy, the number molecular weight of IPS and EPS were 5.99×106 Da and 2.16×106 Da, respectively. The number molecular weights of IPS and EPS from the four-stage were 6.61×106 Da and 3.34×106 Da, respectively. In antioxidant properties, the high molecular weight and polysaccharide had better antioxidant activities. The results could provide a reference for future study and antioxidant health-food production of large-scale process.

碩士 / 明新科技大學 / 化學工程研究所 / 96 / Abstract Armillariella mellea is one of the fungi food-medicine mushroom with tranquilizing central nervous and reducing death rate of mice inducing by nicotine. Simultaneously, it can treat for dizziness, palsy, insomnia, tinnitus, etc. Many researchers demonstrate that A. mellea polysaccharide has excellent anti-tumor activity. The purpose of this study is to optimize the submerged culture conditions to produce the mycelial growth product and the exopolysaccharide by Armillaria mellea with respect to several operating parameters in shake flask fermentation. The experimental results exhibited that the optimal conditions, glucose and yeast extract were the most suitable carbon and nitrogen sources for mycelial growth and EPS production, respectively. The most suitable carbon and nitrogen source concentrations for mycelial growth and EPS production were 40 g L-1 glucose and 3 g L-1 yeast extract, respectively. The optimal temperature, initial pH and trace element for mycelial growth and EPS production by Armillaria mellea in shake flask cultures were found to be 22℃, 4.0 and MgSO4, respectively. The optimal MgSO4 concentration is 2 g L-1. The optimal conditions obtained from the study can be used in submerged culture of A.mellea to promote mycelial growth and EPS production. Under this condition in a 5-L stirred-tank fermenter culture, the maximum EPS production was 588.30 mg L-1. In the optimized medium, the EPS production was 82.20% higher than that at basal medium in a fermenter culture. In addition, the fermentation product extracts (i.e. methanolic extract from mycelia, exopolysaccharide from broth, methanolic extract from broth, hot water extract from mycelia and intracellular polysaccharide from mycelia) showed high antioxidant activity, reducing powers, scavenging effects on 1,1-diphenol-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals, chelating effects and scavenging effects on superoxide anion. The lowest EC50 values for antioxidant activity were 3.45 mg mL-1, 0.73 mg mL-1 for reducing powers, 2.96 mg mL-1 for scavenging effects on 1,1-diphenol-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals, 0.12 mg mL-1 for chelating effects and 0.51 mg mL-1 for scavenging effects on super oxide anion. Due to all EC50 below 10 mg mL-1, the polysaccharide produced by Armillaria mellea possess a great potential in developing antioxidant health-foods. In this study, molecular weight and protein content of exopolysaccharide and antioxidant compounds from fermentation product extracts were also tested, and the results indicated that the key compound of hot water extract from mycelia mainly compound was total phenols (30.90 mg g-1). The number average molecular weight of exopolysaccharide was 7.99×106 (Da), and protein content of EPS was about 7.68 %. Effects of the different pH on cell growth and exopolysaccharides production by submerged culture of Armillaria mellea were also examined in 5-L stirred-tank fermenter cultures. The results showed that the maximum specific growth rate (μ) was 0.27 d-1 at pH 4 control. At pH 5 control, maximum values of the biomass concentration and productivity for biomass (QX) were 14.59 g L-1 and 1.46 g L-1d-1, respectively. At pH 4 control, maximum values of the EPS concentration and productivity for EPS (QP) were 562.01mg L-1 and 56.20 mg L-1d-1, respectively. For antioxidant activity test of EPS obtained from fermentation of Armillaria mellea at different pH, the maximum antioxidant activity (40.65%) and scavenging DPPH effect (47.77%) of EPS (500ppm) occurred at pH 4 and pH 5, respectively. Mw of EPS from different pH cultures by Armillaria mellea was ranged from 4.76×106 ~ 6.99×106 Da. Mw of EPS from sudmerged culture at lower pH range (pH 3 ~ 4) is more than that of higher pH range (pH 5 ~ 7). The maximum protein / polysaccharide (%) of EPS from sudmerged culture at pH 5 control (6.62%). Protein / polysaccharide (%) was related highly to scavenging DPPH effect (R2 = 0.91). The DPPH scavenging activity increases with protein / polysaccharide (%). The results indicated that the optimal culture condition for EPS with maximum antioxidant activity is at pH 4;and maximum scavenging DPPH effect is at pH 5. Keywords: Armillaria mellea , Exopolysaccharide ,Optimal, Antioxidant, pH

Grounded in Green and Kreuter's (1991) flexible research framework (the PRECEDE model), the prime purpose of this doctoral research agenda has been to enhance our understanding of the frequently obscure psychosocial implications of ageing with hearing handicap (HH) in the audible world, by focusing on the dyadic perspectives of older New Zealand (NZ) ex-service personnel and their spouses. Glass and Balfour's (2003) Ecological Model of Ageing guided the multidisciplinary literature review, in order to accommodate the functional implications of age-related losses which could potentially exacerbate the social and emotional sequelae of ageing with HH and tinnitus. In addition, Cohen's (1992) Transactional Model of Stress (which integrates three social support constructs with Lazarus and Folkman's [1984] model describing adaptations to stressful events), illustrates how on-going social and emotional adjustments to hearing losses could potentially affect older adults' health-related quality of life (H-QoL). Infused by these transdisciplinary ecological perspectives, a composite model of Ageing with Hearing Handicap was proposed to explore older dyadic partner perspectives of NZ veterans' adjustment to ageing with hearing handicap; and to identify which factors exerted the most influence over the veterans' self-reported perceptions of HH and H-QoL. Methods: A purposive pilot study sample (N=51 veterans) initially guided the appropriate selection of ecologically relevant biopsychosocial variables and data collection methods (self-report mail out booklets) for two subsequent studies: (i) The main 'parent' study (referred to as the Hearing Aid Research Project [HARP]), which examined the predictors of hearing aid use in veterans aged 50 year and older; and (ii) The doctoral study, which explored dyadic perspectives of ageing with HH. The doctoral study's dyadic partner sample (N=671 dyads) comprised a subset of the 1249 HARP veterans. This subset met the doctoral study's inclusion criteria of male veterans aged 65 years plus, who had responded with a female partner/spouse residing in the same household. Only dyads with reasonably complete mail out survey response sets were selected. The dyadic partner response sets included social demographic details and responses to a number of constructs relevant to the doctoral research context including: aural rehabilitation, HH, H-QoL, emotional wellbeing, social support and memory in everyday life. Results: The results describe significantly different aural rehabilitation coping trajectories between the self-identified 'first time' and more experienced hearing aid users; and dyadic partner comparisons which highlight that the female partners were more acutely aware of the stigmatising impact of hearing losses on the veterans' social and emotional agency. Analyses of the intersecting structural and functional features of social support illustrated that increasing levels of the veterans' hearing handicap (HH) exacerbated both partners' social isolation. Wenger's (1994) support network typology illustrated how both partners' depressive symptoms and the veterans' frequency of forgetting increased significantly across a socially integrated to isolated support network continuum. The composite model of Ageing with Hearing Handicap accounted for 71.5% of the variation in the veterans' self-reported HH; 62.6% of their physical and 37.3% of their mental H-QoL. The multivariate analyses also demonstrated that HH produced a direct and negative impact on the veterans' mental H-QoL, by constraining their social and emotional agency; but only indirectly on their physical H-QoL, through reducing their energy levels and constraining their social participation. Conclusions: These transdisciplinary perspectives provide cross-sectional insights about the social and emotional wellbeing of veterans ageing with HH and their spouses, and suggest downstream links that affect their H-QoL. These findings highlight the importance of hearing health policy agendas and the communication contexts of health service delivery across all age groups. Moreover, by resolving the complex methodological and conceptual challenges inherent in focussing on older dyadic partners' everyday experiences, targets have become apparent for further investigation, to enhance and refine our understandings of engaging ecological perspectives when conducting health research.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:50:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-01-28 / Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo é verificar a ocorrência de sinais e sintomas da disfunção do sistema nervoso autônomo em indivíduos com disfonia comportamental e comparar os resultados com indivíduos sem queixa vocal. Métodos: Participaram da pesquisa 128 sujeitos adultos, categorizados em 2 grupos, de acordo com a presença de disfonia comportamental (grupo disfonia, 61 participantes) e voz saudável (grupo controle, 67 participantes). O grupo com disfonia comportamental foi composto por 43 indivíduos do sexo feminino e 18 do sexo masculino, com idades entre 14 e 66 anos de idade; o grupo com voz saudável foi composto por 45 mulheres e 22 homens, com idade entre 15 e 74 anos. Foi aplicado o Protocolo de Disfunção Autônoma (Demmink – Geertman, Dejonckere, 2002) contendo 46 questões, distribuídas da seguinte forma: 22 relacionadas ao sistema nervoso autônomo e sem relação direta com a voz, 16 relacionadas tanto ao sistema nervoso autônomo como à voz, 6 questões não-relevantes e 2 questões de confiabilidade. Resultados: Houve maior ocorrência de sinais de alterações neurovegetativas no grupo com disfonia comportamental, principalmente nas questões relacionadas à voz (oito de 16 questões), sendo as de maior ocorrência: pigarros constantes (86,9%, N=53, p<0,001), necessidade de engolir constantemente (68,9%, N=42, p<0,001), cansaço ao falar (67,2%, N=41, p<0,001) e dor de garganta (65,6%, N=40, p<0,011). Quanto aos sintomas neurovegetativos sem relação direta com a voz, os indivíduos do grupo com disfonia comportamental apresentaram maior ocorrência de três dos 22 sintomas: gases (85,2%, N=52, p<0,001), presença de zumbido (59%, N=36, p=0,002) e engolir ar (57,4%, N=35, p=0,003). Finalmente, quanto às questões consideradas não-relevantes, os grupos comportaram-se de forma semelhante para todas elas. As questões de confiabilidade foram excluídas por problema em sua formulação. Conclusão: Indivíduos com disfonia comportamental apresentam maior ocorrência de sintomas neurovegetativos em geral, particularmente daqueles que têm relação direta com a voz, indicando maior labilidade do sistema nervoso autônomo. / Purpose: The objective of this study is the occurrence of signs and symptoms of dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system in patients with behavioral dysphonia and compare the results with individuals without vocal complaints. Methods: A search of 128 adult subjects, categorized into 2 groups according to the presence of behavioral dysphonia (dysphonic group, 61 participants) and healthy voice (control group, 67 participants). The group with behavioral dysphonia was composed by 43 subjects were female and 18 male, aged between 14 and 66 years old, the healthy group with voice was composed of 45 women and 22 men, aged between 15 and 74 years. We applied the protocol of autonomic dysfunction (Demmink - Geertman & Dejonckere, 2002) containing 46 questions, distributed as follows: 22 related to the autonomic nervous system and no direct relationship with the voice, 16 related to both the autonomic nervous system and the voice, 6 points and 2 non-relevant questions of reliability. Results: There was a higher incidence of neurovegetative signs of changes in the group with behavioral dysphonia, especially in matters related to the voice (eight of 16 questions), and the higher occurrence of: frequent throat clearing (86.9%, N = 53, p <0001) , need to constantly swallowing (68.9%, N = 42, p <0001),fatigability when speaking (67.2%, N = 41, p <0001) and sore throat (65.6%, N = 40 , p <0011). As for symptoms neurovegetative without direct relationship with the voice, the individuals in the group with behavioral dysphonia had higher occurrence of three of the 22 symptoms: puffiness (85.2%, N = 52, p <0001), tinnitus (59%, N = 36, p = 0002) and aerophagia (57.4%, N = 35, p = 0003). Finally, on issues considered non-relevant, the groups behaved in a manner similar to them all. The consistency questions were excluded because of reliability problems in its formulation. Conclusion: individuals with behavioral dysphonia have a higher incidence of behavioral symptoms neurovegetative in general, particularly those who have direct relationship with the voice, indicating a greater lability of the autonomic nervous system. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Orientador: Regina Helena Garcia Martins / Banca: Regina Helena Garcia Martins / Banca: Walkyria de Paula Pimenta / Banca: Marco Aurélio Bottino / Resumo: O diabetes mellitus (DM) é uma doença sistêmica crônica, causada pela deficiência relativa ou absoluta da secreção de insulina. Em seu curso, surgem complicações estruturais em vasos e nervos que comprometem vários órgãos incluindo as vias auditivas. Objetivos: Analisar os cofatores de risco para a perda auditiva, identificar os principais sintomas cocleovestibulares e determinar as características do comprometimento das vias auditivas cocleares e retrococleares de pacientes diabéticos do tipo 1 e do tipo 2. Casuística e Métodos: O grupo amostral foi composto por 80 pacientes diabéticos divididos em dois grupos: GI (diabéticos do tipo 1) e GII (diabéticos do tipo 2). O grupo controle foi composto por 40 voluntários não diabéticos (GIII). Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a anamnese direcionada, avaliação otorrinolaringológica, audiometria clínica, imitanciometria e BERA. Para análise dos resultados dos exames laboratoriais e das comorbidades associadas ao diabetes (neuropatia, nefropatia incipiente e retinopatia) reportou-se aos prontuários médicos. Resultados: Em GI houve predomínio de pacientes de faixas etárias mais baixas (57,5% - 0 a 15 anos) ao contrário de GII (67,5% - 46-60 anos), não se observando diferenças entre os sexos. Com relação ao tempo de diagnóstico do diabetes, a maioria dos pacientes tinha a doença há mais de 11 anos (GI-55%; GII-62,5%). O uso de insulina foi referido por 100% dos pacientes de GI e por 50% dos pacientes de GII, sendo que em ambos os grupos os valores médios de glicemia de jejum estavam elevados (acima de 126 mg/dl). As dislipidemias, assim como a hipertensão arterial, a retinopatia e a neuropatia diabética incidiram com maior freqüência nos pacientes de GII, porém a nefropatia incipiente foi observada com maior freqüência nos pacientes de GI. Um número significativo de pacientes não referiu nenhum tipo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic systemic disease caused by relative or absolute insulin secretion deficiency. Structural complications in vessels and nerves are frequently observed and responsible for organ damage, including auditory pathways. Objectives: To study the risk co-factors for hearing loss, main vestibular and cochlear symptoms, in type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients and the damage characteristics in their cochlear and retrocochlear auditory pathways. Methods: Eighty diabetes patients were divided into two groups: GI (type 1 diabetes) and GII (type 2 diabetes). A control group was composed of 40 non-diabetic volunteers (GIII). All patients were submitted to directed anamnesis, otorhinolaryngological evaluation, audiometric and imitanciometric exams, and BERA. Laboratory examinations and comorbidities (neuropathy, nephropathy and retinopathy) were reviewed from medical records. Results: Younger patients (57.5% - 0 to 15 years of age) were prevalent in GI and older patients in GII (67.5% - 46-60 years of age); gender was not significant. Most patients had been diagnosed with diabetes for more than 11 years (GI-55%; GII-62.5%). Insulin treatment was reported by 100% of GI patients and 50% of GII patients. Both groups had high mean fast glycemia values (over 126mg/dl). Dyslipidemias, hypertension, retinopathy and neuropathy were more frequent in GII patients and incipient nephropathy in GI patients. No cochlear and vestibular symptoms were reported by 75% of GI or 65% of GII patients. Tinnitus (isolated or associated with other symptoms) was the most prevalent symptom, followed by hearing loss. Neurossensorial hearing loss was detected in 10% and 52.5 % of GI and GII ears, respectively, during audiometric exams. The hearing loss was mild, bilateral, symmetrical, and mainly high frequencies. Speech recognition indices were satisfactory in all patients... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The auditory temporal processing deficits associated with age-dependent hearing decline have been increasingly attributed to issues beyond peripheral hearing loss. Age-related hearing loss (ARHL), also known as presbycusis, is linked with changes in the expression of both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the central auditory system. There are also age-related changes in the expression and function of the ion channels which mediate action potential firing. The slow, Ca2+ activated, K+ channels of the BK-type are essential in controlling both neurotransmitter release and neural communication via alteration of action potential durations, firing frequency, and neural adaptation. There are many subsets of this type of ion channel located throughout the body, and though it is evident that these channels are involved in cellular activation within the peripheral auditory system, little is known about their contribution to auditory processing in the brain. There is a need for further understanding of the functional involvement and mechanisms of neurotransmitter loss and how this relates to the BK channel and auditory disorders such as presbycusis and tinnitus (the perception of a phantom sound). My research focused on investigating how the downregulation of neurotransmitter production and the reductions in BK channel expression affect ARHL. I also evaluated a custom BK-channel modulating peptide as a path towards a possible therapeutic intervention for age-related hearing loss. This custom peptide is especially useful because it reduces the potential for serious side effects, due to mechanisms which best mimic natural occurring peptide systems. The initial investigation described in this dissertation measured auditory system changes in aged mice that occurred following a drug-induced increase in the availability of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. This increase in GABA decreased minimum response thresholds in the auditory midbrain of aged mice, bringing them to levels seen in young adult animals. The other changes that occurred following increased GABA availability were increased acoustically driven neuronal firing rates, frequency-dependent decreases in spontaneous rates, and increases in the symmetry of the receptive fields. The return of clear and fine-tuned acoustically-evoked responses in aged mice was a major finding of this experiment. The second phase of the dissertation built on this demonstration that modulation of the aged auditory system was possible by changing neurotransmitter levels. This second portion of the study focused on how a novel potent neuropeptide (LS3), which increases the probability of the BK channel remaining in the closed conformational state, might invoke alterations in auditory-evoked responses. First, the LS3 neuropeptide was used to modify addictive behavior in the C. Elegans; followed by evaluation of in vitro changes to a human cell line. This study then confirmed that LS3 is a potent BK channel modulator with a greater affinity than those known toxins classified as high-affinity toxins. In vivo testing demonstrated that LS3 could rapidly cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) following systemic injections, where it altered auditory evoked activity in a manner similar to that of the direct application to the dura over the midbrain. This work demonstrates that the BK channel is highly responsible for the control of auditory-evoked neurological processes, and that a potent BK channel modulator may be useful for the treatment of certain neurological disorders. The third study was designed to confirm that the BK channel plays an important role in sound-evoked activity generated in the auditory midbrain, by testing the effects of a general BK channel pore blocker, PAX. The results established that the BK channel is vital for sound processing in the midbrain of young adult mice, and is responsible for the maintenance of receptive field properties. I also evaluated the role it plays in temporal processing, which is an underlying mechanism for the processing of neurologically-relevant complex acoustic signals such as speech. Here, blocking of the channel increased (worsened) the threshold for the detection of a silent gap-in-noise and the neural recovery functions that occurred following the stimuli. The fourth study significantly expanded the in vivo testing of the custom peptide channel blocker, LS3, and added a behavioral measure of changes to auditory perception in addition to the electrophysiology recordings. The auditory-evoked receptive fields from midbrain neurons were modulated in a dose-dependent manner following the application of LS3. The neural recordings took place in the inferior colliculus, where the dorsal region responds to low-frequency sounds and ventral areas to high frequencies. The LS3-induced suppression or enhancement of evoked responses was different for the various tonotopic regions of the auditory midbrain. The improvements shown in receptive fields and improvement in auditory perception indicates a plausible route for direct translational treatment of auditory disorders through small custom peptide therapeutics. These studies provide supportive information about how auditory evoked responses in the midbrain, including the coding of different sound features, are affected by the down-regulation of a key inhibitory neurotransmitter (GABA), and how GABA-dependent neural evoked responses are altered in older mice through the modulation of BK channel activity.

O ruído faz-se cada vez mais onipresente no cotidiano de toda sociedade e a exposição continuada a elevados Níveis de Pressão Sonora (NPS), dentre outros danos, pode originar uma Perda Auditiva Induzida por Níveis de Pressão Sonora Elevados (PAINPSE): lesão auditiva irreversível, que interfere na qualidade de vida do sujeito acometido, podendo ser ocasionada tanto pela exposição ocupacional, quanto pela não ocupacional. E, o ginásio de esportes figura como um ambiente propício à exposição de tal natureza, onde coexistem esses dois tipos. A proposição deste estudo foi investigar a exposição sonora e a saúde auditiva de esportistas e não esportistas que frequentam ginásios de esportes. Participaram deste, 25 indivíduos frequentadores de um ginásio de esportes, divididos em três grupos: nove jogadores (G I), oito integrantes do público (G II) e oito funcionários do local (G III). Todos foram submetidos ao questionário específico e às avaliações auditivas (Imitanciometria, Audiometria Tonal Liminar AT-AC e de Altas Frequências AT-AF) e, além disso, foram obtidas em dois momentos (jogo oficial e jogo treino), mensurações de intensidade sonora no ginásio. Como resultados, tais mensurações no jogo oficial variaram de 73,3 e 112 dBNPS(A) e no jogo treino, de entre 70,8 e 100,1 dBNPS(A). Ao questionário específico, os sintomas auditivos mais referidos foram otalgia (55,6% do GI), zumbido (37,5% do GII) e hiperacusia (37,5% do GIII); para os não auditivos, obtiveram maiores prevalências cefaleia (44,4% GI), e alteração do sono (50% do GII e 37,5% do GIII); após exposição a elevados NPS, o sintoma auditivo mais referido foi hiperacusia (25% do GII e do GIII); para os não auditivos, obtiveram maiores prevalências alteração do sono (66,7% do GI) e cefaleia (50% do GII). Nas avaliações auditivas, a imitanciometria indicou a curva timpanométrica do Tipo A como mais recorrente (100% OD e OE no GI; 62,5% OD e 87,5% OE no GII; 75% OD e 87,5% OE no GIII) e o GI foi o único que obteve 100% de presença de reflexos ipsilaterais (bilateralmente) e contralaterais com aferência em OD; a AT-AC apontou a frequência de 6 kHz como a mais acometida, bilateralmente. Na comparação entre médias tritonais (0,5, 1 e 2 kHz com 3, 4 e 6 kHz), houve diferença estatisticamente significante apenas no GIII, em OE; a AT-AF apontou as frequências de 12,5 kHz na OD e 14 kHz na OE como as mais acometidas. Na comparação entre as médias dos limiares entre os três grupos, houve diferença estatisticamente significante apenas para as frequências de 11,2 e 12,5 kHz. Evidenciou-se que na mensuração do NPS, para todos os pontos e em ambos momentos, foram obtidos valores que ultrapassaram os estabelecidos em pelo menos uma das normas utilizadas neste estudo. Para G II e G III, verifica-se ainda o indício de comprometimento de células ciliadas externas, retratado pela normalidade das médias dos limiares tonais convencionais, acompanhada de ausência de respostas na AT-AF. Nesse sentido, destaca-se como relevante a adoção de medidas que viabilizem a conservação da saúde auditiva dos frequentadores do ambiente esportivo ginásio de esportes. / Noise has become more and more omnipresent in the routine of society and the continued exposure to elevated Sound Pressure Levels (SPL), among other damages, may cause Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL): an irreversible hearing damage, which interferes in the subjects quality of life, and is caused both by occupational exposure and by non-occupational exposure. The gyms configures a propitious environment to exposures of such nature, where these two types coexist. The purpose of this study was to investigate the sound exposure and the hearing care of sports players and non sports players who attend gyms. 25 individuals, attendees of gym, participated of this study: nine players (G I), eight publics members (G II) and eight gyms employees (G III). All of them were subject to the specific questionnaire and to the hearing evaluations (Immitanciometry, Pure Tone Audiometry, and High-Frequency Audiometry) and, besides, two sound intensity measurements were obtained in the gym (official game and training game). The results indicate that such measurements in the official game varied from 73,3 to 112 dBSPL(A) and in the training game, from 70,8 to 100,1 dBSPL(A). According to the specific questionnaire the most felt hearing symptoms were otalgy (55,6% of G I), tinnitus (37,5% of G III); in the non-hearing symptoms the most frequent were headaches ( 44,4% of G I) and sleeping alteration ( 50% of G II and 37,5% of G III); after exposure to elevated SPL, the most mentioned hearing symptom was hyperacusis (25% of GII and G III); in the non-hearing symptoms prevailed sleeping alteration (66,7% of GI) and headache (50% of GII). In the hearing evaluations, the Immitanciometry indicated the tympanometric curve of the Type A as more recurrent (100% RE and LE in GI; 62,5% RE and 87,5% LE in GII; 75% RE and 87,5 LE in GIII) and the GI was the only one that obtained 100% presence of ipsilateral reflexes (bilaterally) and contralateral with RE checking, the PTA pointed the frequency of 6khz as the most affected, bilaterally. In the comparison between tritonal averages (0,5, 1 and 2 kHz with 3, 4 and 6 kHz) there was a statistically significant difference only in the GIII, in LE; the HFA pointed the frequencies of 12,5 kHz in the RE and 14kHz in the LE as the most affected. In the averages comparison between the threshold of the three groups, there were a significant statistically difference only to the frequencies of 11,2 and 12,5 kHz. It was evident that in the measuring of SPL, to all the points and in both moments, there were obtained values that exceeded the established in at least one of the norms used in this study. To GII and GII there was also verified the impairment of external ciliated cells, portrayed by the normality conventional tonal thresholds, followed by the absence of answers in the HFA. In this sense, we highlight the relevance of adopting measures that make the conservation of the gym attendees hearing health possible.

O ruído faz-se cada vez mais onipresente no cotidiano de toda sociedade e a exposição continuada a elevados Níveis de Pressão Sonora (NPS), dentre outros danos, pode originar uma Perda Auditiva Induzida por Níveis de Pressão Sonora Elevados (PAINPSE): lesão auditiva irreversível, que interfere na qualidade de vida do sujeito acometido, podendo ser ocasionada tanto pela exposição ocupacional, quanto pela não ocupacional. E, o ginásio de esportes figura como um ambiente propício à exposição de tal natureza, onde coexistem esses dois tipos. A proposição deste estudo foi investigar a exposição sonora e a saúde auditiva de esportistas e não esportistas que frequentam ginásios de esportes. Participaram deste, 25 indivíduos frequentadores de um ginásio de esportes, divididos em três grupos: nove jogadores (G I), oito integrantes do público (G II) e oito funcionários do local (G III). Todos foram submetidos ao questionário específico e às avaliações auditivas (Imitanciometria, Audiometria Tonal Liminar AT-AC e de Altas Frequências AT-AF) e, além disso, foram obtidas em dois momentos (jogo oficial e jogo treino), mensurações de intensidade sonora no ginásio. Como resultados, tais mensurações no jogo oficial variaram de 73,3 e 112 dBNPS(A) e no jogo treino, de entre 70,8 e 100,1 dBNPS(A). Ao questionário específico, os sintomas auditivos mais referidos foram otalgia (55,6% do GI), zumbido (37,5% do GII) e hiperacusia (37,5% do GIII); para os não auditivos, obtiveram maiores prevalências cefaleia (44,4% GI), e alteração do sono (50% do GII e 37,5% do GIII); após exposição a elevados NPS, o sintoma auditivo mais referido foi hiperacusia (25% do GII e do GIII); para os não auditivos, obtiveram maiores prevalências alteração do sono (66,7% do GI) e cefaleia (50% do GII). Nas avaliações auditivas, a imitanciometria indicou a curva timpanométrica do Tipo A como mais recorrente (100% OD e OE no GI; 62,5% OD e 87,5% OE no GII; 75% OD e 87,5% OE no GIII) e o GI foi o único que obteve 100% de presença de reflexos ipsilaterais (bilateralmente) e contralaterais com aferência em OD; a AT-AC apontou a frequência de 6 kHz como a mais acometida, bilateralmente. Na comparação entre médias tritonais (0,5, 1 e 2 kHz com 3, 4 e 6 kHz), houve diferença estatisticamente significante apenas no GIII, em OE; a AT-AF apontou as frequências de 12,5 kHz na OD e 14 kHz na OE como as mais acometidas. Na comparação entre as médias dos limiares entre os três grupos, houve diferença estatisticamente significante apenas para as frequências de 11,2 e 12,5 kHz. Evidenciou-se que na mensuração do NPS, para todos os pontos e em ambos momentos, foram obtidos valores que ultrapassaram os estabelecidos em pelo menos uma das normas utilizadas neste estudo. Para G II e G III, verifica-se ainda o indício de comprometimento de células ciliadas externas, retratado pela normalidade das médias dos limiares tonais convencionais, acompanhada de ausência de respostas na AT-AF. Nesse sentido, destaca-se como relevante a adoção de medidas que viabilizem a conservação da saúde auditiva dos frequentadores do ambiente esportivo ginásio de esportes. / Noise has become more and more omnipresent in the routine of society and the continued exposure to elevated Sound Pressure Levels (SPL), among other damages, may cause Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL): an irreversible hearing damage, which interferes in the subjects quality of life, and is caused both by occupational exposure and by non-occupational exposure. The gyms configures a propitious environment to exposures of such nature, where these two types coexist. The purpose of this study was to investigate the sound exposure and the hearing care of sports players and non sports players who attend gyms. 25 individuals, attendees of gym, participated of this study: nine players (G I), eight publics members (G II) and eight gyms employees (G III). All of them were subject to the specific questionnaire and to the hearing evaluations (Immitanciometry, Pure Tone Audiometry, and High-Frequency Audiometry) and, besides, two sound intensity measurements were obtained in the gym (official game and training game). The results indicate that such measurements in the official game varied from 73,3 to 112 dBSPL(A) and in the training game, from 70,8 to 100,1 dBSPL(A). According to the specific questionnaire the most felt hearing symptoms were otalgy (55,6% of G I), tinnitus (37,5% of G III); in the non-hearing symptoms the most frequent were headaches ( 44,4% of G I) and sleeping alteration ( 50% of G II and 37,5% of G III); after exposure to elevated SPL, the most mentioned hearing symptom was hyperacusis (25% of GII and G III); in the non-hearing symptoms prevailed sleeping alteration (66,7% of GI) and headache (50% of GII). In the hearing evaluations, the Immitanciometry indicated the tympanometric curve of the Type A as more recurrent (100% RE and LE in GI; 62,5% RE and 87,5% LE in GII; 75% RE and 87,5 LE in GIII) and the GI was the only one that obtained 100% presence of ipsilateral reflexes (bilaterally) and contralateral with RE checking, the PTA pointed the frequency of 6khz as the most affected, bilaterally. In the comparison between tritonal averages (0,5, 1 and 2 kHz with 3, 4 and 6 kHz) there was a statistically significant difference only in the GIII, in LE; the HFA pointed the frequencies of 12,5 kHz in the RE and 14kHz in the LE as the most affected. In the averages comparison between the threshold of the three groups, there were a significant statistically difference only to the frequencies of 11,2 and 12,5 kHz. It was evident that in the measuring of SPL, to all the points and in both moments, there were obtained values that exceeded the established in at least one of the norms used in this study. To GII and GII there was also verified the impairment of external ciliated cells, portrayed by the normality conventional tonal thresholds, followed by the absence of answers in the HFA. In this sense, we highlight the relevance of adopting measures that make the conservation of the gym attendees hearing health possible.

O conhecimento adquirido sobre a síndrome de Eagle demonstra que sua sintomatologia pode ser confundida muito facilmente com outros tipos de desordens craniomandibulares, principalmente a disfunção temporomandibular (DTMs). A falta de conhecimento sobre a síndrome de Eagle e as alterações morfológicas na cadeia estilo-hióidea podem vir a determinar a execução de tratamentos errôneos em pacientes com a síndrome. O objetivo do estudo foi encontrar uma possível correlação entre a presença de DTMs e o alongamento do processo estilóide e também analisar a existência de associação entre a qualidade óssea mandibular e a presença de calcificação da cadeia estilo-hióidea. Para tanto foram analisados 50 pacientes com DTM, confirmada a partir do RDC/TMD. Foi feito o exame clínico e realizado um questionário com questões direcionadas à síndrome de Eagle. Também foi realizada a documentação radiográfica de cada paciente, composta por: radiografia panorâmica digital, cefalométrica lateral digital, radiografia ântero-posterior digital e radiografias transfaciais digitais para analise da cadeia estilo-hióidea. Para a análise das radiografias foi utilizado o programa computacional Radiocef (Radiomemory, Belo Horizonte, Brasil), onde foram realizados traçados cefalométricos por análise específica, e medidas lineares e ângulares do processo estilóide. Nas radiografias panorâmicas foram realizadas medições bilaterais do comprimento do processo estilóide e realizada a classificação morfológica da cadeia estilo-hióidea (LANGLAIS, 1986). Nas radiografias cefalométricas foram realizadas medições do comprimento e angulação anterior do processo estilóide. Nas radiografias ãntero-posterior foram realizadas as medições bilaterais do ângulo medial do processo estilóide. E nas radiografias transfaciais foram feitas as avaliações nas ATMs. Foi feita também medições do Indice Cortical (IC) bilateralmente nas radiografias panorâmicas. Cada radiografia foi traçada e medida por três vezes, com intervalos de tempo de 1 mês entre as medições, sendo as médias posteriormente analisadas a fim de diluir o erro entre as medidas. Foi realizado a estatística através do Programa Biostat 4.0 e o teste de Pearson (p=0,001). Como resultados, foi encontrada uma incidência de 76% de alongamento do processo estilóide na amostra. Houve correlação positiva para as medidas bilaterais realizadas na radiografias panorâmicas (p<0,001) e também para as medidas de comprimento do processo estilóide realizados nas diferentes tomadas radiográficas panorâmicas e cefalométricas laterais (p<0,001). Não houve correlação significativa entre as medidas de angulação medial realizadas bilateralmente (p=0,0011). Foi encontrado 2 pacientes (4%) com síndrome de Eagle clássica. Não foi encontrada associação positiva entre as medidas de comprimento, angulação do processo estilóide e os sintomas. Foi encontrada diferença estatística entre o IC. Concluiu-se que, há prevalencia de alongamento do processo estilóide em pacientes com DTM. Embora não foi encontrada relação entre as medidas realizadas na cadeia estilo-hióidea com os sintomas de cefaléia, dor orofacial, zumbido e vertigem. / The relationship between temporomandibular disorders and Eagle\'s syndrome occurs due to the similarity of symptoms. The knowledge gained about the Eagle\'s syndrome shows that its symptoms can be very easily confused with other types of craniomandibular disorders and numerous other diseases found in regions of the skull, face and neck. The lack of informations about the Eagle\'s syndrome and the morphological alterations in the stylohyoid complex may come to determine erroneous treatments in patients with the syndrome. The aim of this study was to find a possible correlation between the presence of TMD and elongation of the styloid process and to examine the possible association between mandibular bone quality and calcification of the stylohyoid complex. Therefore, it analyzed 50 patients with TMD, confirmed from the RDC / TMD. Clinical examination was made and carried out a questionnaire aimed at the Eagle syndrome. Was also performed radiographic documentation of each patient, consisting of: digital panoramic radiograph, lateral cephalometric digital radiography, anteroposterior digital radiographs and digital transfacial radiographs. For the analysis of radiographs were used computational Radiocef software (Radiomemory, Belo Horizonte, Brazil), being performed by specific analysis cephalometric tracing, and linear and angular measurements of the styloid process. Panoramic radiographs were made in bilateral measurements of the length of the styloid process and performed the morphological classification of the stylohyoid chain (Langlais, 1986). In cephalometric radiographs were performed measurements of length and angulation of the styloid process earlier. Radiographs anteroposterior measurements were taken of the bilateral medial angle of the styloid process. And radiographs transfacials the assessments were made in ATMs. Each radiograph was traced and measured three times with intervals of one month between the measurements and the averages were then analyzed in order to spread the error between the measurements. Was accomplished through the statistical program Biostat 4.0 and Pearson test (p=0.001). As a result, we found an incidence of 76% elongation / mineralization of the styloid process in the sample. There was a correlation between the bilateral measures taken in panoramic radiographs (p<0.001) and also for measures of length of the styloid process carried out in different panoramic radiographs and lateral cephalometric (p<0.001). There was no significant correlation between measures of medial angulation performed bilaterally (p=0.0011). No positive association was found between the measures of length, angulation of the styloid process and symptoms. It was concluded that there is prevalence of elongated styloid process in patients with TMD. Although no relationship was found between measurements at stylohyoid chain with symptoms of headache, orofacial pain, tinnitus and vertigo.